{"id":37537,"date":"2026-10-01T22:07:07","date_gmt":"2026-10-01T19:07:07","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/?p=37537"},"modified":"2026-10-01T22:07:07","modified_gmt":"2026-10-01T19:07:07","slug":"%d8%a3%d8%b1%d8%a8%d8%b9%d8%a9-%d8%b9%d8%b4%d8%b1-%d8%af%d9%88%d8%a7%d8%a1%d9%8b-%d9%88%d8%b9%d9%84%d8%a7%d8%ac%d9%8b%d8%a7-%d8%ba%d9%8a%d9%91%d8%b1%d9%88%d8%a7-%d9%88%d8%ac%d9%87-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b7","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/?p=37537","title":{"rendered":"\u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u062f\u0648\u0627\u0621\u064b \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0627\u062c\u064b\u0627 \u063a\u064a\u0651\u0631\u0648\u0627 \u0648\u062c\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 150 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u064b\u0627 – \u0628\u0642\u0644\u0645 \u063a\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0628\u0648\u062e\u0645\u0633\u064a\u0646"},"content":{"rendered":"

\u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628 \u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0629\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0643\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0632\u0648\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629\u064b \u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0644\u062a \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0644. \u0648\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0648\u0646\u0635\u0641\u060c \u063a\u064a\u0651\u0631\u062a \u0623\u062f\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0635\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0644\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0636\u0649: \u0641\u0623\u062e\u0645\u062f\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0648\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0646\u0642\u0630\u062a \u0645\u0631\u0636\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0639\u0627\u062f\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0639\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0641\u062a\u062d\u062a \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a. \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0644\u064a\u0633\u062a \u062d\u0643\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0642\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u062d\u0633\u0628\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0642\u0635\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0639\u0627\u062f\u062a \u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0641\u0639\u0644\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0636 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062d\u0644\u0645 \u0628\u0647.<\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

{ \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0648\u0649 }<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

1. \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a: \u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u0623\u0644\u0645<\/span>
\n\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062c\u062d \u0644\u0644\u0625\u064a\u062b\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0641\u0649 \u0645\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a\u0634\u0648\u0633\u062a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1846 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u062a\u0623\u0633\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u062d\u064a. \u0623\u062a\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u062b\u0631 \u0641\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0639\u064a \u0648\u062a\u0633\u0643\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645 \u0645\u062f\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0637\u0648\u0644 \u0648\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062f\u0642\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0644\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0633\u0628\u0627\u0642 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0637\u064a\u0637 \u0644\u0647\u0627. \u0622\u0644\u064a\u062a\u0647 \u0644\u064a\u0633\u062a \u0647\u062f\u0641\u064b\u0627 \u062c\u0632\u064a\u0626\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u064b\u0627\u061b \u0641\u0647\u0648 \u064a\u062b\u0628\u0637 \u0646\u0634\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0635\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0629. \u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647 \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u064f\u0628\u062f\u0644 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u0642\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0631 \u062a\u062e\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u063a\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629.<\/span><\/p>\n

2. \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0633\u0644\u064a\u0646: \u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0648\u0649 \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u062c<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0627\u0643\u062a\u0634\u0641 \u0623\u0644\u0643\u0633\u0646\u062f\u0631 \u0641\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0646\u063a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1928 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0641\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0646\u0633 (Penicillium) \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062b\u0628\u064a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0643\u062a\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0627\u060c \u062b\u0645 \u0646\u062c\u062d \u0641\u0644\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0648\u062a\u0634\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0632\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0624\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0646\u0642\u064a\u062a\u0647 \u0648\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c\u0647 \u0633\u0631\u064a\u0631\u064a\u064b\u0627. \u064a\u0645\u0646\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0633\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u0634\u0628\u064a\u0643 \u062c\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0643\u062a\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0641\u062a\u0636\u0639\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0645\u0648\u062a\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0641\u062a\u0642\u0631 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0627\u0631. \u0623\u062f\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0647\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u0648\u064a \u0648\u062a\u0633\u0645\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0647\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0648\u062d \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649 \u0648\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064b\u0627. \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0646 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0643\u062a\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0641\u0631\u0636\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0647 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u0641\u0642\u0637.<\/span>\"\"<\/p>\n

