{"id":36332,"date":"2026-07-21T12:13:51","date_gmt":"2026-07-21T09:13:51","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/?p=36332"},"modified":"2026-07-21T12:13:51","modified_gmt":"2026-07-21T09:13:51","slug":"%d9%88%d9%85%d8%b6%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d9%85%d8%b9%d8%b1%d9%81%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d9%85%d9%86-%d9%83%d8%aa%d8%a7%d8%a8-%d9%83%d9%8a%d9%81-%d9%8a%d9%86%d8%aa%d9%87%d9%8a-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%aa%d9%82%d8%af%d9%85","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/?p=36332","title":{"rendered":"\u0648\u0645\u0636\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628: \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u064a\u0646\u062a\u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645: \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0635\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0645 \u2013 \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629* \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0633\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u064a"},"content":{"rendered":"

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\n\u201c\u0643\u064a\u0641 \u064a\u0646\u062a\u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645: \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0635\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0645\u201d<\/span>
\n[How Progress Ends: Technology, Innovation, and the Fate of Nations]<\/span><\/h3>\n

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\n\u0648\u0642\u062f \u062c\u0631\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0635\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0637\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a (AI Platforms) \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u0636\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0627\u063a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0636\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u062a\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a \u0648\u0628\u062a\u0635\u0631\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0639\u064d \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u0629\u060c \u0634\u0645\u0644 \u062f\u0645\u062c \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635\u0648\u0635 \u0648\u062a\u0639\u062f\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0631\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0648\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0627\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0625\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644\u064a.<\/span><\/p>\n

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\n\u0623\u064f\u062f\u0631\u062c \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u062c\u0627\u0626\u0632\u0629 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0646 “\u0641\u0627\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u0627\u064a\u0645\u0632” \u0648”\u0634\u0631\u0648\u062f\u0631\u0632” (Financial Times and Schroders Business Book of the Year Award) \u060c\u00a0<\/span>\u064a\u0634\u0631\u062d \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u062a\u064f\u0628\u064a\u0651\u0646 \u0623\u0644\u0641 \u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0644\u0645\u0627\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0642\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0631\u0643\u0648\u062f\u064c \u0628\u0644 \u0648\u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0646\u0647\u064a\u0627\u0631.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0641\u064a \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 “\u0643\u064a\u0641 \u064a\u0646\u062a\u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645” (How Progress Ends)\u060c \u064a\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0643\u0627\u0631\u0644 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0643\u062a \u0641\u0631\u064a (Carl Benedikt Frey) \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0642\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u062f \u0628\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a \u0623\u0645\u0631 \u062d\u062a\u0645\u064a. \u0641\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0643\u0648\u062f \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u062f\u060c \u0648\u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0631\u062a\u0642\u0650 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0632\u062f\u0647\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0648\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0627\u064b \u2014 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646 \u2014 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0639\u0627\u062a. \u0648\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0643 \u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u062a\u0646\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u064a \u0642\u0641\u0632\u0629 \u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u064a\u0642\u0648\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0637\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a (AI)\u060c \u064a\u064f\u0642\u062f\u0651\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0641\u0631\u064a \u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0627\u0641\u062a\u0629 \u0648\u0622\u0633\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u062a\u0645\u062a\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0641 \u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0644\u064a\u0634\u0631\u062d \u0644\u0645\u0627\u0630\u0627 \u062a\u0632\u062f\u0647\u0631 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0648\u064a\u0641\u0634\u0644 \u063a\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0639\u0642\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0651\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0631\u0639.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u0637\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629 \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u2014 \u0628\u062f\u0621\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0638\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062e\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0648\u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0641\u062c\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0637\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a (AI) \u2014 \u064a\u0648\u0636\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0641\u0631\u064a (Frey) \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u0633\u0627\u0647\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644 \u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0623\u0643\u0645\u0644\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0648\u0632\u0639\u0632\u0639\u062a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0646. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062c\u0639\u0644\u062a \u0642\u0648\u0649 \u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0631\u0627\u0626\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0636\u064a \u2014 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0633\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0623\u0633\u0631\u0629 \u0633\u0648\u0646\u063a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646 (Song China)\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0644\u0646\u062f\u064a\u0629 (Dutch Republic)\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a (Victorian Britain) \u2014 \u062a\u0641\u0642\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0641 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0630\u0627 \u0634\u0647\u062f\u062a \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0628\u0627\u0646 (Japan) \u0641\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0631\u0639 \u0623\u0639\u0642\u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0631\u0643\u0648\u062f\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0647\u062a\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0637\u064a\u0637 \u0643\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641\u064a\u062a\u064a (Soviet Union) \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0648\u062c\u064a\u0632\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0648\u064a\u0643\u0634\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0641\u0631\u064a (Frey) \u0639\u0646 \u062a\u0648\u062a\u0631 \u0645\u062a\u0643\u0631\u0651\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e: \u0641\u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u064f\u0639\u0632\u0651\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a\u0629 (Decentralization) \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0643\u0634\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629\u060c \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 (Bureaucracy) \u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0639 \u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0647\u0627. \u0648\u062d\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u064f\u062e\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u064a\u0651\u0641 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0651\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u060c \u064a\u062a\u0628\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0643\u0648\u062f \u062d\u062a\u0645\u0627\u064b. \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0633\u062a\u0637\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u2014 \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u062a\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0642\u0644\u0642\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 (United States) \u0648\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627 (Europe) \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646 (China) \u0648\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0633\u0631\u062f \u063a\u0646\u064a \u064a\u062f\u0645\u062c \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627\u060c \u064a\u0643\u0634\u0641 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 “\u0643\u064a\u0641 \u064a\u0646\u062a\u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645” (How Progress Ends) \u0623\u0646 \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644 \u062a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0636\u064a.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0622\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0627\u062f \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628:<\/span><\/strong>
\n1. \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0635\u0637\u0641\u0649 \u0633\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0627\u0646 (Mustafa Suleyman)\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630\u064a \u0644\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0645\u0627\u064a\u0643\u0631\u0648\u0633\u0648\u0641\u062a \u0644\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0637\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a (Microsoft AI)\u060c \u064a\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0648\u064a\u0642\u0648\u0644: “\u0641\u064a \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u064a\u0646\u062a\u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645 (How Progress Ends)\u060c \u064a\u064f\u0642\u062f\u0651\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0643\u0627\u0631\u0644 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0643\u062a \u0641\u0631\u064a (Carl Benedikt Frey) \u0625\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u062c\u0631\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0623\u0633\u0626\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u2014 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u2014 \u062c\u0648\u0647\u0631\u064a\u0629\u064b: \u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u062d\u0631\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0631\u061f \u0625\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u062d\u0645\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0647 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0639\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629\u060c \u064a\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0635\u0646\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0643\u0633 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u064a\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0621\u0644 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0646\u0628\u063a\u064a \u0644\u0646\u0627 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u064a \u0648\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0644\u0645\u062d \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u062e\u0636\u0645 \u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0637\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a (AI). \u064a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0641\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0628\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0638\u064a\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0645\u064f\u0644\u062d\u0651\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0639\u062f \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u064a\u0647\u062a\u0645 \u0628\u0645\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0646\u0627 \u0648\u062d\u0627\u0636\u0631\u0646\u0627 \u0648\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644\u0646\u0627”.<\/span>
