{"id":33544,"date":"2026-02-12T08:39:21","date_gmt":"2026-02-12T05:39:21","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/?p=33544"},"modified":"2026-02-12T08:39:21","modified_gmt":"2026-02-12T05:39:21","slug":"%d9%88%d9%85%d8%b6%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d9%85%d8%b9%d8%b1%d9%81%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d9%85%d9%86-%d9%83%d8%aa%d8%a7%d8%a8-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a5%d9%86%d8%b3%d8%a7%d9%86%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d8%aa%d8%a7%d8%b1%d9%8a%d8%ae%d9%8c","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/?p=33544","title":{"rendered":"\u0648\u0645\u0636\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628: \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629: \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064c \u064a\u0628\u0639\u062b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0644 \u2013 \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629* \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0633\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u064a"},"content":{"rendered":"

\u0625\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628:\u00a0<\/strong><\/span>
\n\u201c \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629: \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064c \u064a\u0628\u0639\u062b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0644\u201d<\/span>
\n[Humankind: A Hopeful History]<\/span><\/h3>\n

\u062a\u0646\u0635\u0651\u0644:<\/span><\/strong>
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\n\u0648\u0642\u062f \u062c\u0631\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0635\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0637\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a (AI Platforms) \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u0636\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0627\u063a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0636\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u062a\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a \u0648\u0628\u062a\u0635\u0631\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0639\u064d \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u0629\u060c \u0634\u0645\u0644 \u062f\u0645\u062c \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635\u0648\u0635 \u0648\u062a\u0639\u062f\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0631\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0648\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0627\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0625\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644\u064a.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0635\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0632\u0648\u0646 (Amazon):<\/strong><\/span>
\n\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u064c \u064a\u062a\u0635\u062f\u0651\u0631 \u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u0648\u0631 \u0635\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0635\u062d\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0646\u064a\u0648\u064a\u0648\u0631\u0643 \u062a\u0627\u064a\u0645\u0632 (New York Times).<\/span>
\n\u064a\u0635\u0641\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0627\u062f \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0647 “\u0646\u0627\u0628\u0636 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629” (Lively) \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0648\u0631\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 “\u0630\u0627 \u0646\u064a\u0648 \u064a\u0648\u0631\u0643” (The New Yorker)\u060c \u0648”\u0645\u0642\u0646\u0639” (Convincing) \u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 “\u0641\u0648\u0631\u0628\u0633” (Forbes)\u060c \u0648”\u062c\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0633\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0646\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0627 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a” (Riveting pick-me-up we all need right now) \u0648\u0641\u0642\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 “\u0628\u064a\u0628\u0648\u0644” (People). \u064a\u0628\u0631\u0647\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0632\u062f\u0647\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0632\u0645\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0646 \u0646\u0632\u0639\u062a\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0637\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u0633\u0647\u0645\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0646\u062c\u0627\u062d\u0646\u0627 \u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u062f \u0643\u0646\u0648\u0639\u064d \u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a.<\/span>
\n\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u062b\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0642\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f \u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0633\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062f\u062b\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0641\u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0645\u0646\u064a \u0628\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631 \u0633\u064a\u0626\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0623\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u062a\u0647\u0645. \u0625\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629\u064c \u062a\u062a\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0639\u0646\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0641 \u0648\u062a\u0648\u062c\u0651\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0634\u0643\u0651\u0644 \u062d\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0646\u0627. \u0641\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0646\u064a\u0642\u0648\u0644\u0627 \u0645\u0643\u064a\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0644\u064a <\/span>(Niccol\u00f2 Machiavelli) \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u062f \u062a\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0633 \u0647\u0648\u0628\u0632 (Thomas Hobbes)\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0633\u064a\u063a\u0645\u0648\u0646\u062f \u0641\u0631\u0648\u064a\u062f (Sigmund Freud) \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0633\u062a\u064a\u0641\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0643\u0631 (Steven Pinker)\u060c \u062a\u0631\u0633\u0651\u062e\u062a \u062c\u0630\u0648\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0642\u0627\u062f \u0639\u0645\u064a\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a. \u0644\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0647\u0631\u0647\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0626\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0635\u0644\u062d\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0629.<\/span>
\n\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0645\u0627\u0630\u0627 \u0644\u0648 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0643\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d\u064b\u0627\u061f \u064a\u0642\u062f\u0651\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0644\u0646\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0631\u0648\u062a\u063a\u0631 \u0628\u0631\u064a\u063a\u0645\u0627\u0646 (Rutger Bregman)\u060c \u0635\u0627\u062d\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u062a\u062f \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u0626\u062a\u064a \u0623\u0644\u0641 \u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0633\u0627\u0639\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0646\u0646\u0627 \u0645\u0628\u0631\u0645\u062c\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u0637\u0631\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0637\u0641\u060c \u0648\u0645\u064a\u0651\u064e\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u062a\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0633\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u064a\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0622\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u062f\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0631\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0628 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0645. \u0628\u0644 \u0625\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u064a\u0632\u064a \u064a\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0631\u0627\u0633\u062e \u064a\u0639\u0648\u062f \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0638\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0642\u0644 (Homo sapiens).<\/span>
\n\u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0635\u0629 \u00ab\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0628\u0627\u0628\u00bb \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u064a\u0629 (Lord of the Flies) \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0631\u0648\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0636\u0627\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0633\u0627\u062f\u062a \u0623\u0639\u0642\u0627\u0628 \u063a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u062a\u0632\u00bb \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u064a\u0629 (The Blitz) \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0643\u0634\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u063a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062c\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0633\u062c\u0646 \u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u0641\u0648\u0631\u062f (Stanford Prison Experiment) \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0648\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0634\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0646 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0637\u0631\u0641\u064a \u0646\u0642\u064a\u0636 \u0648\u0623\u0633\u0647\u0645\u064e\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0646\u064a\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0627\u0646\u062f\u064a\u0644\u0627 (Nelson Mandela) \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0621 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631\u064a (Apartheid)\u060c \u064a\u0628\u064a\u0651\u0646 \u0644\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0628\u0631\u064a\u063a\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0633\u062e\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631 \u0648\u0631\u0648\u062d\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0624\u0644 \u0633\u0627\u0630\u062c\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0631\u0624\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u064a\u0629. \u0628\u0644 \u0625\u0646 \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0624\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062a\u064d \u0639\u0645\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u061b \u0641\u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u0646\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u0623 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0633\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0646\u0627 \u0646\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0636\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u0623 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a\u0646\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a\u0646\u0627. \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0622\u0645\u0646\u0627 \u0628\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0637\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u062b\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0641\u0633\u064a\u0634\u0643\u0651\u0644 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u062d\u062c\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u060c \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0648\u062d\u0629 \u064a\u062f\u0627\u0641\u0639 \u0639\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0642\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u062a\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0628\u0631\u064a\u063a\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0623\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062e\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0639\u0634\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0633\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0631\u0633\u062e \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0627\u0643\u0631\u0629.<\/span>
