{"id":36401,"date":"2026-07-23T08:46:17","date_gmt":"2026-07-23T05:46:17","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/?p=36401"},"modified":"2026-07-23T08:46:17","modified_gmt":"2026-07-23T05:46:17","slug":"%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b5%d9%8a%d9%86-%d8%a8%d9%8a%d9%86-%d8%b9%d9%85%d9%82-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%aa%d8%a7%d8%b1%d9%8a%d8%ae-%d9%88%d8%a2%d9%81%d8%a7%d9%82-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d8%b3%d8%aa%d9%82%d8%a8%d9%84-2","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/?p=36401","title":{"rendered":"\u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646\u2026 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0648\u0622\u0641\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644 (\u062c2) – \u0628\u0642\u0644\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0634\u064a"},"content":{"rendered":"

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\u2022 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629:<\/span> \u062a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0643\u0644\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 (Zh\u014dnggu\u00f3) \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0649\u00bb \u0623\u0648 \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0644\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0649\u00bb. \u0648\u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0635\u0648\u062f \u0628\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u064a\u0637\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0648\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0622\u0646\u0630\u0627\u0643.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u2022 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u062a\u062d\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a:<\/span> \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0632 \u0625\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u062a\u062d\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0646. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0623\u062a\u0627\u062d \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0623\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0636\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0647.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u2022 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629:<\/span> \u062a\u0639\u0627\u0642\u0628\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0644\u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0633\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0642\u0628 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0624\u062f\u0651\u0650 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0646\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0646\u0647\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0634\u0639\u0648\u0631 \u0639\u0645\u064a\u0642 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646\u064a\u064a\u0646. \u0648\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0635\u0648\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0633\u0647\u0645\u062a \u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0631\u0633\u064a\u062e \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0634\u0639\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0641\u0633\u0631 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0642\u0627\u0621 \u0643\u0643\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a \u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0645\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0633\u0643 \u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0641\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0642\u0633\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0648\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0648\u0644\u0639\u0644 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0647\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0631\u062e\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0633\u0642\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629. \u0633\u0642\u0637\u062a \u0639\u0634\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062a\u064f\u0644\u0651\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0648\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0634\u0648\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0641\u0638\u062a \u0628\u0644\u063a\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u062f\u0647\u0634\u0629. \u0648\u0644\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u064a\u0633\u062a \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0645\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0622\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636\u062a \u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0636\u0639\u0641 \u0648\u0642\u0648\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0646\u0642\u0637\u0639.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u062f\u062e\u0644\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0647\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0639\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0645\u0647\u0651\u062f \u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629.<\/span><\/em><\/p>\n

\"\"\u0623\u0628\u0631\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062d\u0643\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646:<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0642\u0628\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646 \u0633\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u064f\u0639\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u062b\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u064a:<\/span><\/p>\n

