{"id":9482,"date":"2021-02-28T19:56:55","date_gmt":"2021-02-28T16:56:55","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/?p=9482"},"modified":"2021-02-28T19:56:55","modified_gmt":"2021-02-28T16:56:55","slug":"%d9%87%d9%84-%d9%8a%d9%86%d8%a8%d8%ba%d9%8a-%d8%aa%d8%ac%d8%b1%d9%8a%d9%85-%d9%86%d8%b4%d8%b1-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d8%b9%d9%84%d9%88%d9%85%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d8%b6%d9%84%d9%84%d8%a9-%d8%a7","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/?p=9482","title":{"rendered":"\u0647\u0644 \u064a\u0646\u0628\u063a\u064a \u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u0644\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062a\u061f – \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u062f\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062c\u064a"},"content":{"rendered":"

?Should spreading anti-vaccine misinformation be criminalised
\n(\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 –\u00a0 BMJ) <\/span><\/h2>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

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\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0645\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u064a\u0630\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0636\u0644\u0644\u0629 \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0624\u062e\u0630 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631. \u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0627\u0634 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u0627\u062d \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0633 \u0628\u0625\u062b\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0648\u0641 \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0628\u062e\u0635\u0648\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0642\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0645\u0644\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062c\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0646\u0628\u063a\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0645\u062a\u062f \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0636\u0631\u0631 \u062e\u0628\u064a\u062b.<\/p>\n

\u0644\u0627 – \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u062c\u0648\u0627\u0628 \u062c\u0648\u0646\u0627\u0633 \u0633\u064a\u06a4\u064a\u0644\u0627**<\/span> (<\/strong>Jonas Sivel\u00e4)<\/strong><\/span><\/em><\/p>\n

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\u0623\u0642\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u062c \u0636\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a\u0645 \u062a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649. \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u0644\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0631\u0648\u062c\u0647\u0627\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0647\u0636\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0639\u064a\u0645\u00a0\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0632\u064a\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0642\u0648\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u0646\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u062d\u0630\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u0646\u062a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0626\u0629 (misinformation) \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u0644\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0642\u0635\u0648\u062f (disinformation)\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u0648\u062c\u062f \u0641\u0631\u0642: \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u0644\u0644\u0629 \/ \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0626\u0629 \u062a\u064f\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 “\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0636\u0644\u0644\u0629” \u061b \u0648\u062a\u064f\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u0644\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u0644\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0646\u0634\u0631\u062a \u0639\u0645\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u063a\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 (24\u060c 25). \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u0647\u0631\u064a \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0647\u0648 \u063a\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0636\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a.<\/p>\n

\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u0639\u0643\u0631\u0629<\/strong><\/p>\n

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\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0642\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0639\u064a\u0645 \u062a\u0642\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0635\u0644\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u0642\u0637\u0639\u0629 (continuum) \u062a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0644\u062f\u064a\u0647\u0645 \u0634\u0643 \u0648\u064a\u0642\u0628\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0642\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0647\u0629 \u060c \u0648\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0626\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u0635\u0631\u062d\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0631\u0641\u0636\u0647\u0645 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0642\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 – \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0641\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u062a\u0631\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0648\u062a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642.<\/p>\n

\u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u0646\u0639\u062a\u0631\u0641 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0627\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0642\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0646\u0628\u063a\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u0627\u062d \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0646\u0647\u0627. \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0642\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0639\u064a\u0645\u060c \u0643\u0623\u064a \u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649\u060c \u062a\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0633\u0626\u0644\u0629. \u0644\u0648 \u0635\u0646\u0641\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0635\u0631\u0641 \u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0645\u064a\u060c \u0641\u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u062e\u0637\u0631 \u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a \u064a\u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0627\u0648\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0626\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0639\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u062e\u0627\u0637\u0626\u0629 \u0639\u0645\u062f\u064b\u0627.<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u0641\u0627\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0627\u0629 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0633 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0628\u062f\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0643\u0628\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0634\u0627\u062a \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0644\u0646 \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0646\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644 – \u0648\u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u0644\u0644\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u0636\u0631\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0641\u0639\u0647\u0627\u061f<\/strong><\/p>\n