\n2. \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u062f \u062f\u0627\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0635\u0645 \u0623\u0648\u063a\u0644\u0648 (Daron Acemoglu)\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0626\u0632 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0627\u0626\u0632\u0629 \u0646\u0648\u0628\u0644 (Nobel) \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643 \u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 “\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645: \u0635\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u062a\u062f \u0623\u0644\u0641 \u0639\u0627\u0645 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0632\u062f\u0647\u0627\u0631” (Power and Progress: Our Thousand-Year Struggle Over Technology and Prosperity)\u060c \u064a\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0648\u064a\u0642\u0648\u0644: “\u062a\u062a\u0623\u0631\u062c\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0627\u0634\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0637\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0622\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062c\u0644\u0628 \u0644\u0646\u0627 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0648\u062b\u0631\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0627 \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0644\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0645\u062e\u0627\u0648\u0641 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u064f\u062d\u0648\u0651\u0644\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0623\u0633\u0648\u0623. \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u064a\u0646\u062a\u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645\u060c \u064a\u0648\u0636\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0643\u0627\u0631\u0644 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0643\u062a \u0641\u0631\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0624\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a \u0647\u0648 \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u0633\u064a\u062a\u0643\u064a\u0651\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0639 \u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0637\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u064a. \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0646\u064a \u0623\u062a\u062e\u064a\u0651\u0644 \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u0627\u064b \u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0648\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0641\u0627\u0642\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u064f\u0630\u0643\u0651\u0631\u0646\u0627 \u0628\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645”.<\/span>
\n3. \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u062f \u062a\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0628\u0644\u064a\u0631 (Tony Blair)\u060c \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630\u064a \u0644\u0645\u0639\u0647\u062f \u062a\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0628\u0644\u064a\u0631 (Tony Blair Institute) \u0648\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0628\u0642 \u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0623\u064a\u0631\u0644\u0646\u062f\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 (Britain and Northern Ireland)\u060c \u064a\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0648\u064a\u0642\u0648\u0644: \u064a\u0643\u0634\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0641\u0631\u064a (Frey) \u0628\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0627\u0630\u0627 \u062a\u0632\u062f\u0647\u0631 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0645 \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u0639\u062b\u0651\u0631 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0641\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0636\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0648\u0642\u062a \u064a\u064f\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0637\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a (AI) \u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u060c \u064a\u064f\u0642\u062f\u0651\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u062f\u0631\u0648\u0633\u0627\u064b \u062d\u064a\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0633\u062e\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0639 \u062a\u062c\u0646\u0651\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062e\u0627\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0639\u0631\u0642\u0644\u062a \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e”.<\/span>
\n4. \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u062f \u062c\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0648\u0643\u064a\u0631 (Joel Mokyr)\u060c \u0645\u0624\u0644\u0641 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648: \u0623\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b (A Culture of Growth)\u060c \u064a\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0648\u064a\u0642\u0648\u0644: \u201c\u0625\u0646 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u064a\u0646\u062a\u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645 (How Progress Ends) \u0647\u0648 \u062c\u0647\u062f \u0628\u062d\u062b\u064a \u0639\u0645\u064a\u0642 \u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0626\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u062b\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0647\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a: \u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062f\u0641\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0636\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0644 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0645\u062a\u0647\u061f \u064a\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0641\u0631\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0647\u062c \u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u062f \u062c\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0641 \u0634\u0648\u0645\u0628\u064a\u062a\u0631 (Joseph Schumpeter) \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0627\u0646\u0643\u0648\u0631 \u0623\u0648\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0646 (Mancur Olson)\u060c \u0644\u064a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0631\u0635\u064a\u0646\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0645\u062a\u0628\u062d\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0623\u064a \u0645\u0647\u062a\u0645 \u0628\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0626\u0644\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647\u0644\u0647”.<\/span>
\n5. \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u062f\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0643\u0648\u064a\u0644 (Diane Coyle)\u060c \u0645\u0624\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0645\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645: \u0625\u062d\u0635\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0647\u0645 \u062d\u0642\u0627\u064b (The Measure of Progress)\u060c \u062a\u0642\u0648\u0644: \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u064f\u0646\u0638\u064e\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0628\u0648\u0635\u0641\u0647 \u062a\u0639\u0627\u0642\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062e\u0627\u0631\u064a (Steam Engine) \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0637\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a (Generative AI) \u062a\u064f\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0627\u0636\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u064f\u062d\u0642\u0651\u0642 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0634\u0629 \u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644. \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 ‘\u0643\u064a\u0641 \u064a\u0646\u062a\u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645’ (How Progress Ends) \u0633\u0631\u062f \u0622\u0633\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0648\u064a\u062e\u0644\u0635 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 (United States) \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646 (China) \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u062a\u064f\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0643\u0648\u062f \u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0647\u064a\u0645\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0628\u0647\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0637\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a”.<\/span>
\n6. \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0643\u0631\u064a\u0633 \u0645\u064a\u0644\u0631 (Chris Miller)\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0627\u064b \u062d\u0633\u0628 \u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0641 \u0635\u062d\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0646\u064a\u0648\u064a\u0648\u0631\u0643 \u062a\u0627\u064a\u0645\u0632 (New York Times) \u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 “\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0642: \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u0627\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629” (Chip War: The Fight for the World’s Most Critical Technology)\u060c \u064a\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0648\u064a\u0642\u0648\u0644: “\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0630\u0627 \u062a\u0634\u0647\u062f \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0627\u064b \u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0633\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0627\u064b \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0643\u0648\u062f\u061f \u0641\u064a \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u064a\u0646\u062a\u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645\u060c \u064a\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0643\u0627\u0631\u0644 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0643\u062a \u0641\u0631\u064a (Carl Benedikt Frey) \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0646\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0629 (Tsarist Russia)\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0627\u0648 (Mao\u2019s China)\u060c \u0648\u0637\u0641\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0637\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u0627\u060c \u0644\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0651\u0646 \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u062a\u0639\u0632\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u0645\u0646\u0639\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0643\u064a\u0641 \u062a\u062a\u062d\u0634\u062f \u0623\u0635\u062d\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0643\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u0639\u0631\u0642\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631. \u0625\u0646\u0647 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0639 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a”.<\/span>
\n7. \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0646 (Mohamed El-Erian)\u060c \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 “\u0623\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0632” (Allianz) \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0630 \u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 “\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0648\u0646” \u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0628\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627\u060c \u064a\u062a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0641\u0644 \u062c\u0627\u0626\u0632\u0629 \u0641\u0627\u064a\u0646\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u0627\u064a\u0645\u0632 \u0648\u0634\u0631\u0648\u062f\u0631\u0632 (Financial Times & Schroders) \u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 2025\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0642\u0648\u0644: “\u0625\u0646 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u064a\u0646\u062a\u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645 (How Progress Ends) \u0644\u0644\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0643\u0627\u0631\u0644 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0643\u062a \u0641\u0631\u064a (Carl Benedikt Frey) \u0647\u0648 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u0629 \u062c\u0630\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0628\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062d\u0631\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u062d\u0642\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0646\u062a\u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0638\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u062a\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0643\u0648\u062f. \u0625\u0646\u0647 \u0642\u0635\u0629 \u0631\u0627\u0626\u0639\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0645\u0648\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0646\u0639\u0645\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0634\u0644… \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0630\u064a\u0631 \u0642\u0648\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0641\u0627\u062c\u0626 \u0644\u0644\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0643\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u0646\u0632\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0630\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0643\u0648\u062f. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0641\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u062a\u0623\u0644\u0651\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628… \u064a\u064f\u0636\u064a\u0641 \u0628\u064f\u0639\u062f\u0627\u064b \u062c\u0648\u0647\u0631\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0648\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0647\u0645\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645. \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u062d\u0648\u0644\u0647\u0627. \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u063a\u0646\u0649 \u0639\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629”.<\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