\n\u00ab\u0644\u0642\u062f \u062c\u0639\u0644\u0646\u064a \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u201c\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 Humankind\u201d \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0631 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0639\u0634\u00bb. \u2014 \u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0645\u0627 \u0642\u0627\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u062f \u064a\u0648\u0641\u0627\u0644 \u0646\u0648\u062d \u0647\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a (Yuval Noah Harari)\u060c \u0645\u0624\u0644\u0641 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 “\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0642\u0644” (Sapiens) \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u064b.<\/span>
\n\u0623\u064f\u062f\u0631\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0646\u064a\u0644 “\u0645\u064a\u062f\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0646\u062f\u0631\u0648 \u0643\u0627\u0631\u0646\u064a\u062c\u064a” (Andrew Carnegie Medal) \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0632 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u064a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 2021.<\/span>
\n\u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0631 \u0643\u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0632 \u062e\u0645\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u0627\u064b \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u062e\u064a\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 2020 \u0648\u0641\u0642\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u0641\u0629 “\u0648\u0627\u0634\u0646\u0637\u0646 \u0628\u0648\u0633\u062a” (Washington Post).<\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

\u0645\u0624\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628:<\/span><\/strong>
\n\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0631\u0648\u062a\u063a\u0631 \u0628\u0631\u064a\u063a\u0645\u0627\u0646 (Rutger Bregman)\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a\u062f \u0639\u0627\u0645 1988\u060c \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0624\u0631\u062e \u0647\u0648\u0644\u0646\u062f\u064a \u0648\u0623\u062d\u062f \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645. \u062a\u0635\u062f\u0651\u0631 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0627\u0647 \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u00bb (Humankind) \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0639\u0627\u0645 2020 \u0648\u00ab\u064a\u0648\u062a\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u064a\u064a\u0646\u00bb (Utopia for Realists) \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0639\u0627\u0645 2017 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0635\u062d\u064a\u0641\u062a\u064a \u0635\u0646\u062f\u0627\u064a \u062a\u0627\u064a\u0645\u0632 (Sunday Times) \u0648\u0646\u064a\u0648\u064a\u0648\u0631\u0643 \u062a\u0627\u064a\u0645\u0632 (The New York Times). \u0648\u0642\u062f \u062a\u064f\u0631\u062c\u0645\u062a \u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u0649 46 \u0644\u063a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0646\u0633\u062e\u0629 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645.<\/span>
\n\u0648\u0635\u0641\u062a \u0635\u062d\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 (The Guardian) \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0628\u0631\u064a\u063a\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0641\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062c\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0644\u0646\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629\u00bb (the Dutch wunderkind of new ideas)\u060c \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u0635\u0646\u0651\u0641\u062a\u0647 \u0645\u0646\u0635\u0629 \u062a\u064a\u062f (TED) \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0651\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0635\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0643\u0631\u064a\u0633 \u0623\u0646\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0648\u0646 (Chris Anderson) \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0636\u0631\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0647\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0631 \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0646\u0642\u0635\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0629\u061b \u0628\u0644 \u0646\u0642\u0635 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u00bb (Poverty Isn\u2019t a Lack of Character; It\u2019s a Lack of Cash) \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0636\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 2017.<\/span>
\n\u0648\u0641\u064a \u0631\u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0639\u0627\u0645 2025\u060c \u0635\u062f\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u062e\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0645\u0648\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0642\u064a\u00bb (Moral Ambition)\u060c \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0647 \u0637\u0631\u062d \u0631\u0624\u064a\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0645\u0648\u062d \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0645\u0646\u0635\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0636**<\/span> (Blinkist) \u0642\u0627\u0645\u062a \u0628\u062a\u0644\u062e\u064a\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u201c\u062a\u0633\u0639 \u0648\u0645\u0636\u0627\u062a\u201d<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629\u00a0\u0648\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629<\/strong>\u060c\u00a0\u0648\u062a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0643\u0644 \u0648\u0645\u0636\u0629 \u062a\u0644\u062e\u064a\u0635\u0627 \u0644\u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u00a0\u0648\u0647\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a:<\/em><\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u2013 \u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 <\/span>
\n\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631 \u0633\u064a\u0626\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0623\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0647\u0645\u061b \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0643 \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0645\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0644\u062a\u062f\u0631\u0643 \u0630\u0644\u0643. \u0641\u0646\u062d\u0646 \u0646\u062a\u062d\u0627\u0631\u0628\u060c \u0648\u0646\u062d\u062a\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0646\u0642\u062a\u0644 \u0648\u0646\u0643\u0630\u0628 \u0648\u0646\u0633\u0631\u0642. \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0628\u062d \u062c\u0645\u0627\u062d \u0637\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0639\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u0634\u064a\u0629 \u0633\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0641\u0631\u0636\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0642\u0631\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0642\u0648\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0643\u0644 \u062c\u0631\u064a\u0645\u0629.<\/span>
\n\u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064d \u0643\u0647\u0630\u0627\u060c \u064a\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0651\u0645 \u0623\u0648\u0644\u0626\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0641\u0643\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0645 \u2014 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0646\u0627 \u2014 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629. \u0625\u0646\u0647 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0647 \u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0628 \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u064a \u064a\u0623\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0639\u064a\u0641\u00bb (dog-eat-dog)\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u0628\u0642\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644\u062d.<\/span>
\n\u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646\u060c \u0645\u0647\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644\u064b\u0627.. \u0647\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u062d\u0642\u0627\u064b\u061f \u0623\u0645 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u0642\u0635\u0629 \u0631\u0648\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0641\u0633\u0646\u0627 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0630\u0628\u0629 \u0623\u0644\u0650\u0641\u0646\u0627\u0647\u0627 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0633 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0641\u0638\u0646\u0646\u0627\u0647\u0627 \u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629\u061f<\/span>
\n\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0643\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u062f\u0621\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062b\u0627\u0631 (Archeology) \u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u064a\u0645\u0629 (Criminology)\u060c \u0641\u0633\u062a\u0643\u062a\u0634\u0641 \u0631\u0648\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u063a\u0627\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u0627\u064b\u061b \u0641\u0646\u062d\u0646 \u0644\u0633\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a\u064a\u0646. \u0648\u0625\u0646 \u0643\u0646\u062a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0635\u062f\u0642 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 “\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0636\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u064a\u0629” \u0642\u062f \u0648\u064f\u062c\u062f\u062a \u0644\u062a\u062b\u0628\u062a \u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0643\u0633.<\/span>