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\u0628\u062f\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644\u060c \u0623\u062b\u0628\u062a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u0644\u0644\u0629 \u0646\u062c\u0627\u062d\u0647\u0627\u060c \u062c\u0647\u0648\u062f \u0641\u064a\u0633\u0628\u0648\u0643 \u0648 \u062a\u0648\u064a\u062a\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062f\u0639\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u0644\u0644\u0629 \/ \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0626\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u0642\u0635\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0648\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u0644\u0644\u0629 (30).<\/p>\n

\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0648\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u062a\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0639\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0645\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0628\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0627\u062d (31\u060c 32\u060c 33).\u00a0 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u0644\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0639\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0645 – \u0648\u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0642\u0627\u062d \u0648\u0642\u0628\u0648\u0644\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644 – \u0647\u064a \u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0646.<\/p>\n

*<\/span>\u0645\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0646\u062f\u0627 \u0645\u064a\u0644\u0632 \u0623\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0630\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u0633\u0641\u0648\u0631\u062f \u0648\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0644\u064a\u0641\u0631\u0647\u0648\u0644\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0648\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629.<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n

** \u062c\u0648\u0646\u0627\u0633 \u0633\u064a\u06a4\u064a\u0644\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b \u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0641\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0642\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646\u0644\u0646\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0639\u0627\u064a\u0629.<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n

\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0648\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635\u00a0<\/strong>
\n1- https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/vaccines\/vaxview\/index.html<\/a>
\n2- ” \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u0644\u0644\u0629 (\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0629<\/a>:\u00a0Misinformation) \u0647\u064a\u00a0\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a<\/a>\u00a0\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0626\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u064a\u0646\u0642\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0634\u062e\u0635 \u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0648 \u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u063a\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0639\u0646 \u0623\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0641\u0647 \u0623\u0648 \u0646\u064a\u062a\u0647 \u0641\u064a\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0636\u0644\u064a\u0644<\/a> \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0639.\u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u0644\u0644\u0629:\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a<\/a>\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0630\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0647\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627.\u00a0\u064a\u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u0644\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u062b\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0648\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0643 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u0648\u0645\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0633<\/a>.\u00a0\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0647\u0643\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0636\u0644\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0647\u0644 \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0635\u062f\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0646\u0642\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u062d\u0631\u0641\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0644\u0648 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d\u0629. \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637 \u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u0644\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u062a\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u064a\u0641\u0629<\/a>\u00bb\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0639\u0631\u0651\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0643\u0627\u0630\u0628\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0627\u0643\u064a \u0645\u062d\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062e\u0628\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0643\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0641\u064a \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0646\u0634\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0623\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0628 \u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645\u0647\u0627” \u0645\u0642\u062a\u0628\u0633 \u0645 \u062a\u0635 \u0648\u0631\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646: . https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a_\u0645\u0636\u0644\u0644\u0629<\/a>
\n3- https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/33319186\/\u00a0<\/a>
\n4-https:\/\/www.who.int\/immunization\/research\/forums_and_initiatives\/1_RButler_VH_Threat_Child_Health_gvirf16.pdf?ua=1<\/a>
\n5- https:\/\/royalsociety.org\/-\/media\/policy\/projects\/set-c\/set-c-vaccine-deployment.pdf?la=en-GB&hash=43073E5429C87FD2674201CA19280A8E<\/a>
\n6- https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/21226573\/<\/a>
\n7- https:\/\/direct.mit.edu\/books\/book\/4934\/Anti-vaxxersHow-to-Challenge-a-Misinformed<\/a>
\n8 –https:\/\/www.bmj.com\/content\/325\/7361\/430?ijkey=66e36f8d84e7f4dea6210ac38b57f84a5fc2a684&keytype2=tf_ipsecsha<\/a>
\n9- https:\/\/www.bmj.com\/content\/bmj\/325\/7361\/430.full.pdf<\/a>
\n10- https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC3906279\/<\/a>
\n11- https:\/\/www.merchantsofdoubt.org\/<\/a>
\n12- https:\/\/www.bloomsbury.com\/uk\/merchants-of-doubt-9781596916104\/<\/a>
\n13-https:\/\/www.pewresearch.org\/fact-tank\/2020\/04\/08\/nearly-three-in-ten-americans-believe-covid-19-was-made-in-a-lab\/<\/a>
\n14- https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/26166484\/<\/a>
\n15- https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/28105642\/<\/a>
\n16- ” \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0642\u0627\u0634\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644 \/ \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u060c \u063a\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0649 \u062a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0636\u062e\u0645 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u0642\u0648\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u00a0\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644 (communication) \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u063a\u0644\u0642 \u0648\u0645\u0639\u0632\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0639\u0646 \/ \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0639\u0646 \u0641\u064a\u0647. \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u063a\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0649 \u060c \u064a\u0633\u062a\u0637\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0632\u0632 \u0648\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0646\u0638\u0631\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0648\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0636\u0629 \u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u0642\u062f \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0642\u0635\u0648\u062f \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062d\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0643\u064a\u062f”\u060c \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0635 \u0648\u0631\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646: https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Echo_chamber_(media)<\/a>
\n17-https:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar?q=Hussein+E%2C+Juneja+P%2C+Mitra+T.+Measuring+misinformation+in+video+search+platforms%3A+an+audit+study+on+YouTube.+Proc+ACM+Human-Computer+Interact+2020%3B4%3A1-27.+doi%3A10.1145%2F3392854.<\/a>
\n18- https:\/\/www.medrxiv.org\/content\/10.1101\/2021.01.26.21250246v1<\/a>
\n19- https:\/\/www.hrw.org\/news\/2018\/02\/14\/germany-flawed-social-media-law<\/a>
\n20- https:\/\/www.loc.gov\/law\/help\/social-media-disinformation\/germany.php<\/a>
\n21- https:\/\/www.amnesty.org\/en\/documents\/eur46\/2093\/2020\/en\/<\/a>
\n22- https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/\u0645\u064a\u0645_(\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629)<\/a>
\n23 – https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/spotlight\/ten-threats-to-global-health-in-2019<\/a>
\n24- https:\/\/www.merriam-webster.com\/dictionary\/misinformation<\/a>
\n25- https:\/\/www.merriam-webster.com\/dictionary\/disinformation<\/a>
\n26- https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/25896383\/<\/a>
\n27- https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/25896383\/<\/a>
\n28- https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC4353697\/<\/a>
\n29- https:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar?q=%2C+eds.+Considering+counter-narratives%3A+Narrating%2C+resisting%2C+making+sense.John+Benjamins%2C+2004doi%3A10.1075%2Fsin.4.<\/a>
\n30- https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1002\/poi3.214<\/a>
\n31- https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/26425696\/<\/a>
\n32- https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/26337116\/<\/a>
\n33- https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC3906279\/<\/a><\/h5>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631:<\/strong>
\nhttps:\/\/www.bmj.com\/content\/372\/bmj.n272<\/a><\/p>\n

