{"id":5127,"date":"2020-03-16T18:20:52","date_gmt":"2020-03-16T15:20:52","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/?p=5127"},"modified":"2020-03-17T12:11:51","modified_gmt":"2020-03-17T09:11:51","slug":"%d9%83%d9%88%d8%b1%d9%86%d9%88%d8%a7%d9%84-%d9%88%d9%85%d8%aa%d8%b1%d8%ac%d9%85%d9%87-%d9%85%d9%86-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d8%b3%d8%a4%d9%88%d9%84%d8%9f-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b3%d9%8a%d8%af-%d8%b9%d8%af%d9%86","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/?p=5127","title":{"rendered":"\u0643\u0648\u0631\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0645\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u061f &#8211; \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0639\u062f\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u064a"},"content":{"rendered":"<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-size: 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\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062a\u062f\u0631\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0648\u0637\u064a \u2013 \u062f\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u062a\u0631\u062f\u062f \u0643\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0647\u0646\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0628\u063a\u0627\u0621}.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: center;\">:\u0641\u0645\u0627 \u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0631\u062c\u064e\u0645\u061f<\/p>\n<p dir=\"ltr\" style=\"text-align: center;\">\u00a0 \u00a0Among the presents to the Khalif , says Al \u2013Soyuti, was a taking Maynah, which repeated Indian and Persian words better than a parrot <a href=\"#_ftn1\" name=\"_ftnref1\">[1]<\/a><\/p>\n<p>\u0641\u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0637\u0627\u0626\u0631 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\u0645\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0633\u0646\u0629 2018\u060c \u0643\u062a\u0628\u062a \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0635\u062d\u064a\u0641\u0629 (\u0635\u064f\u0628\u0631\u0629) \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0646\u0627\u0642\u0634\u062a \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0628\u0651\u064f\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062b\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a \u064a\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0633 \u0632\u0627\u064a\u0646\u0632 (\u0632\u0627\u064a\u0646\u0633)\u060c \u0639\u0646 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u0648\u062a \u0648\u062c\u0633\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0622\u062b\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627<sup>(<\/sup><a href=\"#_ftn2\" name=\"_ftnref2\">[2]<\/a><sup>)<\/sup>\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0622\u0646 \u0623\u0631\u0627\u0646\u064a &#8211; \u0648\u062c\u0647\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0648\u062c\u0647 &#8211; \u0645\u0639 \u0622\u062b\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0647\u0648 \u0628\u064a\u062a\u0631 \u064a\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0633 \u0643\u0648\u0631\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0628\u062d\u062b \u0644\u0647 \u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0639\u062b\u0629 (\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u064a\u062a\u064a\u0629)\u060c \u0641\u064a \u062e\u0645\u0633 \u062d\u0644\u0642\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0628\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u0648\u062f \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0645\u0635\u0637\u0641\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0647\u0644\u0628.<\/p>\n<p>\u0633\u0648\u0641 \u0623\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632 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\u062a\u0639\u062c\u0651\u064f\u0628\u064d \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0639\u062c\u0651\u064f\u0644\u061b \u062a\u0642\u0648\u0644: {\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0627 \u0646\u0633\u064a\u062a!}\u060c \u0623\u064a \u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0633\u0631\u0639 \u0645\u0627 \u0646\u0633\u064a\u062a! \u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0633\u0623\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062f\u0647: \u0645\u064f\u062f\u0646\u060c \u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 (\u062a\u063a\u062a\u0635\u0628\u060c \u0648\u0635\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0647\u0627: \u062a\u0646\u062a\u0635\u0628)\u060c 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style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649<sup>(<a href=\"#_ftn4\" name=\"_ftnref4\">[4]<\/a>)<\/sup> \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p><strong>&#8211;\u00a0 (\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0642\u0628 \u0639\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0621)<\/strong><\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\" style=\"text-align: right;\">\u0644\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u0631\u0641\u0639 \u0631\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0647\u0627 \u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0647\u0632\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0639\u062c\u0632 \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u062d\u0648\u0632\u062a\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0633\u0639\u0641\u0646\u064a \u0628\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u064a\u0641\u0633\u0631 (\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a)\u060c \u0628\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u064a\u0644\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0646 \u0644\u0627 \u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062b\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u062a\u0627\u062a\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0648 \u062a\u0648\u0642\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0644\u0627\u0643\u062a\u0641\u064a\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0648\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0648\u062a\u0642\u0637\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062c\u0628\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0632\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0645\u062a\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u062a\u0639\u062f\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0639\u0645 \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0642\u0651\u064e\u0628 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062b\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0633\u0628\u0642\u0647 \u0645\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0643\u0627\u0631\u0644 \u062a\u0648\u064a\u062a\u0634\u0644 (Karl Twitchell -1858-1939) \u060c \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0634\u0641 \u0645\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0647\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0644\u0643\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0624\u0644\u0641 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628: (Saudi Arabia With an Account of the Development of its Natural Resources) \u060c \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0635\u062f\u0631\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0637\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062a\u060c (\u0648\u0646\u0633\u062e\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646 :\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0644\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629)\u060c \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0630 \u0634\u0643\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0648\u064a\u060c \u0635\u062f\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 1946\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 1952\u0645\u060c \u0639\u0646 \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0646\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0628\u0645\u0635\u0631.