{ \u0623\u062f\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0646\u0642\u0630\u062a \u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u0636\u0649 \u0645\u0632\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0646 }<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

3. \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0646: \u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0631\u0636 \u0645\u0632\u0645\u0646<\/span>
\n\u0623\u062b\u0628\u062a \u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u062a\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0646\u062a\u0648 \u0628\u064a\u0646 1921 \u06481922 \u0623\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u0644\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u0637\u064a\u0639 \u062e\u0641\u0636 \u0633\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0645\u060c \u062b\u0645 \u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639\u0647. \u064a\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0631\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0648\u064a\u0632\u064a\u062f \u062f\u062e\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0644\u0648\u0643\u0648\u0632 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0636\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0647\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062d\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u062f. \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u062b\u0631\u0647 \u062d\u0627\u0633\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0636\u0649 \u0642\u0627\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0642\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0642\u0648\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u062f\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0639.<\/span><\/p>\n

4. \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0644: \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0628\u064a\u062a\u0627<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0637\u0648\u0651\u0631 \u062c\u064a\u0645\u0633 \u0628\u0644\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0628\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0629. \u064a\u062d\u0635\u0631 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0628\u064a\u062a\u0627-1 \u0648\u0628\u064a\u062a\u0627-2\u060c \u0641\u064a\u0642\u0644\u0644 \u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0648\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0646\u0642\u0628\u0627\u0636\u0647 \u0648\u0625\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0646. \u063a\u064a\u0651\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0628\u062d\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0636\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0633\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0644\u0628\u060c \u062b\u0645 \u0638\u0647\u0631\u062a \u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0639\u0627\u0634 \u0648\u0641\u0631\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0628\u064a.<\/span><\/p>\n

5. \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0641\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0646: \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0645\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0644\u0637\u0627\u062a<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0628\u062f\u0623\u062a \u0642\u0635\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u0645\u0631\u0636 \u0646\u0632\u0641\u064a \u0623\u0635\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0634\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u0643\u0644\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0633\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0641\u0646\u060c \u062b\u0645 \u0635\u064f\u0646\u0651\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0623\u062c\u064a\u0632 \u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1954. \u064a\u062b\u0628\u0637 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0646 (K)\u060c \u0641\u062a\u0642\u0644 \u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u062b\u0631 [II \u0648VII \u0648IX \u0648X]. \u0623\u062a\u0627\u062d \u0639\u0644\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062c\u0641\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0630\u064a\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0648\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0645\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u062b\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0631\u064a\u062f\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0645\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0641\u0649. \u0623\u0647\u0645 \u0642\u064a\u0648\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0632\u0641\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0630\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0629 (INR)\u061b \u0648\u0644\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u064f\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0628\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0637\u0628\u064a \u0648\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0628\u0629.<\/span><\/p>\n

6. \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0646: \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u0643\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0636\u0627\u062f \u0644\u0644\u0635\u0641\u0627\u0626\u062d<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0637\u0648\u0651\u0631 \u062d\u0645\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u064a\u062a\u064a\u0644 \u0633\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u0635\u064a\u063a\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629 \u0623\u0648\u0627\u062e\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0639\u0634\u0631. \u064a\u062b\u0628\u0637 \u0625\u0646\u0632\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a (COX)\u060c \u0641\u064a\u062e\u0641\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0649 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0647\u0627\u0628\u060c \u0648\u064a\u062b\u0628\u0637 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u0627\u0626\u062d \u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0631\u0645\u0628\u0648\u0643\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u062f\u0639\u0645 \u062a\u062c\u0645\u0639\u0647\u0627. \u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0645\u0647\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0635\u064a\u0628\u0648\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u0648 \u0633\u0643\u062a\u0629\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0644\u0647 \u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u062c\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a.<\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