\u2022 \u0633\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u0634\u064a\u0646 “Qin” (221\u2013206 \u0642.\u0645): \u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0648\u062d\u0651\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0623\u0633\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a\u0629.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u2022 \u0633\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0647\u0627\u0646 “Han” (206 \u0642.\u0645\u2013220\u0645): \u0631\u0633\u062e\u062a \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d\u062a \u0631\u0645\u0632\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0647\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u2022 \u0633\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u0627\u0646\u063a “Tang” (618\u2013907\u0645): \u0634\u0647\u062f\u062a \u0627\u0632\u062f\u0647\u0627\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639\u064b\u0627.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u2022 \u0633\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0633\u0648\u0646\u063a “Song” (960\u20131279\u0645): \u062d\u0642\u0642\u062a \u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0638\u064b\u0627.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u2022 \u0633\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u064a\u0648\u0627\u0646 “Yuan” (1271\u20131368\u0645): \u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0648\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u2022 \u0633\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u064a\u0646\u063a “Ming” (1368\u20131644\u0645): \u0623\u0639\u0627\u062f\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0648\u0644\u064a.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u2022 \u0633\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u0634\u064a\u0646\u063a “Qing” (1644\u20131912\u0645): \u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062d\u0643\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646.<\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"
\n\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629<\/span><\/strong><\/span>
\n\u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0648\u0644\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629 \u062f\u0641\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u062a\u0634\u0643\u0644\u062a \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631 \u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0627\u062e\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0633\u0642\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0626\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u062b\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0639\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u062c\u0627\u0621 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0623\u0632\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0635\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0648\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0628 \u0645\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0639\u0636\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u0631\u0636\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0628\u0639\u0636\u0647\u0627 \u0646\u062a\u062c \u0639\u0646 \u0631\u0624\u0649 \u0648\u062e\u0637\u0637 \u0645\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0633\u0629.<\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644<\/span><\/strong><\/span>
\n\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 (1927\u20131949):<\/span><\/strong>
\n\u0628\u062f\u0623\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u0635\u0631\u0627\u0639 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a \u0642\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u062a\u0646\u0627\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0646: \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u0634\u064a\u0627\u0646\u063a \u0643\u0627\u064a \u0634\u064a\u0643 \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0647\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0627\u0648 \u062a\u0633\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0646\u063a \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649. \u0648\u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u063a\u0632\u062a \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1937\u060c \u0627\u062a\u062c\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0641\u0627\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0632\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1945 \u0628\u0647\u0632\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0628\u0627\u0646. \u0648\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u062a\u062c\u062f\u062f\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u062a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1949 \u0628\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0648\u0639\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f \u0648\u062a\u0623\u0633\u064a\u0633 \u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u0633\u062d\u0628\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0627\u064a\u0648\u0627\u0646. \u0648\u062a\u064f\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0648\u0628.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 (1949\u20131976):<\/span><\/strong>
\n\u0634\u0647\u062f\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u0631\u0633\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0648\u0639\u064a \u0628\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0627\u0648 \u062a\u0633\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0646\u063a. \u0648\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u064a 1958 \u06481962 \u0623\u0637\u0644\u0642 \u0645\u0627\u0648 \u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u062c \u201c\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0641\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645\u201d \u0628\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u062a\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0622\u0646\u0630\u0627\u0643 \u0633\u0627\u0647\u0645\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0648\u0642\u0648\u0639 \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0623\u0648\u062f\u062a \u0628\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0645\u0644\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646\u064a\u064a\u0646. \u062b\u0645 \u0627\u0646\u0637\u0644\u0642\u062a \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u064a 1966 \u06481976 \u201c\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629\u201d\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0628\u0631\u0632\u062a \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u201c\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0645\u0631\u201d \u0648\u0633\u0639\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0648\u064a. \u0648\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u0648\u0641\u0627\u0629 \u0645\u0627\u0648 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1976\u060c \u0648\u062a\u064f\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0629 (1978\u20132000):<\/span><\/strong>
\n\u0628\u062f\u0623\u062a \u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0641\u062a\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0645\u0639 \u0628\u0631\u0648\u0632 \u062f\u0646\u063a \u0634\u064a\u0627\u0648 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u063a \u0642\u0627\u0626\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u0639\u0644\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646. \u0648\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 1978 \u06481990 \u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f \u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u062c\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0642 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0632\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0648\u0639\u064a. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u064f\u0646\u0634\u0626\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0634\u064a\u0646\u0632\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d\u062a \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0639. \u0648\u062a\u064f\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0641\u062a\u0627\u062d.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0629 (2000\u2013\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645):<\/span><\/strong>
\n\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 2000 \u06482012 \u0627\u0646\u0636\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644\u062a \u0635\u0639\u0648\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0643\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0646\u0645\u0648 \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0639\u0629. \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0639\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0634\u0628\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d\u062a \u062a\u064f\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0628\u0640\u201d\u0645\u0635\u0646\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u201d. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0636\u0627\u0641\u062a \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0645\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645 2008 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0643\u064a\u0646.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0648\u0645\u0639 \u062a\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0634\u064a \u062c\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u063a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645 2012\u060c \u0623\u0637\u0644\u0642\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u201c\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0632\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u201d\u060c \u0648\u0639\u0632\u0632\u062a \u062d\u0636\u0648\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0637\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0644\u062a\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a. \u0648\u062a\u064f\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0639\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0648\u0647\u0643\u0630\u0627 \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0633\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646\u064a \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0643\u0646 \u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u062d\u062f\u062b \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f \u0623\u0648 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u0641\u0631\u062f\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u062d\u0635\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0645 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a \u0627\u0645\u062a\u062f \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u0645\u062a\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0629: \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629\u060c \u062b\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621\u060c \u062b\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0641\u062a\u0627\u062d\u060c \u0648\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0639\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a.<\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"
\n\u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062d\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b <\/span><\/strong><\/span>
\n\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0633\u0642\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1911\u060c \u0638\u0647\u0631\u062a \u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062d\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0633\u0627\u0647\u0645\u062a \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0623\u0633\u064a\u0633 \u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0647\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0627\u062a:<\/span>
\n1- \u0633\u0648\u0646 \u064a\u0627\u062a \u0633\u064a\u0646 (1866\u20131925)\u060c \u0648\u064a\u064f\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0628\u0640\u201d\u0623\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629\u201d. \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0647\u0645 \u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0647: <\/span>
\n\u2022 \u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u0633\u0642\u0637\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1911 \u0648\u062a\u0623\u0633\u064a\u0633 \u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646.<\/span>
\n\u2022 \u0637\u0631\u062d \u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0626 \u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0646\u0645\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u062b\u0651\u0631\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u062a\u0627\u064a\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0648\u0639\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u062f \u0633\u0648\u0627\u0621.<\/span><\/p>\n