<\/p>\n<p dir=\"rtl\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-5133 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/mg_72_2-225x300.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"235\" height=\"313\" data-wp-pid=\"5133\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/mg_72_2-225x300.jpg 225w, https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/mg_72_2-113x150.jpg 113w, https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/mg_72_2-56x75.jpg 56w, https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/mg_72_2-124x165.jpg 124w, https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/mg_72_2-154x205.jpg 154w, https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/mg_72_2-248x330.jpg 248w, https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/mg_72_2-394x525.jpg 394w, https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/mg_72_2.jpg 450w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 235px) 100vw, 235px\" \/><\/p>\n<p>&#8211; {\u0642\u0637\u0639\u062a \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a 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href=\"#_ftn7\" name=\"_ftnref7\">[7]<\/a><sup>)<\/sup>\u060c \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u064a\u0648\u062e \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b \u0641\u0635\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0647: \u0623\u0646\u0637\u064a\u0648\u062e\u0633 (3 Antiochos)\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0637\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 (242 \u2013 187) \u0642\u060c \u0645. \u063a\u0632\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f \u0648\u0622\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u063a\u0631\u0627\u060c \u0648\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0641 \u0647\u0646\u064a\u0628\u0639\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0635\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u063a\u0646\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0642\u062a\u0644 \u0641\u064a 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aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/Dc8efuUWAAIAPMm-300x197.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"315\" height=\"207\" data-wp-pid=\"5137\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/Dc8efuUWAAIAPMm-300x197.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/Dc8efuUWAAIAPMm-150x99.jpg 150w, https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/Dc8efuUWAAIAPMm-110x72.jpg 110w, https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/Dc8efuUWAAIAPMm-251x165.jpg 251w, https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/Dc8efuUWAAIAPMm-310x205.jpg 310w, https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/Dc8efuUWAAIAPMm-502x330.jpg 502w, https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/Dc8efuUWAAIAPMm-600x395.jpg 600w, https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/Dc8efuUWAAIAPMm.jpg 690w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 315px) 100vw, 315px\" 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\u0648\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b \u0644\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062f<sup>(<\/sup><a href=\"#_ftn2\" name=\"_ftnref2\">[b]<\/a><sup>)}<\/sup>.<\/p>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0639\u060c \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u060c \u0645\u0646\u0628\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0634\u0647\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u062d\u0635\u0646 (\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0644\u0642) \u0628\u062a\u064a\u0645\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u0648\u0623\u0644 \u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0627 (\u062a: 560\u0645)<sup>(<\/sup><a href=\"#_ftn3\" name=\"_ftnref3\">[c]<\/a><sup>)<\/sup>\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u062e\u064a\u0628\u0631\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0641\u062a\u062a\u062d\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u064a \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f (\u0635\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0648\u0622\u0644\u0647) \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0647\u062c\u0631\u0629 (629\u0645)\u060c \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0634\u0647\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0646\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0642\u0635\u0629 \u0627\u0642\u062a\u062d\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0623\u0628\u064a \u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628 (\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645) \u0644\u0650\u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631\u0650 \u062d\u0635\u0648\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0639 \u0628\u0627\u0628\u0647\u061b \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0634\u0647\u0631 \u0642\u0635\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0648\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629<sup>(<\/sup><a href=\"#_ftn4\" name=\"_ftnref4\">[d]<\/a><sup>)<\/sup>\u060c \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0642\u0644\u0639\u0629 \u0623\u0644\u0645\u064e\u0648\u062a\u060c \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0631 (\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u062d\u064a\u0651\u064b\u0627 \u0633\u0646\u0629 626\u0647\u0640\u060c 1228\u0645) \u0635\u0627\u062d\u0628 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628: (\u0635\u0641\u0629 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0646 \u0648\u0645\u0643\u0629 \u0648\u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0627\u0632\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0629 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0628\u0635\u0631)<sup> (<\/sup><a href=\"#_ftn5\" name=\"_ftnref5\">[e]<\/a><sup>)<\/sup> \u0641\u0623\u063a\u0644\u0628 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0646).<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_4347\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-4347\" style=\"width: 330px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-4347\" src=\"https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/ramis1-300x191.