\u0645\u0624\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628:<\/span><\/strong>
\n\u064a\u064f\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0643\u0627\u0631\u0644 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0643\u062a \u0641\u0631\u064a (Carl Benedikt Frey) \u0642\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0631\u0632\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u0634\u063a\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643 \u0644\u0643\u0631\u0633\u064a \u062f\u064a\u062a\u0631 \u0634\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0632 (Dieter Schwarz) \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062e\u0635\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0637\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0628\u0645\u0639\u0647\u062f \u0623\u0648\u0643\u0633\u0641\u0648\u0631\u062f \u0644\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0631\u0646\u062a (Oxford Internet Institute)\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0643\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u0632\u0645\u064a\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0623\u0648\u0643\u0633\u0641\u0648\u0631\u062f \u0645\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0646 \u0633\u064a\u062a\u064a (Oxford Martin Citi Fellow) \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0623\u0648\u0643\u0633\u0641\u0648\u0631\u062f \u0645\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0646 (Oxford Martin School) \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0623\u0648\u0643\u0633\u0641\u0648\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0648\u062a\u0645\u062a\u062f \u0632\u0645\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0641\u064a\u0644\u062f (Mansfield College)\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0639\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0643\u0633\u0641\u0648\u0631\u062f (Institute for New Economic Thinking)\u060c \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0628\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u0648\u0646\u062f (Lund University) \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u062d\u0638\u064a\u062a \u0645\u0624\u0644\u0641\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0631\u0641\u064a\u0639\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0635\u064f\u0646\u0651\u0641 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0647\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u062e \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627: \u0631\u0623\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062a\u0645\u062a\u0629 (The Technology Trap: Capital, Labor, and Power in the Age of Automation)\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0639\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0646\u0634\u0631 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0628\u0631\u064a\u0646\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0646 (Princeton)\u060c \u0643\u0623\u062d\u062f \u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0650\u0628\u0644 \u0635\u062d\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0641\u0627\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u0627\u064a\u0645\u0632 (Financial Times).<\/span><\/p>\n

\u062a\u062a\u0645\u062a\u0639 \u0623\u0628\u062d\u0627\u062b\u0647 \u0648\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629\u061b \u0625\u0630 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f\u062a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0628\u0642 \u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u0643 \u0623\u0648\u0628\u0627\u0645\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0646\u0643 \u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u062d\u0638\u064a\u062a \u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0647 \u0628\u062a\u063a\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0645\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u062c \u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a \u0648\u064a\u0643 \u062a\u0648\u0646\u0627\u064a\u062a (Last Week Tonight) \u0645\u0639 \u062c\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0641\u0631 (John Oliver).<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0648\u0644\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0641\u0631\u064a \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0647\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0641\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0631\u0623\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0635\u062d\u0641 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0630\u064a \u0625\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0633\u062a (The Economist)\u060c \u0648\u0641\u0627\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u0627\u064a\u0645\u0632 (Financial Times)\u060c \u0648\u0635\u062d\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0648\u0644 \u0633\u062a\u0631\u064a\u062a \u062c\u0648\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0644 (Wall Street Journal)\u060c \u0648\u0633\u0627\u064a\u0646\u062a\u0641\u0643 \u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0646 (Scientific American)\u060c \u0648\u0641\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u0632 (Foreign Affairs).<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0645\u0646\u0635\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0636**<\/span>\u00a0(Blinkist) \u0642\u0627\u0645\u062a \u0628\u062a\u0644\u062e\u064a\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0641\u064a\u00a0\u201c\u062e\u0645\u0633 \u0648\u0645\u0636\u0627\u062a\u201d<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629\u00a0\u0648\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629<\/strong>\u060c\u00a0\u0648\u062a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0643\u0644 \u0648\u0645\u0636\u0629 \u062a\u0644\u062e\u064a\u0635\u0627 \u0644\u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u00a0\u0648\u0647\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a:<\/em><\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629 –<\/strong> \u0627\u0643\u062a\u0634\u0641 \u0644\u0645\u0627\u0630\u0627 \u062a\u0641\u0634\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0638\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u2014 \u0648\u064a\u0641\u0648\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064f\u0633\u062a\u0636\u0639\u064e\u0641\u0648\u0646.<\/span>
\n\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u062d \u0623\u0646\u0643 \u0646\u0634\u0623\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0635\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u062d\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a. \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u064a\u064f\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0646\u0645\u0637\u0627\u064b \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0627\u064b: \u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0638\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u0639\u062b\u0651\u0631 \u0641\u062c\u0623\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0642\u0648\u0649 \u0635\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0639\u0629 \u062a\u064f\u063a\u064a\u0651\u0631 \u0643\u0644 \u0634\u064a\u0621. \u0648\u064a\u062a\u0628\u0639 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0645\u064a\u0642\u0627\u064b \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0643\u064a\u0641 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0635\u0646\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0632\u062f\u0647\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0647\u064a \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0630\u0648\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0644\u0631\u0643\u0648\u062f (Stagnation). \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0636\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0633\u0646\u0643\u0634\u0641 \u0639\u0646 \u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0642\u0648\u064a \u0648\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0642 \u0644\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0639\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0628\u0648\u0637 \u0647\u0630\u0647.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0633\u0646\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0627\u0634\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0629 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0633\u064a\u0637\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0646\u0643\u0634\u0641 \u0639\u0646 \u0645\u064f\u062d\u0631\u0651\u0643\u064e\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u2014 \u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0643\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0636\u0648\u064a (Chaotic engine of discovery) \u0648\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0636\u0628\u0637 (Disciplined engine of production) \u2014 \u0648\u0646\u0631\u0649 \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0649 \u0644\u0623\u064a \u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0633\u062a\u0631\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0643\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0643\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0641\u0631\u0642\u0629. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u064f\u0632\u0648\u0651\u062f\u0643 \u0628\u0639\u062f\u0633\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0638\u0645\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u2014 \u0648\u0644\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0642\u062f \u062a\u064f\u062d\u062f\u0651\u062f \u0645\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0635\u0631\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a \u064a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u062d\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0623\u0645 \u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0631\u0643\u0648\u062f \u0639\u0638\u064a\u0645.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0636\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 – \u062d\u0643\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0646<\/span><\/strong><\/span>
\n\u064a\u0628\u062f\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u062d\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u064b \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0641\u064a \u062e\u0636\u0645\u0651\u0647\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u064a\u0631\u0648\u064a \u0644\u0646\u0627 \u0642\u0635\u0629 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629. \u0623\u0646\u0639\u0650\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0648\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0649 \u0634\u064a\u0626\u0627\u064b \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0647\u0634\u0627\u0634\u0629 \u2014 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0644\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0636\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0641\u0627\u062c\u0626\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0639\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0634\u064a\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062a\u0629. \u0648\u064a\u0643\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0643 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u064a\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062d\u0631\u0651\u0643\u064e\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u064e\u064a\u0646 \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0648\u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0623\u062d\u062f\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0636\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062e\u0631. \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0651\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0643\u0634\u0627\u0641 (Exploration).