2- \u062a\u0634\u064a\u0627\u0646\u063a \u0643\u0627\u064a \u0634\u064a\u0643 (1887\u20131975)\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0628\u0632\u0639\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0642\u062f \u062e\u0633\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0648\u0639\u064a\u064a\u0646. \u0648\u0623\u0647\u0645 \u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0647: <\/span>
\n\u2022 \u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0636\u062f \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0648\u062d\u064a\u062f \u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0623\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628.<\/span>
\n\u2022 \u0646\u0642\u0644 \u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0627\u064a\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0647\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643.<\/span><\/p>\n

3- \u0645\u0627\u0648 \u062a\u0633\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0646\u063a (1893\u20131976)\u060c \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u0647\u0645 \u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0647:<\/span>
\n\u2022 \u062a\u0623\u0633\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0648\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0645\u0627 \u0632\u0627\u0644 \u064a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645.<\/span>
\n\u2022 \u062a\u0648\u062d\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0639\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628.<\/span>
\n\u2022 \u062a\u0623\u0633\u064a\u0633 \u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1949.<\/span>
\n\u2022 \u062a\u063a\u064a\u0651\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u062c\u0630\u0631\u064a\u064b\u0627.<\/span>
\n\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f\u062a \u0634\u0631\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0639\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0627\u0648 \u062a\u0633\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0646\u063a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0642\u0627\u062f \u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u064a\u0631\u0649 \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0631\u062e\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u0631\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0625\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0623\u062f\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062b \u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u062d\u0645\u0644\u0629 “\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0641\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645” \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0633\u0628\u0628\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0625\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642 “\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629” \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u062b\u0631\u062a \u0633\u0644\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a.<\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"
\n4- \u062f\u064a\u0646\u063a \u0634\u064a\u0627\u0648 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u063a (1904\u20131997)\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633 \u0646\u0647\u0636\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629. \u0648\u0623\u0647\u0645 \u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0647:<\/span>
\n\u2022 \u0625\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u201c\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0641\u062a\u0627\u062d\u201d \u0645\u0646\u0630 1978.<\/span>
\n\u2022 \u0625\u062f\u062e\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643\u064a \u0645\u0639 \u0628\u0642\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0648\u0639\u064a.<\/span>
\n\u2022 \u0641\u062a\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629.<\/span>
\n\u2022 \u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u0642\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0646\u0633\u0628\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629. <\/span>
\n\u2022 \u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0634\u064a\u0646\u0632\u0646.<\/span><\/p>\n

5- \u0634\u064a \u062c\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u063a (1953\u2013)\u060c \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0632 \u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0629 \u0635\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0629. \u0648\u0623\u0647\u0645 \u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0647:<\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/span><\/p>\n

\u062a\u062a\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u064f\u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0644\u0640 “\u0634\u064a \u062c\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u063a” \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u0625\u0631\u062b “\u0645\u0627\u0648 \u062a\u0633\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0646\u063a” \u0641\u064a \u0639\u062f\u0629 \u062c\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629:<\/span><\/strong>
\n\u2022 \u062a\u0631\u0633\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629. \u0623\u0644\u063a\u0649 \u0642\u064a\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 2018\u060c \u0648\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0625\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642 \u062d\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0635\u0627\u0631\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0641\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0633\u0627\u062f\u060c \u0648\u0634\u0647\u062f\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u062a\u0647 \u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0642\u0639 \u0648\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629.<\/span>
\n\u2022 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0639\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a. \u0642\u0627\u062f \u0635\u0639\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a \u0648\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0628\u062f\u0623\u0647 “\u062f\u064a\u0646\u063a \u0634\u064a\u0627\u0648 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u063a”\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u0625\u062d\u0643\u0627\u0645 \u0633\u064a\u0637\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645. <\/span>
\n\u2022 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0628\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629. \u0639\u0632\u0632 \u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0632\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0633\u0628\u0648\u0642 \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0645\u0627\u0648 \u0648\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 “\u0625\u062e\u0641\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0638\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a” \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0628\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0646\u0634\u0637\u0629 \u0648\u0648\u0627\u062b\u0642\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0637\u0644\u0642 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0629 “\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0632\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642” \u0644\u0631\u0628\u0637 \u0622\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u0628\u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629 \u0646\u0641\u0648\u0630 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629. <\/span>
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