\n\u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0636\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0633\u062a\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0645\u0643\u0651\u0646 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0646 (British) \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646 (German) \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062f \u0645\u0639\u064b\u0627 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 (World War I)\u061b \u0648\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0630\u0627 \u062a\u064f\u0639\u062f\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0628\u0627\u0631 “\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0646\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0627\u064b” \u0636\u0627\u0631\u0627\u064b (Nocebo)\u061b \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0635\u0648\u062f \u0628\u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d “\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a” (Homo puppy).<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0636\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 – \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0632\u0645\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0648\u0628\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644\u0646\u0627 \u062a\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0631\u0629:<\/span><\/strong><\/span>
\n\u0647\u0644 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0643 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u062f “\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0641 \u0647\u062a\u0644\u0631” (Adolf Hitler)\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u062f “\u062c\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0641 \u0633\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0646” (Josef Stalin)\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u062f “\u0628\u064a\u0646\u064a\u062a\u0648 \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0646\u064a” (Benito Mussolini)\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u062f “\u0648\u064a\u0646\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0646 \u062a\u0634\u0631\u0634\u0644” (Winston Churchill)\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u062f “\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0646\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0631\u0648\u0632\u0641\u0644\u062a” (Franklin Roosevelt)\u061f \u0646\u0639\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0642\u062f \u0633\u064f\u0637\u0651\u0631\u062a \u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0624\u0647\u0645 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0635\u0641\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0643\u0644 \u0634\u064a\u0621\u061b \u0641\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0623\u062b\u0631 \u0643\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0630\u0627\u062a\u0647: “\u0633\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0631” (The Psychology of the Masses) \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u062f “\u063a\u0648\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0641 \u0644\u0648 \u0628\u0648\u0646” (Gustave Le Bon).<\/span>
\n\u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u060c \u064a\u0634\u0631\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0644\u0648\u0628\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0632\u0645\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0648\u0628 \u0645\u062b\u0644\u064b\u0627\u060c \u062a\u0635\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0630\u0639\u0631 \u0648\u062a\u0639\u0648\u062f \u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u062c\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0635\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0646\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0628\u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649\u060c \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u062e\u0634\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0633 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645\u060c \u064a\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u2014 \u0648\u0641\u0642 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u062d \u2014 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0631\u0629 (Barbarians) \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0634\u063a\u0644\u0647\u0645 \u0633\u0648\u0649 \u0628\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a \u0648\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0629.<\/span>
\n\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0647\u062a\u0644\u0631 (Hitler) \u064a\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0636\u0631 \u0623\u0641\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u062f \u063a\u0648\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0641 \u0644\u0648\u0628\u0648\u0646 (Le Bon) \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0631\u0633\u0644 348 \u0642\u0627\u0630\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0633\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a \u00ab\u0644\u0648\u0641\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0641\u0647\u00bb (Luftwaffe) \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0644\u0646\u062f\u0646 (London) \u0639\u0627\u0645 1940. \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0646\u062f\u0646\u060c \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0646\u0627\u0628\u0644\u060c \u0633\u064a\u0635\u0627\u0628\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0630\u0639\u0631 \u0648\u064a\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0636\u0649\u060c \u0641\u064a\u0633\u0647\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0633\u0642\u0627\u0637 \u0623\u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0645 \u0628\u0623\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0647\u0645.<\/span>
\n\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0645\u0627 \u062d\u062f\u062b \u0641\u0639\u0644\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u062f\u0623\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0646\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u062a\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0642\u0637 \u062c\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u064a\u0636 \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0627 \u0628\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0634\u0643\u0651\u0644 \u0645\u0641\u0627\u062c\u0623\u0629 \u0645\u062f\u0648\u0651\u064a\u0629.<\/span>
\n\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0633\u0628\u0642 \u062d\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u062a\u0632\u00bb (Blitz) \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0634\u0646\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a \u00ab\u0644\u0648\u0641\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0641\u0647\u00bb (German Luftwaffe)\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0633\u0641\u0631\u062a \u0639\u0646 \u0645\u0642\u062a\u0644 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0644\u0641 \u0634\u062e\u0635 \u0641\u064a \u0644\u0646\u062f\u0646 (London) \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062f\u0645\u0651\u0631\u062a \u0623\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0621\u064b \u0628\u0623\u0643\u0645\u0644\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0639\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u062c\u0646\u062d\u0629 \u0637\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0626 \u0644\u0644\u0637\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0633\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u064a\u0627\u0626\u0633\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0644\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0639\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0639\u0629..<\/span>
\n\u0628\u064a\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0642 \u0638\u0644\u062a \u062e\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0631\u0648\u0634\u0647\u0627\u061b \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0648\u0635\u0641 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062d\u0635\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u0645\u0636\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u062d\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u062f \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u060c \u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0642\u062f \u0628\u062f\u0623\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0623\u0645\u062f. \u0641\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644 \u064a\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0633\u0648\u0642\u0648\u0646 \u064a\u0633\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0639\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0631\u062d\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627\u061b \u0628\u0644 \u0625\u0646 \u0623\u0647\u0644 \u0644\u0646\u062f\u0646 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0627 \u064a\u062d\u062a\u0633\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u064a \u0628\u0647\u062f\u0648\u0621 \u062a\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0631\u063a\u0645 \u062f\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0646\u0641\u062c\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0646\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u0644\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0637\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0630 \u0648\u062a\u0646\u0627\u062b\u0631 \u0634\u0638\u0627\u064a\u0627\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0648\u0644\u0647\u0645.<\/span>