<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0636\u0649 \u2014 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064f\u0634\u0648\u064e\u0651\u0634 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0628\u0624 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u0646\u0628\u062b\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0645. \u062a\u062e\u064a\u0651\u0644 \u0622\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0628 \u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0622\u0646\u064d \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f: \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0631\u0639\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0628\u0647\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u0648\u0646 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u062a\u0628\u0651\u0639\u0648\u0646 \u062d\u062f\u0633\u0647\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0646\u0627\u0634\u0626\u0629 \u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u064f\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0646 \u0628\u0643\u0644 \u0634\u064a\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0641\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u062a\u0628\u062f\u0648 \u0639\u0628\u062b\u064a\u0629. \u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645\u0647\u0645 \u0633\u064a\u0641\u0634\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0632\u0649\u061b \u0641\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u064a\u0636\u062d\u064a \u0628\u0643\u0641\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0644 \u0625\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u062c\u0630\u0631\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u063a\u062f. \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0641\u0647\u0648 “\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c” (Exploitation).<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643 \u064a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0641\u064a\u0647 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064f\u062b\u0628\u062a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0639 \u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0647\u0627. \u062a\u062e\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0635\u0627\u0646\u0639 \u0636\u062e\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641\u060c \u0648\u062e\u0637\u0637\u0627\u064b \u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629. \u0647\u0646\u0627\u060c \u064a\u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0636\u0628\u0627\u0637 \u0645\u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a\u0628\u060c \u0648\u064a\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0639\u0646 \u0634\u064a\u0621 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u062a\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0634\u064a\u0621 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0644\u0644\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0628\u0623\u0631\u062e\u0635 \u062b\u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0645\u0643\u0646. \u0648\u062a\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0641\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0629 (Static efficiency) \u0647\u064a \u0643\u0644 \u0634\u064a\u0621: \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0642\u0635\u0649 \u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0643\u0644 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u062f\u0631. \u0648\u0642\u0635\u0629 \u0644\u0642\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644 (mRNA) \u062a\u064f\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0643\u0644\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u060c \u0648\u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0643 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0645\u0627.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0646\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0643\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0643\u0648 (Katalin Karik\u00f3)\u060c \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u063a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0623\u0628\u062d\u0627\u062b\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644 (mRNA) \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u062f\u0651 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0633\u062a\u0637\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0646\u062d \u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629. \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0638\u0646 \u0632\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0624\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0645 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u064f\u0636\u064a\u0651\u0639 \u0648\u0642\u062a\u0647\u0627. \u0648\u0631\u0641\u0636\u062a \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0628\u0646\u0633\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 (University of Pennsylvania) \u062a\u062b\u0628\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0635\u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0645\u064a. \u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u064a\u0651 \u0642\u064f\u062f\u064f\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0645\u0642\u062a\u0646\u0639\u0629\u064b \u0628\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644 (mRNA) \u064a\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0625\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0627\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u064a\u064f\u063a\u0641\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u062c\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0628\u0645\u062d\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0641\u0629 \u2014 \u0625\u0630 \u0642\u0627\u062f \u0644\u0642\u0627\u0624\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u062f \u062f\u0631\u0648 \u0648\u0627\u064a\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0646 (Drew Weissman) \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0622\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u0635\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646 \u062d\u0644\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u0647\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u062a\u0645\u0646\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644 (mRNA) \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u062c\u0633\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631. \u0648\u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0643\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0641\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0630\u0627\u060c \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0643\u062a\u0631\u062b \u0623\u062d\u062f \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628\u0627\u064b.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0645\u0631\u062a \u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0639\u062b\u0631 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0622\u062e\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u062f \u062f\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0643 \u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a (Derrick Rossi)\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u062d\u062b\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0645\u062d\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0643 \u0642\u064a\u0645\u062a\u0647\u060c \u0644\u064a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642 \u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0645\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0631\u0646\u0627 (Moderna) \u0644\u062a\u0633\u0648\u064a\u0642 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0627\u064b. \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0643\u0646 \u0628\u0625\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u0643 \u062a\u062e\u0637\u064a\u0637 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0644 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0644\u0648 \u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644\u062a\u061b \u0641\u0647\u0643\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0643\u0634\u0627\u0641 \u2014 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0641\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0631\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062f\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062d\u0635\u0631 \u0644\u0647\u0627. \u062b\u0645 \u062d\u0644\u0651\u062a \u062c\u0627\u0626\u062d\u0629 \u0643\u0648\u0641\u064a\u062f (COVID)\u060c \u0648\u0641\u062c\u0623\u0629 \u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u062a \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u061b \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0623\u0637\u0644\u0642\u062a \u062c\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0628\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0648\u0646\u062a\u064a\u0643 (BioNTech) \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0651\u0632\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0644\u0642\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062a \u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644 (mRNA) \u0641\u064a \u063a\u0636\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0639.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0627 \u0628\u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0641\u0627\u064a\u0632\u0631 (Pfizer) \u0644\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0648\u0644\u062a \u0628\u0631\u0627\u0645\u062c \u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 “\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0628 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u062f” (Operation Warp Speed) \u062a\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0642 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0636\u062e\u0645. \u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0636\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062e\u0644\u0642\u062a \u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644 (mRNA) \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0633\u062a\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0643\u0627\u0631\u062b\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629\u061b \u0625\u0630 \u0643\u0646\u062a \u0628\u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u0647\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0631\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0636\u0628\u0627\u0637\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a \u0644\u0625\u0646\u0642\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0648\u0627\u062d.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0648\u0647\u0646\u0627 \u062a\u0643\u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0642\u0637\u0629 \u0646\u062c\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0645 \u0623\u0648 \u0641\u0634\u0644\u0647\u0627: \u0641\u064a \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0637\u064a\u0646. \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u062a\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0639 \u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0639\u0645\u064a\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0633\u064a\u0633\u062d\u0642 \u0623\u0628\u062d\u0627\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0643\u0648 (Karik\u00f3) \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0628\u062f\u0623. \u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u064a\u0645\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u062a\u0642\u0646\u062a \u0622\u0644\u064a\u0629 “\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c” \u062a\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 “\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0639\u064a” (Creative destruction) \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062c\u0644\u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629. \u0648\u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u062c\u062d \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0638\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0633\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u064a\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645.<\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0636\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 – \u0645\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0642 \u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e<\/span><\/strong><\/span>