\"\"
\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0630 \u0639\u062f\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062c\u064a<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

?Should spreading anti-vaccine misinformation be criminalised (\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 –\u00a0 BMJ) (\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u0629: \u063a\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0628\u0648\u062e\u0645\u0633\u064a\u0646. \u0635\u064a\u062f\u0644\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0644\u060c \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0641\u0649 \u062c\u0648\u0646\u0632 \u0647\u0648\u0628\u0643\u0646\u0632 ) \u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0635\u062d\u064a\u0629 [\u0628\u062e\u0635\u0648\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u0629] \u0643\u0627\u0630\u0628\u0629 \u062a\u0644\u0642\u064a \u0628\u0638\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u062a\u063a\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0642\u0627\u062d [\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627 \u0644\u0642\u0627\u062d \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646\u060c 1] \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0644\u0648\u0628\u0629. \u062a\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0646\u062f\u0627 \u0645\u064a\u0644\u0632* (Melinda Mills)\u00a0\u0625\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0646\u0627\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0636\u0636\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u062e\u0627\u0635 …<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":9484,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_exactmetrics_skip_tracking":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_active":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_note":"","_exactmetrics_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[19],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-9482","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","","category-19"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/9482","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/4"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=9482"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/9482\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":9487,"href":"https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/9482\/revisions\/9487"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/9484"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=9482"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=9482"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=9482"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}