\n\u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0642\u0627\u0621 \u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0646\u062f\u0646 (Londoners) \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0647\u062f\u0648\u0621 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0639\u0629\u061b \u0628\u0644 \u0625\u0646\u0647\u0645\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0648\u0627\u062d\u064d \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0627 \u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u0630\u0647\u0646\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u064a \u0648\u0642\u062a \u0645\u0636\u0649. \u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0632\u0646 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0641\u062c\u0639\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0646 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0639\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u062f \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0639\u0645\u064a\u0642\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0639\u0627\u0637\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u062a\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u062a \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u062d\u0627\u0631. \u0648\u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0636\u0639\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0623\u0648\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627\u060c \u062d\u0646\u0651\u064e \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0646\u062f\u0646\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628\u061b \u0644\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0634\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0631\u0648\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0641\u0642\u0629 (Camaraderie) \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0636\u0627\u0645\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0633 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642\u060c \u0641\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0643\u0627\u062a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0648\u0645\u062f\u0648\u0627 \u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u0628\u0639\u0636\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0628\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0641\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u064a\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629.<\/span>
\n\u0648\u0628\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0641\u0642\u062f \u062e\u0627\u0644\u0641 \u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0646\u062f\u0646 \u062a\u0648\u0642\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0647\u062a\u0644\u0631 (Hitler)\u060c \u0648\u0623\u062b\u0628\u062a\u0648\u0627 \u0632\u064a\u0641 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u062f “\u0644\u0648 \u0628\u0648\u0646” (Le Bon).<\/span>
\n\u0641\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u064f\u062e\u0631\u062c “\u0623\u0633\u0648\u0623 \u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0633” \u0628\u0623\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0643\u0633\u060c \u0641\u0642\u062f \u062c\u0639\u0644\u0647\u0645 \u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0642\u064a\u0636 \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0648\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u062f “\u0644\u0648 \u0628\u0648\u0646”\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0623\u0632\u0645\u0629 “\u063a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0646\u062f\u0646” (The Blitz) \u0642\u062f \u0639\u0632\u0632\u062a \u0631\u0643\u0627\u0626\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0648\u0627\u062d\u064d \u0634\u062a\u0649\u061b \u0648\u0628\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u062f “\u0647\u062a\u0644\u0631” \u0642\u062f \u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0639\u0643\u0633 \u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u0635\u0628\u0648 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u0627\u064b.<\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0636\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 – \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631 “\u0623\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0647\u0631\u0647\u0645” \u062a\u0641\u0631\u0636 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0627:<\/span><\/strong><\/span>
\n\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0643\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0643 \u0633\u0645\u0639\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0647\u064a\u0631: \u00ab\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u062f\u0648\u0626\u0643 \u0648\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u064a\u0631\u00bb (Keep Calm and Carry On). \u0641\u0641\u064a \u0623\u064a\u0627\u0645\u0646\u0627 \u0647\u0630\u0647\u060c \u064a\u062a\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0627\u0631 \u0639\u062f\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u064f\u062d\u0635\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0645\u0635\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0648\u0627\u0628\u060c \u0648\u064a\u064f\u0639\u0627\u062f \u062a\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u0647 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u0628\u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u062a\u0647\u064a. \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0647\u0644 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0635\u064f\u0645\u0651\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0650\u0628\u0644 \u0648\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 (British Ministry of Information) \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0627\u0638 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 (Second World War\u061f) \u0644\u0642\u062f \u0637\u064f\u0628\u0639\u062a \u062d\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0644\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0635\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062d\u062b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0645\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0628\u0635\u0628\u0631 \u0648\u062c\u0644\u062f (Stoic endurance).<\/span>
\n\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645\u060c \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0642\u062f \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0627\u0628\u0629 (Resilience) \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0633\u0645\u0629 \u0623\u0635\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0646 \u0647\u062f\u0648\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u062f\u0644\u064a\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643. \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u0629 \u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629. \u0641\u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0623\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u064f\u062d\u0635\u0649 \u062a\u0624\u0643\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0633 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0635\u0627\u0628\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0630\u0639\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062b\u060c \u0641\u0636\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0646\u062d\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0632\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0647\u0645\u062c\u064a\u0629. \u0641\u0639\u0642\u0628 \u0647\u062c\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0633\u0628\u062a\u0645\u0628\u0631 (September 11) \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0631\u062c\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u064a\u0646 (Twin Towers)\u060c \u062e\u0627\u0637\u0631 \u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0646\u064a\u0648\u064a\u0648\u0631\u0643 (New Yorkers) \u2014 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u064f\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0636 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0623\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u2014 \u0628\u062d\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0625\u0646\u0642\u0627\u0630 \u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0646. \u0644\u0642\u062f \u0639\u0632\u0632\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u0631\u0648\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0636\u0627\u0645\u0646\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0645\u062c\u064a\u0629.<\/span>
\n\u0623\u062b\u0628\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0648\u062a\u0643\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u064a\u0628\u0629 \u062a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u0631\u062c \u0623\u0633\u0645\u0649 \u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a\u0646\u0627. \u0641\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u060c \u062a\u0645\u0643\u0646 “\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0623\u0628\u062d\u0627\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062b” (Disaster Research Center) \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u062f\u064a\u0644\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0631 (University of Delaware)\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 700 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0645\u064a\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0637\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0643 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0623\u0646 \u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643\u0646\u0627 \u064a\u063a\u062f\u0648 \u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0642\u0628 \u0648\u0642\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062b\u061b \u0625\u0630 \u062a\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636 \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062a\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u063a\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0628 \u0639\u0645\u0648\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0639\u0642\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0639. \u0648\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0642\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631 \u064a\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u062d\u0648\u0634 \u0636\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0643\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0645\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639.<\/span>
\n\u0641\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u062f\u0645\u0651\u0631 \u0625\u0639\u0635\u0627\u0631 \u0643\u0627\u062a\u0631\u064a\u0646\u0627 (Hurricane Katrina) \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0646\u064a\u0648 \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0644\u064a\u0646\u0632 (New Orleans) \u0639\u0627\u0645 2005\u060c \u0646\u0634\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0641 \u0639\u0646\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0630\u0639\u0631 \u062a\u062a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0639\u0646 \u00ab\u0639\u0635\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a\u00bb \u062a\u0646\u0647\u0628 \u0648\u062a\u0633\u0631\u0642\u060c \u0648\u0639\u0646 \u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644 \u0642\u064f\u062a\u0644\u0648\u0627. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a\u060c \u062e\u0644\u0635 \u062d\u0627\u0643\u0645 \u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0648\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627 (Louisiana) \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 “\u0643\u0627\u062a\u0631\u064a\u0646\u0627” \u0642\u062f \u0643\u0634\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0646\u0627\u0639 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0632\u0627\u0639\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062b \u062a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u0631\u062c \u0623\u0633\u0648\u0623 \u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0633\u061b \u0648\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0631\u062a \u0643\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0643\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0634\u064a\u0645.<\/span>