\n\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0643\u0634\u0627\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c \u2014 \u0647\u0630\u0627\u0646 \u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645. \u0648\u062a\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0639 \u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0623\u0643\u0645\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062a\u0633\u0642\u0637 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u064a\u064d\u0651 \u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u0641\u0636\u0644\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0645\u062a\u0649 \u062a\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0630\u0644\u0643. \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0636\u062d \u0642\u0635\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627 \u062a\u062c\u0633\u062f \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0637 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0648\u0646\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0627\u0643\u062a\u0633\u0628\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0645\u064a\u0632\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0641\u0642\u062f\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0639 \u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0643\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0648\u064e\u0651\u0646\u060c \u0647\u064a\u0645\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0628\u0647\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0628\u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0639\u0634\u0631\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0639\u0627\u0635\u0645\u0629 \u0633\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0623\u0633\u0631\u0629 \u0633\u0648\u0646\u063a (Song dynasty)\u060c \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u064a\u0646\u063a (Kaifeng)\u060c \u062a\u0636\u0645 \u0633\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u062f\u0631 \u0645\u0630\u0647\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0642\u064a\u062f \u064a\u062e\u0637\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0641\u0627\u0633. \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u064a\u0633\u0628\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0639\u0627\u0645 200 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062f \u2014 \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u062a\u0648\u0635\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f 1600 \u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649. \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062c\u0639\u0644\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644\u062a \u0628\u0628\u0637\u0621 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u062c\u0646\u061b \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0639\u0637\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0643\u0644 \u0634\u064a\u0621\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u064a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0643\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0636\u0648\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0645\u062a\u062d\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 (Civil service examination) \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062b\u0631\u0648\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u0648\u062c\u0651\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0641\u0648\u0634\u064a\u0629 (Confucian)\u0644\u064a\u0635\u0628\u062d\u0648\u0627 \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u064a\u0646. \u0648\u0644\u0648 \u0648\u064f\u062c\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u062f \u063a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0648 (Galileo) \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0642\u062f \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0646\u0641\u062f \u0639\u0628\u0642\u0631\u064a\u062a\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u064f\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0643\u061b \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0633\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0623\u0633\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u064a\u0646\u063a (Ming dynasty) \u0630\u0647\u0628\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u062f \u062d\u0638\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0628\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062d\u064a\u0637\u0627\u062a\u060c \u062a\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0629\u064b \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u064a\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0631\u0642\u062f \u0648\u062a\u062a\u0639\u0641\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0626. \u0644\u0642\u062f \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646 “\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645” \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628 “\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0643\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0641”\u060c \u0644\u062a\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0628\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0643\u0648\u062f.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0622\u0646\u060c \u0644\u0646\u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0634\u064a\u0621 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u0627\u064b\u061b \u0641\u0642\u062f \u064a\u0628\u062f\u0648 \u0633\u0642\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 (Roman Empire) \u0628\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0631\u062b\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647 \u0645\u0646\u062d \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627 \u0647\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0639\u0629: \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0630\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645 (Permanent political fragmentation). \u0641\u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0643\u0646 \u0628\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f \u0628\u0645\u0641\u0631\u062f\u0647 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0641\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u062b\u0648\u0630\u0643\u0633\u064a\u0629 (Orthodoxy) \u0641\u0643\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0642\u0627\u0626\u062f\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0633\u0629.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0648\u0642\u062f \u062e\u0644\u0642\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0636\u0649 \u0634\u064a\u0626\u0627\u064b \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u0641\u062a\u0642\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u2014 \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0633\u0648\u0642 \u062a\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0633\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0643\u0627\u0631\u061b \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u062a\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0641\u0643\u0631\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0645\u0627\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0647 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062c\u062f \u0645\u0644\u0627\u0630\u0627\u064b \u0622\u0645\u0646\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629. \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0634\u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0644\u062f \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u064f\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0628\u0640 “\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062f\u0627\u0628” (Republic of Letters)\u060c \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629 \u0641\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0628\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0623\u0631\u0633\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0643\u0627\u0626\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 (Scientific Revolution).<\/span>
\n\u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0630\u0645 \u0628\u0645\u0641\u0631\u062f\u0647 \u0643\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0625\u0634\u0639\u0627\u0644 \u0634\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 (Industrial Revolution)\u061b \u0625\u0630 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0650\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645: \u0646\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0641\u064a\u064a\u0646 (Craft guilds) \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0631\u0628\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u062a\u0647\u062f\u062f \u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0631\u0632\u0642\u0647\u0627. \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u062c\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0646 \u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u0631\u064a\u062f\u0629: \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0631\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u062d\u062f \u0648\u0642\u0648\u064a.<\/span>
\n\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u064a\u062f\u0629 (Glorious Revolution) \u0639\u0627\u0645 1688\u060c \u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0642\u0648\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0641\u064a \u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632 \u0645\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u062a\u0639\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645. \u0648\u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u062f\u0644\u0639\u062a \u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0634\u063a\u0628 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0637\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0627\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0632\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u062a\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u062c\u0639\u0644\u062a \u062a\u062f\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u0627\u062a \u062c\u0631\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0642\u0648\u0628\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0645. \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0645\u0639 \u0642\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0644\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0647\u064a \u0645\u0627 \u0633\u0645\u062d \u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u0646\u0639 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0633\u062e \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648. \u0648\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0627\u0632\u062f\u0647\u0631\u062a \u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0631\u0641\u062a \u0645\u062a\u0649 \u062a\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0646\u0645\u0637\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0643\u0634\u0627\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c\u060c \u062d\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629\u064b \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0636\u0648\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0643\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0641 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0643\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0639 \u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0647\u0627.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0636\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0629 – \u0633\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062c\u0648\u0629 <\/span><\/strong><\/span>
\n\u0625\u0630\u0646\u060c \u062c\u0645\u0639\u062a \u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0643\u0634\u0627\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c \u0644\u0625\u0634\u0639\u0627\u0644 \u0634\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0644\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0631\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0631\u0623\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u2014 \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u0646\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0646\u0631\u0649 \u0628\u062f\u0642\u0629 \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0642 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0643\u0628 (Catch-up playbook) \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0621 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627 (Prussia)\u061b \u0641\u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1806\u060c \u0633\u062d\u0642\u062a \u062c\u064a\u0648\u0634 \u0646\u0627\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646 (Napoleon) \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u062c\u064a\u0646\u0627-\u0623\u0648\u064a\u0631\u0634\u062a\u0627\u062a (Jena-Auerstadt)\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0634\u0641 \u0639\u0646 \u062a\u0639\u0641\u0646 \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a\u064a \u0639\u0645\u064a\u0642.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629: \u0628\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0639\u062f \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0642\u0639 \u0623\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u063a\u0631\u0628 \u0628\u0648\u0644\u0646\u062f\u0627\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u0642\u0639 \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627 (\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0646\u063a\u0631\u0627\u062f) \u0648\u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649. \u0623\u064f\u0644\u063a\u064a\u062a \u0645\u0645\u0644\u0643\u0629 \u0628\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0632\u0639\u062a \u0623\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0639\u0642\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0631\u0629.