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"330\" height=\"210\" data-wp-pid=\"4347\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/ramis1-300x191.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/ramis1-1024x653.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/ramis1-150x96.jpg 150w, https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/ramis1-768x490.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/ramis1-110x70.jpg 110w, https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/ramis1-259x165.jpg 259w, https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/ramis1-310x198.jpg 310w, https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/ramis1-518x330.jpg 518w, https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/ramis1-824x525.jpg 824w, https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/ramis1-800x510.jpg 800w, https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/ramis1-600x383.jpg 600w, https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/ramis1.jpg 1280w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 330px) 100vw, 330px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-4347\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">\u0642\u0644\u0639\u0629 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u0648\u062a \u0644\u0644\u0641\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0645\u0633<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>\u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u062a\u063a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0647\u0645 \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0645\u0647\u0645 \u0628\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0639 \u0641\u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0643\u0648\u0631\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0628\u062d\u0627\u062b\u062a\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u062e \u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0633\u0631 (\u0631\u062d\u0645\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647)\u060c \u0641\u0641\u064a \u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0644\u0639\u0629 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u0648\u062a \u0642\u0627\u0644: {\u0648\u062a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u062c\u0632\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u0648\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u0651\u0650 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u063a\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u064a\u0641\u060c \u0641\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0647\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0645\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u062a\u0631\u0633\u0648 \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0626 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u064a\u062c\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0628\u062d\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0626 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u060c \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0634\u064e\u064a\u0651\u064e\u062f \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u062a\u063a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0642\u0644\u0639\u0629 \u0639\u0638\u064a\u0645\u0629}<sup>(<\/sup><a href=\"#_ftn6\" name=\"_ftnref6\">[f]<\/a><sup>)<\/sup>\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b \u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0630 \u0645\u062b\u0642\u0641 \u0648\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b \u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0639\u0631 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u062e \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0634\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0631\u0623\u064a\u0647 \u0646\u0635\u0651\u064b\u0627: {\u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062f\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0633\u064f\u0643\u0650\u0646\u062a \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0643\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0642\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0627 \u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u062a\u0651\u064f\u062e\u0630\u062a &#8211; \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0646 &#8211; \u0645\u0635\u064a\u0641\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u0648\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0631\u0633\u0649 \u0644\u0633\u0641\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0648\u0635 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0636\u0637\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062d \u0644\u0644\u062c\u0648\u0621 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0626\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0630\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631\u064a \u0645\u064e\u0648\u0631\u0650\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u064a\u064e\u0633\u062a\u0642\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0639\u0646\u062f \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u062c \u062d\u062f\u062b\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0644\u0627\u0647\u0645\u0629 \u0631\u062d\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u0646 \u062c\u0627\u0628\u0631 \u0648\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0622\u0644 \u062e\u0644\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0633\u0646\u0629 1242\u0647\u0640<sup>(<\/sup><a href=\"#_ftn7\" name=\"_ftnref7\">[g]<\/a><sup>)<\/sup>\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0646 \u0647\u0648 \u0628\u0631\u062c\u064f\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0646\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0631. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0647 (\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u062a\u063a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646) \u0644\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u064a\u0641 \u062d\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0646\u0648 (\u0628\u0631\u062c \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u0641) \u0641\u064a \u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0632\u064a\u0631\u0629 (\u062a\u0627\u0631\u0648\u062a)}<sup>(<\/sup><a href=\"#_ftn8\" name=\"_ftnref8\">[h]<\/a><sup>)<\/sup>\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0642\u0641 \u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0630 \u062a\u0642\u064a \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0632 \u0641\u0631\u0635\u0629 \u0632\u064a\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0647 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0631\u062a\u063a\u0627\u0644 \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0643\u0627\u0646 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\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0646\u062c\u062d \u0641\u064a \u0635\u062f\u0651\u0650 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u062a\u063a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u064a\u0646\u061b \u0644\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0642\u062f \u062d\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0644\u0639\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0642\u062f \u062d\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0631\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0646\u0650\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0644\u0639\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0633\u062a\u0641\u062a\u0642\u062f \u2013 \u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643 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\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0641 &#8211; \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0648\u0641\u0651\u064e\u0642 \u2013 \u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0630\u0644\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0647\u062f \u2013 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0648\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u062d\u062a\u0648\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0637\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644\u064a \u0644\u0642\u0644\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u062a\u063a\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0646 &#8230;}<sup> (<\/sup><a href=\"#_ftn11\" name=\"_ftnref11\">[k]<\/a><sup>)<\/sup>.<\/p>\n<p>\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u062a\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u0624\u0631\u062e\u064a\u0646\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u062e\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062b\u0642\u0641\u064a\u0646\u0627\u060c \u0641\u0645\u0627 \u0638\u0646\u0643 \u0628\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0645\u061f<\/p>\n<p>\u0639\u0646 \u0642\u0644\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u0630\u0643\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 \u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u060c \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0644\u062f\u064a \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u0642\u0627\u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0630\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0634\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0642\u0644\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0635\u062f\u062a \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0631\u062a\u063a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0644 \u062d\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0647\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0641\u0648\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0627 \u0632\u0639\u064a\u0645\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0622\u0646\u0630\u0627\u0643\u060c \u0645\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0628\u0646 \u0632\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0628\u0631\u064a\u060c 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name=\"_ftnref13\">[m]<\/a><sup>)<\/sup>. \u0648\u0642\u0644\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u064a\u0641 \u0648\u0635\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062f\u0627\u0621 (672- 732\u0647\u0640\u060c\u00a0 1273\u2013 1331\u0645)\u060c \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0646\u0635\u0647: {\u0648\u0639\u0646 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0623\u0647\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0642\u0627\u0644: \u0648\u0644\u0644\u0642\u0637\u064a\u0641 \u0633\u0648\u0631\u064c \u0648\u062e\u0646\u062f\u0642\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0627\u0628\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631\u060c \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0645\u062f\u0651\u064e\u060c \u064a\u0635\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u064a\u0641\u060c \u0648\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u062c\u0632\u064e\u0631 \u064a\u0646\u0643\u0634\u0641 \u0639\u0646 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0644\u0642\u0637\u064a\u0641 \u062e\u064e\u0648\u0631\u064c<sup>(<\/sup><a href=\"#_ftn14\" name=\"_ftnref14\">[n]<\/a><sup>)<\/sup> \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631 \u064a\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0633\u0642\u0629<sup>(<\/sup><a href=\"#_ftn15\" name=\"_ftnref15\">[o]<\/a><sup>)<\/sup> \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0651\u0650 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0652\u0631. . .}<sup>(<\/sup><a href=\"#_ftn16\" name=\"_ftnref16\">[p]<\/a><sup>)<\/sup>, \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0641 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0625\u0632\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0647\u0627 1404\u0647\u0640\u060c 1405\u0647\u0640 &#8211; 1984\u0645 &#8211; 1985\u0645<sup>(<\/sup><a href=\"#_ftn17\" name=\"_ftnref17\">[q]<\/a><sup>)<\/sup>.<\/p>\n<p>\u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0652\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0639\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u062a\u063a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0639 \u0641\u0633\u062a\u062e\u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u062f\u0628\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0623\u0646 \u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u063a\u0632\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0631\u0627\u0648\u062f\u062a \u0623\u0630\u0647\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0623\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u0647\u0646\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d (1394 &#8211; 1460\u0645)\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0636\u0639\u0648\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630 \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1497 \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0628\u062d\u0631 \u0641\u0627\u0633\u0643\u0648 \u062f\u064a \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u060c \u0641\u064a\u0648\u0635\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u063a\u0633\u0637\u0633 1498. \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u064a\u062c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0642\u0627\u0645\u0648\u0627 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u063a\u0632\u0648\u0647 \u0641\u0647\u064a \u063a\u0632\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0646\u0633\u0648 \u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0643\u0631\u0643\u060c \u0641\u0648\u0635\u0644 \u0639\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a 22 \u0623\u063a\u0633\u0637\u0633 1507\u060c \u0641\u0623\u0634\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0626\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0646\u0637\u0644\u0642 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u062d\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u062f\u0645\u0631 \u0642\u0644\u0639\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u062e\u0645\u0629<sup>(<\/sup><a href=\"#_ftn18\" name=\"_ftnref18\">[r]<\/a><sup>)<\/sup>\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0635\u0641 \u0648\u064a\u0644\u0633\u0646 \u0642\u0644\u0639\u0629 \u0647\u0631\u0645\u0632 \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u2013 \u0644\u0636\u062e\u0627\u0645\u062a\u0647\u0627 &#8211; \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0644\u0641 \u0634\u062e\u0635 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u0639\u0646\u0647\u0627<sup>(<\/sup><a href=\"#_ftn19\" name=\"_ftnref19\">[s]<\/a><sup>)<\/sup>. \u0623\u0638\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0641\u064a \u0644\u0625\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u064a\u062c \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u062a\u063a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><a href=\"#_ftnref1\" name=\"_ftn1\"><\/a><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><strong>\u00a0\u062d\u0644\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629<sup>(<\/sup><a href=\"#_ftn15\" name=\"_ftnref15\">[15]<\/a><sup>)<\/sup><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u0641\u062d\u0648\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u0642\u0629 \u0647\u0648 \u0641\u062d\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0634\u064a\u0621 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u062f\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0634\u064a \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0635\u064a\u0627\u063a\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u062a\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0646\u0628\u063a\u064a \u062a\u0631\u0643\u0647\u0627.<\/p>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u062f\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062a:<\/p>\n<p>&#8211; {\u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u0630\u0627\u0643\u060c \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0638\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u064a\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a}. \u0635: 211\u060c \u0623\u0636\u0627\u0641 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647 (\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633\u064a) \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u062d\u0627\u0635\u0631\u062a\u064a\u0646.<\/p>\n<p>&#8211; {\u0648\u0644\u0642\u062f \u0648\u062c\u062f\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u064a\u0637\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u064a\u0631 \u062c\u062f\u0628\u0627\u0621 \u064a\u0627\u0628\u0633\u0629 \u0633\u0637\u062d\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0623\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062d \u062c\u0627\u0641\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0639\u0637\u0634\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0631\u0633\u0649 (\u0635: \u0631\u0633\u0627) \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643 (\u0623\u0646\u062a\u0628\u064a\u0648\u062e \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b) \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0645\u0644\u0648\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u062c\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0623\u0633\u0637\u0648\u0644\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u064a\u0646\u0648\u064a \u0625\u062e\u0636\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u0639\u0634\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0631\u0629}\u060c \u0635: 212. \u0632\u0627\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0631\u0629\u060c \u062d\u0631\u0641 \u0628\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0633\u0645 (\u0627\u0646\u062a\u064a\u0648\u062e)\u060c \u0641\u0635\u0627\u0631: (\u0623\u0646\u062a\u0628\u064a\u0648\u062e). \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0648\u0636\u062d\u062a\u060c \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643\u060c \u0623\u0646\u0647 (\u0623\u0646\u0637\u064a\u0648\u062e\u0633)\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0633\u0644\u0648\u0642\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0633\u0644\u062c\u0648\u0642\u064a\u0651\u064b\u0627.<\/p>\n<p>&#8211; \u00a0{\u0644\u0645 \u064a\u062a\u0633\u0646\u0651\u064e \u0644\u064a \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0647\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648\u0644\u0626\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0641\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0628\u064a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0639\u0647\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633\u064a\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u062b\u0628\u062a \u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0623\u0634\u0647\u0631 \u0642\u0636\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0631\u060c \u064a\u0636\u0627\u0641 \u0625\u0644\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0635\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0647\u0624\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u064a\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u0645 (\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0637\u0648\u0646\u064a\u064a\u0646)\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0645 \u064a\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u062c\u0632\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0646\u0635\u0631\u0641 \u0647\u0624\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0645\u0631\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0622\u0634\u0648\u0631\u064a\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0634\u063a\u0644\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0648\u0628 \u0645\u0639\u0647\u0645 \u0644\u0645\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0642\u0644 \u0639\u0646 \u0623\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0645\u062a\u062f\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u064a\u062d\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0646\u0629 500 \u0642\u060c \u0645}. \u0635: 213. \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0637\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u0627 \u0647\u0645 (\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0646) \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u0642\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u062a\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u062a\u062a\u0643\u0631\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0642\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u062d\u0629\u060c \u062b\u0645 \u062a\u0639\u0648\u062f \u062f\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0635\u0641\u062d\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 (\u062f\u0645\u0644\u0648\u0646)\u060c \u062b\u0645 \u062a\u0639\u0648\u062f \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u062a\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0639\u0627\u062f\u062a \u0644\u0645\u064a\u0633\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0639\u0648\u062f (\u0645\u0645\u0644\u0643\u0629 \u062f\u0637\u0648\u0646) \u0633\u064a\u0631\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u062d\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645 \u0628\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u062f\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062a\u060c \u064a\u0637\u0628\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0631\u062c \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u064a\u062c: (\u0631\u0627\u062d \u064a\u0637\u0628\u0651\u064f\u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0645\u0627\u0647\u0627)\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0645\u0651\u064e\u0627 (\u0643\u0631\u062d\u0627) \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u0646\u0650\u0633\u0646\u0627 \u0628\u0635\u0628\u062d\u0628\u062a\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0627 \u0633\u0628\u0642 \u0641\u0623\u0628\u062a \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u0642\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0627\u0632\u0645\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0627.