{ \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0635\u0627\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0633\u064a }<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

7. \u0644\u064a\u0641\u0648\u062f\u0648\u0628\u0627: \u062a\u0639\u0648\u064a\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0628\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0636 \u0628\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0646\u0633\u0648\u0646<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0643\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0641 \u0646\u0642\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0628\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0644\u064a\u0641\u0648\u062f\u0648\u0628\u0627 \u062a\u062d\u0633\u0646\u064b\u0627 \u062d\u0631\u0643\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0627\u0641\u062a\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0646\u0633\u0648\u0646 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645. \u064a\u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062c\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0645\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0645\u0627\u063a\u064a \u062b\u0645 \u064a\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0648\u0628\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u064a\u064f\u0639\u0637\u0649 \u0645\u0639 \u0643\u0627\u0631\u0628\u064a\u062f\u0648\u0628\u0627 \u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644\u0647 \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0645\u0627\u063a. \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0648\u0642\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0643\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0628\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0642\u062f \u064a\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0642\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0648\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0627\u0625\u0631\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647 \u0623\u0639\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0636\u0649 \u0648\u0623\u062b\u0628\u062a \u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u0648\u064a\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0628\u064a\u0629.<\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"
\n8. \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0632\u064a\u0646: \u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0626\u064a<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0627\u0643\u062a\u064f\u0634\u0641 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642 \u0623\u0628\u062d\u0627\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0647\u062f\u0626\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1951\u060c \u062b\u0645 \u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0623\u062b\u0631\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u0627\u062f \u0644\u0644\u0630\u0647\u0627\u0646. \u064a\u062d\u0635\u0631 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0628\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0646 (D2)\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u062a\u0641\u0633\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0647\u062f\u0626\u0629 \u0648\u0622\u062b\u0627\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0646\u0648\u0639\u0629. \u062e\u0641\u0651\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0627\u062c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0647\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0651\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0639\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u062c \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0645\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0639\u062a\u0647.<\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

{ \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0636\u0645\u064a }<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

9. \u062d\u0628\u0648\u0628 \u0645\u0646\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0629: \u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0635\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u062f\u0648\u0627\u0626\u064a\u064b\u0627<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f\u062a (FDA) \u0623\u0648\u0644 \u062d\u0628\u0629 \u0647\u0631\u0645\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1960. \u062a\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0628\u0629 \u0625\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0646\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u0628\u0631\u0648\u062c\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0646\u061b \u0641\u062a\u062b\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0628\u0627\u0636\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0644\u0632\u0648\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0637 \u0639\u0646\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0645. \u0645\u0643\u0651\u0646\u062a \u0645\u0644\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0642\u064a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0644\u060c \u0648\u062e\u0641\u0651\u0636\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0635\u0648\u062f\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u0648\u0627\u0626\u062f \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u063a\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0645\u062b \u0648\u0639\u0633\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0645\u062b \u0648\u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0631 \u0633\u0631\u0637\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u064a\u0636 \u0648\u0628\u0637\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0645<\/span><\/p>\n

10. \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0643\/\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0646\u064a\u062a\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0646: \u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u062d\u0629 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u062c\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0643\u0631\u0631\u0629<\/span>
\n\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0646\u064a\u062a\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0627\u062a (H2) \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0645\u0646\u0639 \u062a\u0646\u0628\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0641\u062a\u062e\u0641\u0636 \u0625\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0636. \u0645\u062b\u0651\u0644 \u062e\u0637\u0648\u0629 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u062d\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0631\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0646\u0643\u0633\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u062f\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0643\u0644 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629. \u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647 \u0633\u064f\u062d\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645 2020 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u0623\u0638\u0647\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u0634\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0628 (NDMA) \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0645\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629. \u0648\u062a\u0628\u0642\u0649 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u062a\u0647 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u062d\u0644\u0651\u062a \u0645\u062b\u0628\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0636\u062e\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0644\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a.<\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