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0648\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0634\u0639\u0644\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0647\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0634\u064a\u0626\u0627\u064b \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0627\u064b: \u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0634\u062a\u0627\u064a\u0646-\u0647\u0627\u0631\u062f\u0646\u0628\u0631\u063a (Stein-Hardenberg Reforms)\u060c \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0628\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649. \u0625\u0630 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0645\u0648\u0638\u0641\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0630\u0648\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0645\u0647\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c\u064a \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629\u061b \u0641\u0623\u0644\u063a\u0648\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0646\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0641\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0646\u0634\u0623\u0648\u0627 \u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0628\u062d\u062b\u064a\u0629 \u0631\u0627\u0626\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0644\u062a\u062e\u0631\u064a\u062c \u0645\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0647\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0646\u0633\u0642\u0648\u0627 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0634\u0628\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0623\u0633\u064a\u0633 \u0633\u0648\u0642 \u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0646\u062a\u062c\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 “\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629” (Organized capitalism) \u0634\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0631\u0623\u0633\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0628\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0621.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0628\u0644 \u0625\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u0634\u062c\u0639\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 (Cartels) \u2014 \u0625\u0630 \u0631\u0623\u062a \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0636\u062e\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0632\u0645 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u064a\u0646. \u0648\u0628\u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644 \u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0642\u062f \u062a\u0641\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u062c\u0633\u062f\u062a \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0642\u0635\u0629 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0628\u0647\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0644\u0627\u0641\u062a\u061b \u0641\u0644\u0642\u062f \u0623\u063a\u0644\u0642\u062a \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0642\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0634\u0648\u063a\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0648\u0643\u0648\u063a\u0627\u0648\u0627 (Tokugawa Shogunate). \u062b\u0645 \u0648\u0635\u0644\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0648\u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0628\u064a\u0631\u064a (Commodore Perry) \u0639\u0627\u0645 1853\u060c \u0644\u062a\u0648\u062c\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062c\u0644\u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0646\u0627\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627. \u0648\u0627\u0646\u0643\u0634\u0641\u062a \u0646\u0642\u0627\u0637 \u0636\u0639\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0628\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u062c\u0651\u0631 “\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0645\u064a\u062c\u064a” (Meiji Restoration) \u0639\u0627\u0645 1868 \u2014 \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u062d\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0633\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b \u0648\u062a\u062c\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0646\u0627\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0647\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636\u062a \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u064f\u062c\u0628\u0631\u062a \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0648\u0642\u064a\u0639 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0647\u062f\u0627\u062a \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0641\u0626\u0629 \u0648\u0641\u0642\u062f\u062a \u0646\u0641\u0648\u0630\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0623\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u062e\u0633\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u064a\u0648\u0646 (Opium Wars).<\/span><\/p>\n

\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0639\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062e\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0628\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0645 “\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0645\u0648\u0631\u0627\u064a” (samurai-bureaucrats)\u060c \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0627\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0630\u0647\u0627 \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c\u0627\u064b\u061b \u0641\u0642\u0627\u0645\u0648\u0627 \u0628\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0647 \u062d\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639 \u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0633\u0647\u0651\u0644\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0646\u0642\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0647\u0627\u0626\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u060c \u0648\u0631\u0639\u062a \u062a\u0643\u062a\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u0648\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0639\u064f\u0631\u0641\u062a \u0628\u0640 “\u0627\u0644\u0632\u0627\u064a\u0628\u0627\u062a\u0633\u0648” (Zaibatsu)\u060c \u0644\u062a\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f. \u062a\u0630\u0643\u0631 \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u062b\u0646\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u0641\u0634\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0643\u0634\u0627\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c\u061f \u0641\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0643\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0643\u0633 \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u0627\u061b \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u062a\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0628\u062f\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0646\u0628\u063a\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u064a \u0648\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0647\u0627 \u2014 \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 “\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0643\u0634\u0627\u0641” \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0642\u062f \u0623\u064f\u0646\u062c\u0632\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a “\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c” \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0636\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0644 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0627\u0642 (Meritocratic state) \u0631\u0635\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0647\u0627\u0626\u0644\u0627\u064b\u061b \u0625\u0630 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632 \u0623\u0635\u062d\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0630\u0629 \u0631\u0633\u0648\u062e\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u062d\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u060c \u0648\u062d\u0634\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a. \u0648\u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0642 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0643\u0628 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0637\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0644\u0640 “\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0647\u0628\u064a” (Golden Age) \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0623\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0627\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0651\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064f\u062b\u0628\u062a\u0629.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0648\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0647\u0628\u064a\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632 \u0645\u0646\u0635\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0636 \u2014 \u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u0625\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0636\u062e\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062c\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0628\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0631\u0627\u0626\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627. \u0648\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0637\u064a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0633\u0642\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0636\u062e\u0645\u0629 \u062c\u0646\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0646\u0628 \u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062e\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0632\u062f\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0647.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0639\u0642\u0648\u062f\u060c \u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0631\u0627\u0641\u0639\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0634\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0623\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645. \u0644\u0643\u0646 “\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c” \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0646\u062c\u062d \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0648\u062a\u062d\u062f\u062f \u0628\u062f\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0633\u062a\u063a\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0647\u061b \u0648\u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0628\u0647\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0634\u064a\u0621 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0648\u062c\u0630\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u060c \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u0623\u0643\u0645\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0639\u062a\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u062a\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0634\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0636\u062d\u0627\u0647\u0627.<\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0636\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0629 – \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0628\u0647\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 <\/span><\/strong><\/span>
\n\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631 \u0644\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0647\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0639\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a\u061b \u0625\u0630 \u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647 \u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0636\u062e\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u0636\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0648\u0627\u0626\u062f \u0645\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0635\u0629 (Diminishing returns)\u060c \u0648\u062c\u0627\u0621\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0648\u062c\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u064f\u0642\u062d\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0643\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0636\u062e\u0645\u064a (Stagflation). \u0644\u0642\u062f \u0645\u0627\u062a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0629.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f \u064a\u0644\u0648\u062d \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0642 \u2014 \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0645\u0628\u064a\u0648\u062a\u0631 “\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0633\u0648\u0628” \u2014 \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0634\u064a\u0626\u0627\u064b \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0627\u064b \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u0627\u064b\u061b \u0641\u0642\u062f \u062d\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0643\u0634\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0636\u0648\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a. \u0648\u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u0631\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0645\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 (Top-down)\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0645\u064a\u0632\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0647\u0628\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644\u061b \u0641\u062a\u0639\u062b\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0628\u0627\u0646. \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u062a\u0643\u062a\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641\u0629 \u0628\u0640 “\u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0631\u064a\u062a\u0633\u0648” (Keiretsu) \u2014 \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0631\u064a\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0639\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0640 “\u0632\u0627\u064a\u0628\u0627\u062a\u0633\u0648” (Zaibatsu) \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u2014 \u0642\u062f \u0648\u0635\u0644\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0648\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u062a\u0627\u062f \u0628\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u0645\u062b\u064a\u0644 \u0644\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u063a\u0644\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0631\u0645\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0634\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0648\u062f \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u0645\u0639 \u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0645\u062c\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062a\u0648\u062d\u0629.