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0629<sup>(<\/sup><a href=\"#_ftn16\" name=\"_ftnref16\">[16]<\/a><sup>)<\/sup><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p>&#8211; {\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0631\u062d\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u0646 \u062c\u0628\u0631 \u0623\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0635\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u062c\u0627\u0628\u0648\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0627\u0631 \u0634\u0623\u0646\u064b\u0627}. \u0635: 266.<\/p>\n<p>\u0631\u0623\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u062a\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0631\u062d\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u0646 \u062c\u0627\u0628\u0631\u00a0 \u0644\u0647 \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0647\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0647\u0645\u0651\u064f\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u0634\u064a\u0621\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u064a\u0647\u0645\u0646\u064a \u062a\u0635\u0648\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0623\u0628\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0623\u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u060c \u0641\u0647\u0648 (\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0631)\u060c \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0633 \u062c\u0628\u0631. \u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0643\u0644\u0645\u0629 (\u0642\u0631\u0635\u0627\u0646) \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0648\u0636\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645 \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639\u0650\u060c \u0647\u064a \u0645\u0641\u0631\u062f\u060c 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\u062a\u0642\u0639 \u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u062b\u0627\u062c<sup>(<\/sup><a href=\"#_ftn20\" name=\"_ftnref20\">[20]<\/a><sup>)<\/sup>\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0627 &#8211; \u062a\u0648\u0642\u0641\u062a \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0635\u0631 \u064a\u0648\u0645\u064d \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u0630\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0633\u0646\u0629 1366\u0647\u0640\u060c \u0633\u0628\u062a\u0645\u0628\u0631 1947\u0645\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c \u0628\u0631\u0641\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0651\u064e\u060c \u0648\u0623\u062a\u0630\u0643\u0631 \u0623\u0646\u0646\u064a \u0631\u0623\u064a\u062a \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0636\u064d \u0645\u0633\u062a\u062f\u064a\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0644\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0645\u064a \u062a\u0634\u0628\u0647 \u0639\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u064a\u0641 \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u064b\u0627. \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0633\u0645\u0627\u0647 (\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u062c) \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0651\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0628\u062a\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u062b\u0646\u0651\u064e\u0627\u0629 \u0641\u0648\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0635\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0647: \u062b\u0627\u062c \u0628\u062b\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u062b\u0644\u062b\u0629 \u0641\u0648\u0642\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0646\u0643\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0642\u0639 \u0623\u062b\u0631\u064a \u0645\u0634\u0647\u0648\u0631\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0628\u0642\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u063a\u0644\u0627\u0637 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0647 \u062d\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u0638\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0645\u0637\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0639\u0634\u0631\u060c \u0641\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0633\u0628\u0642\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u062e\u0627\u0644\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u062c \u0642\u062f \u0631\u062f \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0631\u062c\u0651\u0650\u062d \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0645\u0651\u064e\u0627 \u0633\u0647\u0648\u064c \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0637\u0628\u0627\u0639\u064a.<\/p>\n<h5><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631:<\/strong><br \/>\n<a href=\"#_ftnref1\" name=\"_ftn1\">[1]<\/a>)) \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u062d\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f 64\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u060c 2014\u060c \u0635: 41.<br \/>\n<a href=\"#_ftnref2\" name=\"_ftn2\">[2]<\/a>)) \u064a\u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u062a\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637: https:\/\/chl.li\/ZSef4<br \/>\n<a href=\"#_ftnref3\" name=\"_ftn3\">[3]<\/a>))\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0639\u062b\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f: 7\u060c \u0630\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0629 1372\u0647\u0640\u060c \u0633\u0628\u062a\u0645\u0628\u0631 1953\u060c \u0635: 403\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0645\u0646\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u060c \u064a\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0631 1954\u0645\u060c \u0635:\u00a0 5.<br \/>\n<a href=\"#_ftnref4\" name=\"_ftn4\">[4]<\/a>))\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0639\u062b\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f: 7\u060c \u0630\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0629 1372\u0647\u0640\u060c \u0633\u0628\u062a\u0645\u0628\u0631 1953\u060c \u0635: 403\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0645\u0646\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u060c \u064a\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0631 1954\u0645\u060c \u0635:\u00a0 5.<br \/>\n<a href=\"#_ftnref5\" name=\"_ftn5\">[5]<\/a>)) \u0645\u062d\u064a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u064a\u0637.