11. \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0632\u0648\u0644: \u062a\u062b\u0628\u064a\u0637 \u0645\u0636\u062e\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0648\u0646<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0632\u0648\u0644 \u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u062b\u0628\u0637 \u0645\u0636\u062e\u0629 \u0628\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0633\u0631\u064a\u0631\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1989. \u064a\u064f\u0641\u0639\u0651\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0636\u064a \u0648\u064a\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637 \u0628\u0645\u0636\u062e\u0629 H+\/K+-AT) Pase) \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0641\u064a\u0648\u0642\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0625\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0636. \u062d\u0633\u0651\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0631\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u062d\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u062c\u0632\u0621\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u062c \u062c\u0631\u062b\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0629. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0646\u0632\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u062d\u0629\u060c \u062e\u0641\u0651\u0636 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0628 \u0633\u0631\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0632\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0631\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647 \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u062f\u0648\u0627\u0621\u064b \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u0629.<\/span><\/p>\n

{ \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0637\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0626 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0628\u064a\u0629 }<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

12. \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u0627\u062f \u0644\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0647\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0629: (HIV) \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0631\u0636 \u0642\u0627\u062a\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u062f\u0648\u0649 \u0645\u0632\u0645\u0646\u0629<\/span>
\n\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f \u062f\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0632\u064a\u062f\u0648\u0641\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0646 (Zidovudine <\/span>AZT) \u0639\u0627\u0645 1987\u060c \u062b\u0645 \u0623\u062b\u0628\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u062a\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0639\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u064a\u062e\u0641\u0636 \u062a\u0643\u0627\u062b\u0631 (HIV) \u0628\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0629. \u062a\u0639\u0637\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0643\u0633\u064a \u0623\u0648 \u0625\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0646\u0636\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0633\u060c \u0641\u062a\u0633\u062a\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u064a\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636 \u062e\u0637\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0627\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0633. \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u062c \u0634\u0627\u0641\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629\u064b\u060c \u0648\u064a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u0645\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u0627\u062a.<\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"13. \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0644\u0627\u0632: \u0625\u0646\u0642\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u064a\u062c \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0641\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0644\u0627\u0632 \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0646\u0634\u0637 \u0645\u0624\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u0632\u0645\u064a\u0646\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u064a\u062c\u064a\u061b \u064a\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u064a\u062d\u0648\u0651\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u0632\u0645\u064a\u0646\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0644\u0627\u0632\u0645\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0641\u064a\u0641\u0643\u0643 \u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u062b\u0631\u0629. \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0644\u0644\u0633\u0643\u062a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0641\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1996 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u062a\u062c\u0631\u0628\u0629 (NINDS)\u060c \u0641\u0623\u0633\u0633 \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0645\u0627\u063a\u00bb \u0648\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u062a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0629.<\/span><\/p>\n

14. \u0628\u064a\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0632\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0628: \u062a\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0636\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0637\u0627\u0646<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0628\u064a\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0632\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0628 (Pembrolizumab) <\/span>\u0639\u0627\u0645 2014\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u062c\u0633\u0645 \u0645\u0636\u0627\u062f \u064a\u062d\u0635\u0631 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644 (PD-1). \u064a\u0645\u0646\u0639 \u0628\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u062d \u0628\u064a\u0646 [PD-1 \u0648PD-L1\/PD-L2]\u060c \u0648\u0642\u062f \u064a\u0639\u064a\u062f \u062a\u0646\u0634\u064a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0636\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0645. \u0623\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0639\u0645\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u062f \u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0645\u0631\u0636\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0648\u0633\u0631\u0637\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u0629 \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0627\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0628\u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0634\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629.<\/span><\/p>\n