\n\u0648\u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062a\u0628\u062f\u0651\u064e \u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u062c\u0631\u0649 \u0641\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u063a\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0641\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062b\u0627\u0631\u0629 (Sensationalizing journalists) \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0646\u062d\u0633\u0631\u062a \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0628\u0627\u0631\u061b \u0625\u0630 \u062a\u0628\u064a\u0651\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0646\u062c\u0631\u0641\u0648\u0627 \u0648\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0641\u0648\u0636\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639. \u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0643\u062a\u0634\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639 \u0623\u0646 \u0623\u063a\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0633 \u0633\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0627\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u060c \u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643\u0627\u064b “\u0625\u064a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0627\u064b” (Prosocially). \u0648\u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d \u0623\u0646 \u062d\u0648\u0627\u062f\u062b \u0646\u0647\u0628\u064d \u0642\u062f \u0648\u0642\u0639\u062a\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0646\u064f\u0641\u0630\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0650\u0628\u0644 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0633\u0627\u0631\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0647\u062c “\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0646 \u0647\u0648\u062f” (Robin Hood)\u061b \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0648\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0639\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0647\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0628\u0642\u0627\u0621 \u0632\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0626\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0628\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0625\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u062a\u0643\u0627\u062a\u0641\u0648\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0637\u0629. \u0648\u0647\u0643\u0630\u0627\u060c \u062c\u0627\u0621 \u0625\u0639\u0635\u0627\u0631 “\u0643\u0627\u062a\u0631\u064a\u0646\u0627” (Katrina) \u0644\u064a\u0624\u0643\u062f \u0623\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631 \u0645\u062c\u0628\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u062b\u0627\u0631 \u0644\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629.<\/span>
\n\u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0645\u0627 \u0632\u0644\u0646\u0627 \u0646\u062a\u0634\u0628\u062b \u0628\u0625\u0635\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u0635\u0648\u0631\u062a\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0628\u0648\u0636\u0648\u062d \u0628\u062d\u062b\u064c \u0623\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0647 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627 \u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 2011. \u0641\u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629\u060c \u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0641 \u0645\u062a\u0646\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u064a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0633 \u0628\u0639\u0636\u0647\u0645 \u0628\u0639\u0636\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u0641\u0638\u0629 \u0645\u0641\u0642\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u0627\u062d\u0628\u0647\u0627. \u0648\u064a\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0647\u0634\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0646\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u062a\u0643\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0627 \u062f\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0639 \u0623\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0635\u0631\u0651\u0641\u0648\u0627 \u0628\u0631\u0648\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629. \u0648\u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u0648\u0646 \u0625\u062d\u0635\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u062a\u064f\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0638\u0645\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0633 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062d\u062a\u0641\u0638\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0641\u0638\u0629\u060c \u0638\u0644 \u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0642\u062a\u0646\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643 \u0644\u0627 \u0628\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u062f\u0641\u0648\u0639\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0645\u0635\u0644\u062d\u0629 \u0630\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u064a\u0628\u062f\u0648 \u0623\u0646 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u064f\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0628\u0627\u0646\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0629 (negativity bias) \u064a\u0647\u064a\u0645\u0646 \u0628\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0646\u0627 \u0648\u062e\u064a\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0636\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0629 – \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u064a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u064f\u0641\u0627\u0642\u0645 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u062a\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646:<\/span><\/strong><\/span>
\n\u0633\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0643\u0646\u062a \u062a\u0646\u062a\u0645\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0633\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0633 \u064a\u062a\u0628\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u0629 \u0642\u0627\u062a\u0645\u0629 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629. \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0645\u0627\u0630\u0627 \u0646\u0631\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0628\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629\u061f \u0648\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0630\u0627 \u0646\u0639\u062a\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631 \u0623\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0646 (Egoistic) \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0647\u0631\u0647\u0645\u061f \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0648\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0633\u062a\u0642\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645\u0646\u0627 \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648: \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0628\u0627\u0631.<\/span>
\n\u0641\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u064f\u0639\u062f\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u062b “\u062c\u062f\u064a\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631” (Newsworthy) \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u2014 \u0648\u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0643\u0627\u0631\u062b\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a. \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0627 \u0647\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0636 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0628: \u0647\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0631\u062b\u0629 \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643. \u0648\u0644\u0646 \u062a\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0639 \u0623\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0627\u064b \u0635\u062d\u0641\u064a\u0627\u064b \u064a\u064f\u0639\u0644\u0646 \u0623\u0646 “\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u064f\u0639\u0644\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645”.<\/span>
\n\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u0643\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0641\u064a\u061b \u0641\u0647\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0648\u0651\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0633 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0626\u0645\u064a\u0646.<\/span>
\n\u0641\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0633\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u062a\u0647\u0627. \u0646\u062d\u0646 \u0646\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0651\u0636 \u064a\u0648\u0645\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0642\u0635\u0635 \u062a\u0639\u0632\u0651\u0632 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0646\u0627 \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0633\u064a\u0626 \u0648\u0625\u064a\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0646\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631. \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062a\u062a\u0631\u0643\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0641\u0648\u0633\u0646\u0627 \u064a\u0634\u0628\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u062f \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u062b\u0631 \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0628\u064f\u0648\u00bb (Nocebo)\u061b \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0644\u0640 “\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0628\u0648” (Placebo) \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0647\u0645\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0628\u0635\u0628\u063a\u0629 \u0633\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0629. \u0641\u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0628\u0648\u060c \u062a\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u0647 \u0623\u062b\u0631 \u0642\u0648\u064a \u0648\u0625\u064a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0635\u062d\u062a\u0643\u060c \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0648\u0625\u0646 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0643\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u062a\u0647 \u0633\u0648\u0649 \u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u062e\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0630\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0642\u062f \u062a\u064f\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0622\u062b\u0627\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0625\u064a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629. \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0628\u064f\u0648 \u0641\u064a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0643\u0633\u061b \u0641\u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0647\u060c \u062a\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0633\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u2014 \u0648\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0634\u0639\u0631 \u0641\u0639\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u062a\u062f\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643 \u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643. \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0628\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0647\u0631\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0644\u064a\u0633\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0645\u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644 \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0628\u064f\u0648\u00bb (Nocebo) \u064a\u064f\u062d\u0642\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0646\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062f\u0627\u062c\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639.<\/span>