<br \/>\n<a href=\"#_ftnref6\" name=\"_ftn6\">[6]<\/a>)) \u0645\u0639\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0646\u060c \u064a\u0627\u0642\u0648\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0648\u064a\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c \u062f. \u062a.\u060c \u062c\u06402\/127.<br \/>\n<a href=\"#_ftnref7\" name=\"_ftn7\">[7]<\/a>)) \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062c\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0644\u062c\u0645\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062e\u0635\u0635\u064a\u0646\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0642\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 11\u060c \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e.<br \/>\n<a href=\"#_ftnref8\" name=\"_ftn8\">[8]<\/a>)) \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647.<br \/>\n<a href=\"#_ftnref9\" name=\"_ftn9\">[9]<\/a>)) \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647.<br \/>\n<a href=\"#_ftnref10\" name=\"_ftn10\">[10]<\/a>)) \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0639\u062b\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f 3\u060c \u0631\u062c\u0628 1372\u0647\u0640 \u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633 1953\u0645.<br \/>\n<a href=\"#_ftnref11\" name=\"_ftn11\">[11]<\/a>))\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0633\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u064a\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u062b\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0642\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637: https:\/\/chl.li\/vV0Ue.<br \/>\n<a href=\"#_ftnref12\" name=\"_ftn12\">[12]<\/a>))\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0648\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0627\u0632\u060c \u062a\u0628\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636 333 \u0643\u064a\u0644\u0648. \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0644\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0646\u062c\u062f\u060c \u0633\u0639\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0628\u0646 \u062c\u0646\u064a\u062f\u0644\u060c \u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u060c \u00a0\u062c\u06402\/537..<br \/>\n<a href=\"#_ftnref13\" name=\"_ftn13\">[13]<\/a>)) \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0633\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0645\u0646 \u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u064a\u062f\u060c \u0625\u0635\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0627 \u0646\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0645\u0627\u0645\u060c 1426\u0647\u0640 \u062c\u06402\/251.<br \/>\n<a href=\"#_ftnref14\" name=\"_ftn14\">[14]<\/a>)) \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u0628\u0627\u062a: \u0647\u0636\u0628\u0629 \u0635\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0645\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0647\u0627 \u062e\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0628 \u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0629. \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0633\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u064a\u062f\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u062c\u06402\/259.<br \/>\n<a href=\"#_ftnref15\" name=\"_ftn15\">[15]<\/a>)) \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0639\u062b\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f 4\u060c \u0634\u0639\u0628\u0627\u0646 1372\u0647\u0640 \u0625\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0644 1953\u0645.<br \/>\n<a href=\"#_ftnref16\" name=\"_ftn16\">[16]<\/a>)) \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0639\u062b\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f 5\u060c \u0634\u0639\u0628\u0627\u0646 1372\u0647\u0640 \u0645\u0627\u064a\u0648 1953\u0645.<br \/>\n<a href=\"#_ftnref17\" name=\"_ftn17\">[17]<\/a>)) \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u064a\u062f\u060c \u0633\u0628\u0642 \u0630\u0643\u0631\u0647\u060c \u062c\u06402\/240.<br \/>\n<a href=\"#_ftnref18\" name=\"_ftn18\">[18]<\/a>)) \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 2011\u0645\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637: https:\/\/chl.li\/30Gir<br \/>\n<a href=\"#_ftnref19\" name=\"_ftn19\">[19]<\/a>)) \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0639\u062b\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0639\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0639\u060c \u0630\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0629\u060c 1372\u0647\u0640 \u0633\u0628\u062a\u0645\u0628\u0631 1953\u0645\u060c \u0635: 438 \u2013 440.<br \/>\n<a href=\"#_ftnref20\" name=\"_ftn20\">[20]<\/a>)) \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0633\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629\u00a0 \u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u062c\u06401\/317 &#8211; 318.<\/h5>\n<h5 dir=\"rtl\" style=\"text-align: right;\">([a])\u0645\u0648\u0633\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0631\u062f\u060c \u0645\u0646\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u0639\u0644\u0628\u0643\u064a\u060c \u062c\u0640 2\/86 1\u060c \u0648:<br \/>\nEncyclopedia Britanica 99 CD.&amp; 99 Encarta. CD.<br \/>\n(\u00a0[<span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">b<\/span>])The world Of castles\u00a0 Web Site. The &#8220;castle-story&#8221;, first part: how did castles appear?\u00a0 By George Ghidrai. Link: https:\/\/goo.gl\/JH3ha8<br \/>\n([c])\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062c\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0633\u0628\u0642 \u0630\u0643\u0631\u0647.<br \/>\n<a href=\"#_ftnref4\" name=\"_ftn4\">[d]<\/a>)) \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u062d\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u060c 2001\u0645\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637: https:\/\/chl.li\/litIT.<br \/>\n<a href=\"#_ftnref5\" name=\"_ftn5\">[e]<\/a>)) \u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u0647 \u0648\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0647\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0634\u0647 \u0645\u0645\u062f\u0648\u062d \u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0634\u0631 \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0635\u0631\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649\u060c 1996\u0645.<br \/>\n([f])\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0629 (\u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u064b\u0627)\u060c \u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0633\u0631\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649\u060c 1399\u0647\u0640 \u06481401\u0647\u0640 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u060c \u0635: 285.<br \/>\n([g])\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647.<br \/>\n([h])\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u0642\u0629 (2)\u060c \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0634\u064a\u060c \u062c\u0631\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062c\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f (2)\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u062a 25 \u0631\u062c\u0628 1374\u0647\u0640\u060c \u0635: 3.