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0625\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0625\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647 \u0639\u062c\u0632 \u0639\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0642 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0634\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u062a\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0639\u0632\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 (Disruptive startups) \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0644\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0647\u0643\u0630\u0627 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d\u062a \u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0645\u0628\u064a\u0648\u062a\u0631 \u0642\u0635\u0629 \u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u062e\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u062c\u0623\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062b\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644\u064a\u061b \u0625\u0630 \u063a\u0627\u0628 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u062a\u0648\u0627\u062c\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 “\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 128” \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0646 (Boston\u2019s Route 128) \u0628\u0647\u064a\u0627\u0643\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0631\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0639\u0642\u0648\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0635\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 (Silicon Valley) \u0628\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0644\u062a\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0631\u0639\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u0648 \u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627: \u0645\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u0648\u0646 \u064a\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0648\u064a\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u064a\u063a\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649 \u0644\u062a\u0623\u0633\u064a\u0633 \u0634\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0646\u0627\u0634\u0626\u0629. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0633\u0627\u0647\u0645 \u062d\u0638\u0631 \u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0641\u0648\u0631\u0646\u064a\u0627 (California) \u0644\u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0633\u0629 (Non-compete agreements) \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062f\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a. \u0648\u0623\u062b\u0628\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0642\u0644 \u0639\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0625\u0646 \u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0643 \u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 “\u0625\u064a\u0647 \u062a\u064a \u0622\u0646\u062f \u062a\u064a” (AT&T) \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0636\u062f “\u0622\u064a \u0628\u064a \u0625\u0645” (IBM) \u062e\u0644\u0642\u0627 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u062a\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0633\u0645\u062d\u062a \u0644\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0645\u0627\u064a\u0643\u0631\u0648\u0633\u0648\u0641\u062a (Microsoft) \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0638\u0647\u0648\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0631\u0646\u062a \u0643\u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629 \u0644\u0627\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u062f\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0643\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0645\u063a\u0644\u0642\u0627\u064b. \u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645\u060c \u062a\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u062a\u0647\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0627\u062a \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0643\u0648\u062f\u061b \u0625\u0630 \u062a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0647\u0645\u0627: \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0642\u0644\u0642\u0629. \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0634\u064a \u062c\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u063a (Xi Jinping) \u062a\u0639\u0643\u0633 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0623\u0634\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u0639\u062c\u0632\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0632\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0648\u0639\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0634\u0646 \u062d\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0636\u064a\u064a\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0648\u0638\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0637\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a (AI) \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u062f\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0643\u0634\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062a\u0648\u062d.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u064a\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u061b \u0625\u0630 \u062a\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0631 \u0646\u062e\u0628 \u0623\u0648 \u0623\u0633\u0631 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0641\u0635 \u2014 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0635\u0648\u062f \u0628\u0647 \u0647\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0644\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0631\u0628\u0627\u062d\u0647\u0645 \u2014 \u0645\u0641\u0636\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0625\u064a\u0627\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0648\u0636\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0643\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0641 \u0648\u0622\u0641\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062a\u0648\u062d\u0629. \u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645\u060c \u062a\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u0647\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0628\u0647\u0627\u064b\u061b \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0631\u0627\u0643\u0645\u062a \u062d\u0641\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0634\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627 \u0646\u0641\u0648\u0630\u0627\u064b \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0647\u0627\u0626\u0644\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0627\u062a\u062a \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0636\u063a\u0648\u0637\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u0641\u0635\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0633 \u0645\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0645\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0630\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062e\u0646\u0642 \u0642\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062c\u0639\u0644\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u0627 \u064a\u0648\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0627 \u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0631.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d \u0648\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0651: \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0647\u0634\u0651\u060c \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0633 \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642. \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u064a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u064a\u0642\u0638\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0636\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0642\u0627\u064a\u0636 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u063a\u062f \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645. \u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u0627\u0639 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0643\u0634\u0627\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0633\u062a\u0638\u0644 \u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u062a\u0647 \u062a\u064f\u0634\u0643\u0651\u0644 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0636\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0645\u0633\u0629 – \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u0651\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0638\u064a\u0645 <\/span><\/strong><\/span>
\n\u062a\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0638\u0645\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0643\u0646\u0627 \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u2014 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u2014 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a\u064a (Institutional sclerosis). \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0637\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a (AI) \u064a\u064e\u0639\u0650\u062f \u0628\u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f. \u0642\u062f \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0637\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0633\u064a\u062d\u0644 \u0643\u0644 \u0634\u064a\u0621 \u2014 \u0643\u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0633\u0645\u062d \u0644\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641\u064a\u062a\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0637\u064a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u064a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u064a\u0645\u0646\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0648\u062c \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0643\u0648\u062f. \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0637\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0644\u0647 \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0630\u0627\u061f \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0636\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0629 (Tacit and sensory knowledge)\u060c \u062a\u064f\u0643\u062a\u0633\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0633 \u0644\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629. \u0642\u062f \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 (LLM) \u0642\u062f \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0647\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0631\u0646\u062a \u0628\u0623\u0643\u0645\u0644\u0647\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0637\u0641\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u0631\u0647 \u0642\u062f \u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c \u0643\u0645\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0647\u0627\u0626\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0628\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u062d\u0648\u0627\u0633\u0647 \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0647\u0627. \u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0637\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a \u064a\u062a\u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0631\u0645\u064a\u0632 \u0648\u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062f\u0645\u062c \u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u0639\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0648\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0641\u062d \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0642\u0641 \u0648\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u0648\u062f\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u0647\u0631\u064a\u0629: \u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0637\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645\u060c \u0648\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629\u060c \u064a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0642\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0640 “\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c” \u0644\u0627 \u0644\u0640 “\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0643\u0634\u0627\u0641”.