{"id":3544,"date":"2019-09-14T23:36:00","date_gmt":"2019-09-14T20:36:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/?p=3544"},"modified":"2019-09-15T15:16:48","modified_gmt":"2019-09-15T12:16:48","slug":"%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b0%d9%83%d8%a7%d8%a1-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a5%d8%b5%d8%b7%d9%86%d8%a7%d8%b9%d9%8a-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%82%d8%a7%d8%af%d9%85-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ad%d8%aa%d9%85%d9%8a-%d9%85%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%83","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/?p=3544","title":{"rendered":"\u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0637\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a (\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062a\u0645\u064a) – \u0645\u0627\u0644\u0643 \u0622\u0644 \u0641\u062a\u064a\u0644"},"content":{"rendered":"

\u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1902\u060c \u0623\u064a \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0640 118 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u060c \u062a\u0645 \u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u064f\u0639\u062f \u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0641\u0644\u0645 \u062e\u064a\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u062a\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0631\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0647\u064a\u0631 \u062c\u0648\u0631\u062c \u0645\u064a\u0644\u064a\u064a\u0633 (1861-1938)\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0628\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062f\u062a\u0647 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0644\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627\u060c \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0628\u062a\u0643\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u062b\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u062b\u0631 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0637\u0627\u0639 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0626\u062a \u0645\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062e\u064a\u0627\u0644\u0647 \u0648\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0647.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

\u064a\u062d\u0643\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062b\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0642\u0635\u0629 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631 \u062a\u0646\u0637\u0644\u0642 \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0645\u0631 \u0628\u0648\u0627\u0633\u0637\u0629 \u0635\u0627\u0631\u0648\u062e\u060c \u062b\u0645 \u062a\u0639\u0648\u062f \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u0628\u0648\u0627\u0633\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u0631\u0648\u062e \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u060c \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0634\u062a\u0628\u0643\u0648\u0627 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0645\u0631\u060c \u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646\u0651\u064e \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0645 \u0623\u0641\u0643\u0627\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0633\u0627\u0630\u062c\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0645\u0631 \u0648\u0637\u064f\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0648\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0643\u0631\u062a\u0647 \u0639\u0646 \u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0633\u0642\u0627\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649.<\/p>\n

\u0628\u0639\u062f 67 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0625\u0633\u062a\u0637\u0627\u0639\u062a \u0646\u0627\u0633\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0645\u0646 \u0631\u0624\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u064a\u0644\u064a\u064a\u0633\u060c \u0648\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u062c\u0647\u0648\u062f \u0647\u0627\u0626\u0644\u0629 \u0634\u0645\u0644\u062a \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0629\u060c \u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0648\u062f \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0631 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0633\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0648\u0645\u064f\u0644\u062d \u0625\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0628\u0642 \u062d\u062c\u0631\u064c \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0648\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0632\u062d\u0632\u062d \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0644\u0647\u0627.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0634\u064a\u0626\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0625\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u064c \u0644\u0623\u064a \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0631\u0639 \u0648\u0631\u062c\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0647\u064a\u0631 \u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0644\u0632 \u0643\u064a\u062a\u0631\u064a\u0646\u062c (1876-1958)\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0623\u062d\u0627\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0630\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1940\u060c \u064a\u0624\u0643\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a \u0647\u0648 \u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0647\u0631\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628 \u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0632 \u062a\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0648\u0645\u064f\u0646\u062a\u062c\u0627\u062a\u0647\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0646\u0627 \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0627 \u0646\u062c\u062f \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0622\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0647 \u0648\u0637\u0645\u0648\u062d\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0641\u0646\u0647 \u0648\u0623\u062f\u0628\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627\u064b\u060c \u064a\u0628\u062b\u0651\u064f \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0648\u0641\u064e\u0647!<\/p>\n

\"\"\"\"<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0644\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0637\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0647\u0648 \u0625\u062d\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b \u0639\u0646\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0648\u0642\u062a \u0645\u0628\u0643\u0631\u060c \u0641\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0625\u0633\u062d\u0627\u0642 \u0623\u0632\u064a\u0645\u0648\u0641 (1920-1992) \u0641\u064a \u0631\u0648\u0627\u064a\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0644\u0635 (1942) \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0625\u062d\u062f\u0649 \u0631\u0648\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u064a\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062e\u0635\u0635 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0642\u062f \u062d\u062f\u062f \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u0645\u0649 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0648\u062a\u0627\u062a\u060c \u062b\u0645 \u0623\u0636\u0627\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0635\u0641\u0631 \u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0638\u0644\u062a \u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0627\u0634 \u0643\u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0648\u062a\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0637\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0623\u0639\u0645.<\/p>\n

\u0648\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0627\u064b\u060c \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0623\u0641\u0644\u0627\u0645\u060c \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632\u062a \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0637\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a \u062d\u0642\u0628\u0629\u064e \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0648\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u062a\u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0631\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0642\u0637\u0639\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0645\u062c\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0648\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u064a\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0643\u062a\u0647 \u0648\u0635\u0648\u062a\u0647 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0647.<\/p>\n

\"\"\u00a0\u00a0\"\"\"\"<\/p>\n

\u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u062a\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0645\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0647\u0648 “\u0647\u064a” (Her) \u0639\u064f\u0631\u0636 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 2013\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0647\u0648 “\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0645\u064a” (Transcendence)\u060c \u0639\u064f\u0631\u0636 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 2014\u060c \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b \u0641\u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a “\u0625\u064a \u0625\u0643\u0633 \u0645\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0646\u0627” (Ex Machina) \u0639\u064f\u0631\u0636 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 2015.<\/p>\n