<br \/>\n([i])\u0623\u062e\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0630 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u062a\u063a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u0647\u0648: \u0645\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0628\u0646 \u0632\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0628\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u062a\u063a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0634\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u062a \u0628\u0645\u0642\u062a\u0644\u0647 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u062a\u063a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u064a\u0641. \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631: \u0635\u0641\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0648\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u062a\u063a\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062b\u064a\u0642\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0635: 135 \u2013 138\u060c \u0631\u0645\u0636\u0627\u0646\u060c 1402\u0647\u0640 \u064a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0648 1982\u0645.<br \/>\n([j])\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0645\u0644\u0648\u0651\u064e\u062a\u0629 . \u062a\u0642\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 . \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0641\u062e\u0631\u0627\u0648\u064a . \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0646 . \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 , 1418 \u0647\u0640 , \u0635 : 171 .<br \/>\n([k])\u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647.<br \/>\n([L])\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u062a\u063a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u062d\u0648\u0644\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062b\u064a\u0642\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0639 4. \u0631\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062e\u0631\u060c\u00a0 1404\u0647\u0640\u060c \u064a\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0631 1984\u0645\u060c \u0635: 97.<br \/>\n([m])\u0625\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0641\u0648\u0631\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062f. \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0641 \u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u064a\u062f\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062b\u064a\u0642\u0629\u060c \u0639 3. \u0631\u0645\u0636\u0627\u0646 1403\u0647\u0640 \u0635: 43.<br \/>\n([n])\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0648\u0631: \u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636 \u0639\u0645\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0648\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631.<br \/>\n([o])\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064f\u0648\u0633\u0642\u0629: \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0623\u0649 .<br \/>\n([p])\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u062a\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u064a\u062f \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062f\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0625\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0644 \u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0628\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u0648\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0634\u0627\u0647\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0647 \u0628\u0646 \u0623\u064a\u0648\u0628\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062d\u0628 <a href=\"https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%A9\">\u062d\u0645\u0627\u0629<\/a>\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c \u0639\u0646 \u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0628\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0633 1840\u0645\u060c \u0635: 99.<br \/>\n([q])\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0628\u0627\u0642\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u064a\u060c \u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0633\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0646\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0625\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0644 2015\u0645\u060c (\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627\u0645\u0634: 9)\u060c \u0635: 49.<br \/>\n<a href=\"#_ftnref18\" name=\"_ftn18\">[r]<\/a>)) \u062f\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u064a\u062c\u060c \u062c. \u062c. \u0644\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0645\u0631\u060c \u0642\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0642\u0637\u0631\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u060c \u062f. \u062a\u060c \u062c\u06401\/12 \u2013 13.<br \/>\n<a href=\"#_ftnref19\" name=\"_ftn19\">[s]<\/a>)) \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u064a\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0631\u0646\u0648\u0644\u062f \u062a \u0648\u064a\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0646\u060c \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u064a\u0648\u0633\u0641\u060c \u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0644\u060c \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u064a\u062a\u060c \u062f. \u062a. \u0635: \u00a0207.<\/h5>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u0645\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0631\u0648\u0649 \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0628\u0647\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0645\u0639\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0641\u0648\u0639\u064b\u0627: \u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064f\u0637\u064e\u064a\u0626\u0629 &#8211; 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&hellip;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":5131,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"single\/single-cat-Article.php","format":"standard","meta":{"_exactmetrics_skip_tracking":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_active":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_note":"","_exactmetrics_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[15],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-5127","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","","category-15"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5127","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/4"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=5127"}],"version-history":[{"count":6,"href":"https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5127\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":5171,"href":"https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5127\/revisions\/5171"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/5131"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=5127"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=5127"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=5127"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}