\n\u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0631 \u0622\u062b\u0627\u0631 \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0628\u064f\u0648\u00bb (nocebo) \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u062a\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u061b \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u0635\u064a \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0631\u0633\u064a\u062e \u0635\u0648\u0631\u062a\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u0641\u0633\u0646\u0627. \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0631\u0648\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u00ab\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0628\u0627\u0628\u00bb (Lord of the Flies)\u060c \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u0633\u0647\u0645\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0641\u0648\u0632 \u0645\u0624\u0644\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0648\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u063a\u0648\u0644\u062f\u0646\u063a (William Golding) \u0628\u062c\u0627\u0626\u0632\u0629 \u0646\u0648\u0628\u0644 (Nobel Prize).<\/span>
\n\u0644\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u062f \u063a\u0648\u0644\u062f\u0646\u063a \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0642\u0635\u0629 \u00ab\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629\u00bb \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0633\u064a\u062a\u0635\u0631\u0641 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0648\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0632\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0635\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0627\u064a\u0629\u060c \u064a\u0646\u0641\u062c\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0636\u0649\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0645\u0648\u062a \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0627\u062d\u062a\u064f\u0641\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0628\u0648\u0635\u0641\u0647 \u062a\u0635\u0648\u064a\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u063a\u064a\u0627\u0628 \u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0628\u0639\u0636\u0647\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0639\u0636.<\/span>
\n\u0633\u0627\u0648\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u062f “\u0631\u0648\u062a\u062c\u0631 \u0628\u0631\u064a\u063a\u0645\u0627\u0646” (Rutger Bregman) \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0643\u0648\u0643\u064f \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0621\u0644 \u0639\u0645\u0627 \u0642\u062f \u064a\u0641\u0639\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644 \u062d\u0642\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0642\u0637\u0639\u062a \u0628\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0632\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0635\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0638\u0644 \u064a\u0646\u0642\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062c\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0628\u062d\u062b\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0646 \u0646\u0633\u062e\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0642\u0635\u0629 “\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0628\u0627\u0628” (Lord of the Flies)\u060c \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0639\u062b\u0631 \u0628\u0645\u062d\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0641\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u064a\u0639\u0648\u062f \u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 1966\u060c \u064a\u0631\u0648\u064a \u0642\u0635\u0629 \u0633\u062a\u0629 \u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644 \u0638\u0644\u0648\u0627 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0632\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u064a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627\u062f\u0626 (South Pacific) \u0644\u0645\u062f\u0629 \u062e\u0645\u0633\u0629 \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0634\u0647\u0631\u0627\u064b.<\/span>
\n\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0647\u0624\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u062a\u0635\u0631\u0641\u0648\u0627 \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0631\u0648\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u062f \u063a\u0648\u0644\u062f\u0646\u063a (Golding). \u0641\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u060c \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0641\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0636\u0649 \u0633\u0637\u0648\u062a\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0642\u0637\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0647\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0645 \u0628\u0623\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0627 \u0628\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0628 \u0623\u064a \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0645. \u0648\u062a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0627\u060c \u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u0625\u0634\u0639\u0627\u0644 \u0646\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0627\u0638 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0634\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0638\u0644\u0648\u0627 \u0623\u0635\u062f\u0642\u0627\u0621 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0625\u0646\u0642\u0627\u0630\u0647\u0645 \u0628\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644.<\/span>
\n\u0641\u0623\u064a\u0651\u064f \u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u062a\u064a\u0646\u060c \u064a\u0627 \u062a\u064f\u0631\u0649\u060c \u062a\u062c\u0633\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629\u061f<\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0636\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u2013 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631 \u0644\u064a\u0633\u0648\u0627 \u0623\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u062a\u0647\u0645:<\/span><\/strong><\/span>
\n\u0647\u0644 \u062a\u064f\u0639\u062f\u0651\u064f \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u062b\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0642\u0635\u0629 “\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0628\u0627\u0628” (Lord of the Flies) \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u0637\u0641\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621\u064b \u0645\u0628\u0647\u062c\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0628\u0637\u0629\u061f \u0623\u0645 \u0623\u0646 \u062b\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0627\u064b \u064a\u062d\u062f\u062f \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0646\u0627 \u0633\u0646\u0633\u0644\u0643 \u0645\u0633\u0644\u0643\u0627\u064b \u062e\u064a\u0651\u0650\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0623\u0645 \u0633\u064a\u0626\u0627\u064b \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0646\u064f\u0639\u0632\u0644 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u061f<\/span>
\n\u0644\u0642\u062f \u0634\u063a\u0644\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0623\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0642\u0631\u0648\u0646. \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u062f \u062a\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0633 \u0647\u0648\u0628\u0632 (Thomas Hobbes) \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631\u060c \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629 “\u0623\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0631”\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0635\u0631\u0641\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0633\u0648\u0649 \u0645\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u0624\u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 “\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644 \u0636\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644” (War of all against all). \u0648\u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0631\u0623\u064a\u0646\u0627\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0624\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0633\u0627\u0626\u062f\u0629 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u064a\u0648\u0645\u0646\u0627 \u0647\u0630\u0627.<\/span>
\n\u0628\u064a\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0642\u064a\u0636 \u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0648\u0631\u0624\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u062f “\u0647\u0648\u0628\u0632” (Hobbes)\u060c \u0628\u062a\u0646\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0648\u0636\u0639\u064d \u064a\u0633\u0645\u062d \u0644\u0646\u0627 \u0628\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0647\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u064a\u0629\u061b \u0625\u0630 \u0646\u0645\u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0623\u062f\u0644\u0629\u064b \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u062e\u0635\u0635\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0629 (Empirical) \u0639\u0646 \u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0628\u0632\u0648\u063a \u0641\u062c\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0629.<\/span>