\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0623\u0641\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a \u0623\u0648 \u0625\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0637\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u062a\u062c\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062a\u0645\u064a\u060c \u062a\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0646\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0627 \u0642\u062f \u064a\u0642\u0639 \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u063a\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0650\u0647\u0650 \u0648\u062c\u0634\u0639\u0650\u0647\u0650\u060c \u062a\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0630\u0643\u0631\u0647 \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0647 \u0648\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u0646\u0627: \u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u0647\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u062c\u0647 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f \u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u0629\u064d \u0648\u062c\u0647\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u064a\u0628\u062f\u0648 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0637\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a \u062d\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0645\u064f\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f\u060c \u0628\u062f\u0623\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635 \u062c\u062f\u0627\u064b: \u0623\u0633\u0639\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0631\u0639 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b \u0645\u0639 \u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628 \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0641\u0649\u060c \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u0627\u064b: \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u062e\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0628\u0626\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0635\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0631\u060c \u062a\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0647\u0630\u0627\u060c \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0637\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0647\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0636\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0647\u0628\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

\u0644\u0643\u0646\u060c \u062f\u0648\u0646\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0646 \u0628\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0629: \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0627\u0639\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0631\u0646\u062a\u060c \u00a0\u0641\u0642\u062f \u0641\u062c\u0651\u064e\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0637\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0639\u062f\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0647\u0627\u0626\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0627\u0634\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0644\u0642\u062f \u0625\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0644\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u062b\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0642\u064a\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0642\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0634\u0623 \u0645\u0639\u0636\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0625\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0643\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u062d\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0627 \u0646\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0639\u0642\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0636\u0627\u0647\u064a \u0639\u0642\u0648\u0644\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0627\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0646\u0627 \u0646\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u062d\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0634\u060c \u062d\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u062a\u0645\u062a\u0627\u0632 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0639\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0628\u0643\u060c \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u062f\u0651\u0650 \u062a\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0647\u0627\u064a\u062f\u062c\u0631 \u0625\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u0646\u0643\u0634\u0627\u0641 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

\u0644\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d\u0646\u0627 \u0645\u0642\u062a\u0646\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0641\u0633\u0646\u0627\u060c \u0623\u0646\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0646 \u0646\u0633\u062a\u063a\u0631\u0642 \u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u063a\u0631\u0642\u062a\u0647 \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0646\u0627\u0633\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0623\u062d\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u064a\u0644\u064a\u064a\u0633\u060c \u0641\u0633\u0628\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0627\u064b \u062a\u0628\u062f\u0648 \u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0646\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0637\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u064a\u062a\u0633\u0644\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0646\u0627 \u0634\u064a\u0626\u0627\u064b \u0641\u0634\u064a\u0626\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u0623\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0645 \u0644\u0647 \u0647\u064a \u0645\u0633\u0623\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0642\u062a \u0641\u0642\u0637.<\/p>\n

\"\"\u0648\u0643\u0639\u0627\u062f\u062a\u0647\u060c \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0628\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0636\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0645\u0631\u064d \u0645\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0642\u0644\u0642\u0627\u064b \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0627\u064b \u064a\u062e\u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0635\u062f\u0631\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064d \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0648\u0639\u064a\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0623\u062d\u0633\u0628\u064f \u0623\u0646 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u0636 \u0645\u0636\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639\u060c \u0647\u0648 \u0643\u0644\u0645\u0629 “\u0630\u0643\u0627\u0621”\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u0635\u0631\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0643\u0633\u060c \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0647\u0648 \u0643\u0627\u0626\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0625\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0635\u0641\u0629 \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0628\u0647\u060c \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0642\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0642\u0637\u0639 \u0628\u0647 \u0645\u062d\u064a\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0627\u062c\u062a\u0627\u0632 \u0628\u0647 \u0641\u0644\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0627 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0646\u060c \u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0642\u0648\u062a\u0647 \u0648\u0647\u064a\u0645\u0646\u062a\u0647 \u0648\u0631\u062e\u0627\u0626\u0647\u060c \u0641\u0643\u064a\u0641 \u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0635\u0646\u0639\u0647 \u0628\u064a\u062f\u0647\u061f\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0626\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0628\u0646\u0631\u062c\u0633\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0650 \u0648\u0623\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a\u062a\u0647!<\/strong><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1902\u060c \u0623\u064a \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0640 118 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u060c \u062a\u0645 \u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u064f\u0639\u062f \u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0641\u0644\u0645 \u062e\u064a\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u062a\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0631\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0647\u064a\u0631 \u062c\u0648\u0631\u062c \u0645\u064a\u0644\u064a\u064a\u0633 (1861-1938)\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0628\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062f\u062a\u0647 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0644\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627\u060c \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0628\u062a\u0643\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u062b\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u062b\u0631 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0637\u0627\u0639 …<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":2774,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_exactmetrics_skip_tracking":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_active":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_note":"","_exactmetrics_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[15],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-3544","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","","category-15"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3544","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/4"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=3544"}],"version-history":[{"count":5,"href":"https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3544\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":3560,"href":"https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3544\/revisions\/3560"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/2774"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=3544"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=3544"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=3544"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}