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0641\u0647\u064a \u062a\u062d\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062d\u0635\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0623\u0646\u0634\u0623\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631. \u0648\u062a\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0642\u0635\u0627\u0626\u062f (\u0633\u0648\u0646\u064a\u062a\u0627\u062a) (Sonnet) \u0628\u0623\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0628 \u0634\u0643\u0633\u0628\u064a\u0631 (Shakespeare) \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0634\u0643\u0633\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0628\u0647\u0627\u061b \u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0633\u062a\u0637\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0628\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u062f\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u062c\u0630\u0631\u064a\u0627\u064b \u062a\u0643\u0633\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0647\u0627. \u062a\u062e\u064a\u0644 \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c\u0627\u064b \u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1633\u060c \u062a\u0645 \u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0628\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u0644 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0643\u064f\u062a\u0628 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0646. \u0627\u0633\u0623\u0644\u0647 \u0639\u0645\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636 \u062a\u062f\u0648\u0631 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0633\u060c \u0648\u0633\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0628\u0643 \u0628\u062b\u0642\u0629: “\u0644\u0627”. \u0641\u0647\u0648 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u0637\u064a\u0639 \u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0628\u0635\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u063a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0648 (Galileo) \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0646\u0628\u0639\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0644\u0647\u0627.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u062a\u0643\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649 \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0629 (Institutional flexibility) \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0643\u0648\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0633\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629. \u0641\u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u062f \u062c\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0641 \u0634\u0648\u0645\u0628\u064a\u062a\u0631 (Joseph Schumpeter) \u0628\u0640 “\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0639\u064a” (Creative destruction) \u2014 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0629. \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0635\u0639\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u0634\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0639\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u061b \u0641\u0647\u064a \u062a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0642\u0628\u0648\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0639\u0632\u0639 (Disruption)\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0639\u064a \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0633\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0645\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d \u0623\u0635\u062d\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0648\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0633\u062e\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u064a\u0645\u0646\u0629 (Incumbent interests). \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0628\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0633\u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0642\u0627\u0633\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062e\u0644\u0642 \u0641\u0631\u0635\u0627\u064b \u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0626\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u0642\u062f\u0648\u0627 \u0648\u0638\u0627\u0626\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u0636\u0631\u0631\u0648\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644. \u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645\u060c \u064a\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644 \u0625\u064a\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0648\u064a\u0641\u0642\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u062b\u0642\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0628\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0642\u0627\u062f\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u062a\u0645\u062a\u0629 (Automating) \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0634\u0626\u0629 \u062d\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0632 \u0645\u062a\u0632\u0627\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u0645\u0646\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u062e\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0642.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0648\u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0637\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a (AI)\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0633\u062a\u0637\u064a\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062a\u0644\u0651\u0629. \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u064f\u0639\u0637\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0636\u0631 \u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0625\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0633\u062a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u062a\u0631\u0633\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0646 (Status quo). \u062a\u0630\u0643\u0651\u0631 \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0643\u0634\u0641\u0646\u0627\u0647 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u064b \u2014 \u0628\u062f\u0621\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0631\u0643\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646. \u0625\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0637 \u064a\u0638\u0644 \u062b\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0627\u064b: \u0641\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0628\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u0642\u062f\u0631 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0645\u0647\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0639\u0632\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0639\u0629. \u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644 \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0646\u0627 \u0633\u0646\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0631 \u0642\u0641\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u0645 \u0641\u0648\u0636\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0643\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0641.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629<\/span><\/strong><\/span>
\n\u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0636\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645\u062a \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u062d\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0642\u0651\u0644 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0636\u064a\u0646: \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0643\u0634\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a (Decentralized exploration) \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0632\u0645 \u0644\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a (Centralized exploitation) \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0644\u0648\u0628 \u0644\u0625\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0636\u0631.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u064a\u0648\u0636\u062d \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0643\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a \u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0631\u0643\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646 \u2014 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0631\u0627\u0626\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u2014 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0648\u0637\u0623\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0635\u0627\u0631\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d\u062a \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627 (Europe) \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064f\u0641\u062a\u0651\u062a\u0629 \u0645\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0628\u064a\u0651\u0646 \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0643\u0628 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0628\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0642 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0643\u0628 \u0633\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629\u061b \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0623\u0634\u0639\u0644 “\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0647\u0628\u064a” \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0623\u0646\u062a\u062c\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0645 \u0628\u0643\u0645\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0636\u062e\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0628\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0633\u0628\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645\u060c \u064a\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647 \u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u062e\u0637\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0641\u061b \u0641\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0646\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0645\u064a \u0623\u0635\u062d\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0648\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0633\u062e\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u064a\u0645\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u062e\u0646\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0633\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u063a\u0627\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u062e\u0644\u0642 \u0646\u0641\u0633 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a\u064a (Institutional sclerosis) \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u0646\u0647\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0648\u062a\u0643\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e.<\/span><\/p>\n

*\u062a\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u062a\u0635\u0631\u0641.<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n

**<\/strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631: \u0645\u0646\u0635\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0636 (Blinkist) \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0635\u0629 \u062a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u062a\u0644\u062e\u064a\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u060c \u0648\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0648\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0622\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0648\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0635\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621.<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"
\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0630 \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0633\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u064a<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

 <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u0625\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628:\u00a0 \u201c\u0643\u064a\u0641 \u064a\u0646\u062a\u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645: \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0635\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0645\u201d [How Progress Ends: Technology, Innovation, and the Fate of Nations] \u062a\u0646\u0635\u0651\u0644: \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u0628\u0651\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u062a\u0623\u064a\u064a\u062f\u064d \u0623\u0648 \u0631\u0641\u0636\u064d \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0622\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635\u0648\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u062a\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u062b\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0641 \u0648\u0631\u0624\u0649 \u0645\u062a\u0646\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0635 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0627\u0638 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 …<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":36340,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_exactmetrics_skip_tracking":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[32,19],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-36332","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","","category-32","category-19"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/36332","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/4"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=36332"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/36332\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":36349,"href":"https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/36332\/revisions\/36349"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/36340"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=36332"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=36332"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=36332"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}