{ \u0644\u0645\u0627\u0630\u0627 \u0623\u064f\u062f\u0631\u062c\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u064b\u0627\u061f }<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u062a\u0631\u062a\u064a\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0633\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0635\u0627\u0631\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0639\u0634\u0631\u060c \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u062e\u062f\u0631 \u062c\u0631\u0627\u062d\u064a \u0628\u0645\u0636\u0627\u062f \u062d\u064a\u0648\u064a \u0623\u0648 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u062c \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0644\u064a\u0633\u062a \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0629. \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0645 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0623\u062d\u062f\u062b\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0621: \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0636\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0641\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0645\u062f\u0649 \u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0623\u062b\u0631\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0626 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629\u060c \u062b\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u062a\u0647 \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u062f\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u0629. \u0648\u0644\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0623\u064f\u062f\u0631\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0641\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0631\u063a\u0645 \u062a\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0645\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0623\u064f\u062f\u0631\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0646\u064a\u062a\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0648\u0635\u0641\u0647 \u0645\u062d\u0637\u0629 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629 \u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0632\u0648\u0644 \u062d\u0644\u0651 \u0645\u062d\u0644\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u064f\u062f\u0631\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0644\u0627\u0632 \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u0648\u0636\u062d \u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0646\u0642\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0645\u0627\u063a.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0648\u062a\u0636\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u00ab\u0639\u0644\u0627\u062c\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u064b\u0627\u00bb \u0647\u0648 (ART)\u060c \u0648\u0641\u0626\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u064a\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u064a\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0632\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0628. \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0623\u062a\u064a \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0642\u0631\u0635 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u061b \u0641\u0642\u062f \u063a\u064a\u0651\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645 \u0644\u0645\u0636\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a (HIV) \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0636\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0645\u062b\u0651\u0644 \u062d\u0635\u0631 \u0646\u0642\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u062a\u064a\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u062c\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632 \u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u064a\u0621. \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0642\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0625\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0644\u0645 \u062a\u064f\u062f\u0631\u062c \u0647\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u064a\u0633\u062a \u062f\u0648\u0627\u0621\u064b \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629.<\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

{ \u0645\u0627\u0630\u0627 \u063a\u064a\u0651\u0631\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u0639\u0644\u064a\u064b\u0627\u061f }<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\u062a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0629\u00bb \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u0643\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627. \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u062b\u0631 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0643\u0646 \u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u0645\u0633\u0643\u0646 \u0642\u0648\u064a\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u063a\u064a\u0651\u0631 \u0632\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062f\u0642\u062a\u0647\u0627\u061b \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0633\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0647\u0627\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0627\u0628\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u0642\u0637\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u062e\u0641\u0651\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0648\u0641 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u062d\u062f\u0651 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0623\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0631\u0636 \u0647\u0631\u0645\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0634\u062f\u064a\u062f\u060c \u062b\u0645 \u062c\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0641\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u064a\u062d\u0648\u0651\u0644\u0648\u0627 \u0623\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u062b\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b \u0645\u0641\u0627\u062c\u0626\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0631 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0639\u064a\u062f.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0644\u064a\u0641\u0648\u062f\u0648\u0628\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0632\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u0623\u062b\u0628\u062a\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0636\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0628\u064a \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0633\u064a \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u0623\u062b\u0631 \u0628\u062a\u0639\u062f\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631 \u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u060c \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0644\u0648 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0630\u0631\u064a \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645\u064b\u0627. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0631 \u062d\u0628\u0648\u0628 \u0645\u0646\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0646\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0644\u061b \u0628\u0644 \u0623\u0639\u0627\u062f\u062a \u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0635\u0648\u0628\u0629. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0636\u0645\u064a\u060c \u0646\u0642\u0644\u062a \u062d\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0627\u062a (H2) \u062b\u0645 \u0645\u062b\u0628\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0636\u062e\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u062d\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u0627\u0639\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062e\u0641\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0636 \u0648\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628\u060c \u062e\u0635\u0648\u0635\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0643\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0641 \u062f\u0648\u0631 (Helicobacter pylori).<\/span><\/p>\n

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\"\"<\/p>\n

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