\n\u0648\u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0648\u0642\u062a \u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628\u060c \u0628\u062f\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062b\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0624\u0643\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0631\u0624\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0647\u0648\u0628\u0632 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645. \u0641\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u060c \u062f\u0631\u0633 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u062b\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0646\u0627\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0634\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0646<\/span> (Napoleon Chagnon) \u0634\u0639\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0645\u064a (Yanomami) \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0627\u0632\u0648\u0646 (Amazon). \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1968 \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0633\u00bb (The Fierce People) \u2014 \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u062b\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627 \u0645\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642 \u2014 \u0627\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0634\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0634\u0639\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0645\u064a \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u062d\u0631\u0628 \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629.<\/span>
\n\u0641\u064a \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0639\u0627\u0645 2011 \u00ab\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0626\u0643\u062a\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u062a\u0646\u0627\u00bb (The Better Angels of Our Nature)\u060c \u0642\u062f\u0651\u0645 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0633\u062a\u064a\u0641\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0643\u0631 (Steven Pinker) \u0639\u0631\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0625\u062d\u0635\u0627\u0626\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u064a\u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0628\u0632\u064a (\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0647\u0648\u0628\u0632). \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0646\u0627\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u064a\u0627\u0643\u0644 \u0639\u0638\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u064f\u062b\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0642\u064a\u0628\u0627\u062a (\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a)\u060c \u0623\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u062f “\u0628\u064a\u0646\u0643\u0631” \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0646\u062d\u0648 14 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0626\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u0627 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0643\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u062c\u062d \u0636\u062d\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0648\u0628\u061b \u0623\u0648 \u0628\u062a\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0648\u062c\u0632\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0627 “\u0645\u0642\u062a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0646”. \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u060c \u0646\u062c\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a \u2013 \u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0648\u0628 \u2013 \u064a\u0642\u0641 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f 1%. \u0648\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0634\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0639 \u0625\u0631\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u062f “\u0647\u0648\u0628\u0632” (Hobbes)\u060c \u062e\u0644\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u062f “\u0628\u064a\u0646\u0643\u0631” \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 “\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0631\u0648\u064a\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0628\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u064a\u0646\u0627”.<\/span>
\n\u0628\u064a\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u062f “\u0628\u064a\u0646\u0643\u0631” \u0648\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u062f “\u0634\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0646” (Chagnon) \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0634\u0639\u0628 “\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0645\u064a” (Yanomami) \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0644. \u0641\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0626 \u0630\u064a \u0628\u062f\u0621\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0634\u0639\u0628 “\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0645\u064a” \u0646\u0645\u0637 \u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0623\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0646\u0627 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0629\u061b \u0641\u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u062f “\u0634\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0646” \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0647\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0647\u0624\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0642\u062f \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644\u0648\u0627 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0629. \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0648\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u062a\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u062f “\u0634\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0646” \u0632\u0648\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0624\u0648\u0633 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0631 (Machetes) \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0628\u062d\u0627\u062b\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062b\u0645 \u062e\u0644\u0635 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0634\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0641 \u0628\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u062a\u0647\u0645.<\/span>
\n\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0630\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u0623\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u062f “\u0628\u064a\u0646\u0643\u0631”\u061f \u0625\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637\u0629 \u062e\u0627\u0637\u0626\u0629 \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629\u061b \u0625\u0630 \u0625\u0646 \u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0635\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f \u0648\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639\u0627\u064b \u0623\u062b\u0631\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0647\u062f \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u2013 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0642\u0627\u062f\u062a\u0647 \u0644\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644 \u0642\u062a\u0644 \u064a\u0635\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 14% \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u062f \u0648\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u2013 \u062a\u0639\u0648\u062f \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631. \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0623\u062f\u0644\u0629 \u064a\u0635\u0639\u0628 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0631\u0627\u0633\u062e\u0629 \u0644\u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0628\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0627 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u062a\u0647\u0645.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0636\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0645\u0633\u0629 – \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0631 \u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u00ab\u0628\u0642\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644\u062d\u00bb\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u00ab\u0628\u0642\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0648\u064f\u062f\u0651\u064b\u0627\u00bb:<\/span><\/strong><\/span>
\n\u0648\u0647\u0643\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0628\u0642\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0624\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0637\u0631\u0648\u062d\u064b\u0627: \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u0639\u0627\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631 \u0641\u0639\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u062a\u0635\u0631\u0651\u0641\u0648\u0627 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0635\u0628\u062d\u0648\u0627 \u0645\u062a\u062d\u0636\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u2014 \u0623\u064a \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0648\u0627 \u0648\u064a\u0628\u062f\u0623\u0648\u0627 \u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0639\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0622\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u061f \u0648\u0644\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0624\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0644\u0645\u0627\u0630\u0627 \u0644\u0627 \u0646\u0644\u062c\u0623 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u0631\u0634\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0631\u064a (Stone Age)\u061b \u0623\u0648\u0644\u0626\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u062e\u0637\u0648\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u064a\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0637\u0648\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0648\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646: \u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0648\u0641\u061f<\/span>
\n\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0646\u0642\u0648\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0648\u0641 (Cave Paintings) \u0631\u0624\u064a\u0629 \u062b\u0627\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0623\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0644 (Nomadic ancestors). \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0641\u062a \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u064f\u0643\u062a\u0634\u0641 \u0623\u064a\u0651\u064f \u0646\u0642\u0634 \u064a\u0639\u0648\u062f \u0644\u062d\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u062d\u0627\u0644 \u064a\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0647\u062f \u0639\u0646\u0641 \u0623\u0648 \u062d\u0631\u0648\u0628\u061b \u0641\u064a \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u062f. \u0644\u0630\u0627\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0638\u0647\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0642\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0627\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0638\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0634\u0647\u062f \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0646\u0641 \u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0648\u0628\u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0647\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0646\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0635\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a.<\/span>
\n\u064a\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0636 \u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u062b\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627 (Anthropologists) \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0641 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0651\u0644 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0646\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062b\u061b \u0628\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u064a\u0636 \u0645\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0637\u0648\u0627 \u0628\u0628\u0639\u0636\u0647\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0639\u0645\u0644\u0648\u0627 \u0633\u0648\u064a\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0651\u0645\u0648\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0628\u0639\u0636\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0639\u0636. \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u0648\u0644\u0626\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0645\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646 \u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062d\u0638\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0642\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0646\u0635\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0628. \u0641\u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0627\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0648\u0649 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0623\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u062a\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0632 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646\u0627\u064b.<\/span>
\n\u0628\u064a\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0643\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0621 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0642\u0648\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0648\u0641 \u0648\u0628\u0642\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0627\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0638\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0641\u064a \u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c\u061b \u0625\u0630 \u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u0647\u0646\u0627 \u0648\u0623\u062c\u0633\u0627\u062f\u0646\u0627 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0623\u062f\u0644\u0629\u064b \u062a\u0624\u064a\u062f \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629.<\/span>
\n\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0647\u0634\u0629 \u0623\u0646 “\u0644\u0637\u0641\u0646\u0627” \u064a\u062a\u062c\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0648\u0636\u0648\u062d \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0644\u0627\u0645\u062d \u0648\u062c\u0648\u0647\u0646\u0627\u061b \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u064a\u0645\u062a\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u0647\u0627\u064b \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0646\u0639\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0648”\u0648\u0633\u0627\u0645\u0629” (Cuter) \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u0623\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0646\u0627. \u0648\u0628\u062a\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0622\u062e\u0631\u060c \u0644\u0642\u062f \u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631 \u0628\u0640 “\u062a\u062f\u062c\u064a\u0646” (Domesticated) \u0623\u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0645\u061b \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u062d\u062f\u062b \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0628\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u062c\u0631\u0649 \u0627\u0635\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0624\u0646\u0627 (\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0624\u0646\u0627) \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u0647\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0637\u0628\u0627\u0639\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062f\u0648\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0646\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0637\u0644\u0642\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u062f “\u0628\u0631\u064a\u063a\u0645\u0627\u0646” (Bregman) \u0645\u0633\u0645\u0649 “\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a” (Homo puppy).<\/span>
\n\u0643\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u064f\u0639\u062f\u0651\u064f \u0623\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0646\u0627 \u062f\u0644\u064a\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u062a\u0646\u0627 “\u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0637” (Ultrasocial)\u061b \u0641\u0646\u062d\u0646 \u0646\u0646\u0641\u0631\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0644\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 (Animal Kingdom) \u0628\u0625\u0638\u0647\u0627\u0631 “\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0646” (The whites of our eyes)\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u0645\u062d \u0644\u0644\u0622\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u0646\u0627 \u0648\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632\u0646\u0627 \u0628\u062f\u0642\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0632\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646. \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 (Primates)\u060c \u0641\u062a\u0645\u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0639\u064a\u0648\u0646\u064b\u0627 \u062f\u0627\u0643\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0641\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u00ab\u0648\u062c\u0648\u0647 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u062e\u0641\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0639\u0631\u00bb (poker faces) \u0628\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631.<\/span>
\n\u0648\u064a\u062a\u062c\u0644\u0651\u0649 \u0645\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u00ab\u0628\u0642\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0648\u064f\u062f\u0651\u064b\u0627\u00bb (survival of the friendliest) \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0638\u0647\u0631\u0646\u0627\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0643\u0627\u0626\u0646\u0627 \u0648\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u0651\u0645\u0646\u0627. \u0641\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0633\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0630\u0643\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0626\u0646\u0627\u062a. \u0625\u0630 \u062a\u064f\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0636\u0651\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0648\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0646\u0627 \u0646\u062a\u0641\u0648\u0651\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u0641\u0626\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0648\u0647\u064a \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0651\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u00bb (social learning)\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0646\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0646\u0632\u064a (Chimpanzees) \u0648\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0628 (Orangutans) \u0628\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0642 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631. \u0648\u0646\u062d\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0631\u0639\u0648\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0644\u0651\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0646 \u0628\u0639\u0636\u0646\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u0636\u064b\u0627\u060c \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u062c\u0647\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0636\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062f\u0633\u0629 – \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0639\u0644\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0639\u0646\u0641\u064b\u0627:<\/span><\/strong><\/span>
\n\u0644\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0631\u0624\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u062f “\u0647\u0648\u0628\u0632” (Hobbes) \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d\u0629\u061b \u0641\u0643\u064a\u0641 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u0648\u0651\u0644 “\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a” (Homo puppy) \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u0627\u0626\u0646 \u0639\u0646\u064a\u0641 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u061f \u0625\u0630 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0646\u0643\u0627\u0631 “\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639”\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u0627\u0644: \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0641\u0629\u00bb (The elephant in the room)\u061b \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0623\u0646\u0646\u0627 \u2013 \u0648\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0645\u0644\u0627\u0645\u062d\u0646\u0627 \u0648\u0637\u0628\u0627\u0639\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u2013 \u0642\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0628 \u0623\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u063a\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0641. <\/span>
\n\u0641\u0644\u0646\u0639\u062f \u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0629 (History of Philosophy). \u0641\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u062f \u062a\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0633 \u0647\u0648\u0628\u0632 (Thomas Hobbes) \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u062f\u0646\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0648\u0628\u0631\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062a\u0648\u0635\u0651\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u062f \u062c\u0627\u0646 \u062c\u0627\u0643 \u0631\u0648\u0633\u0648 (Jean-Jacques Rousseau) \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0643\u0633\u0629 \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u064b\u0627. \u0641\u0641\u064a \u0646\u0638\u0631\u0647\u060c \u0644\u064a\u0633\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0634\u0631\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0641\u0627\u0633\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0637\u0631\u0629\u061b \u0628\u0644 \u0647\u064a \u062e\u064a\u0651\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0647\u0631\u0647\u0627\u060c \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u0641\u0633\u062f\u062a\u0647\u0627.<\/span>
\n\u062a\u0643\u0634\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062b\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629 (Archaeological Investigations) \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0628 \u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 (First Ice Age)\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0632\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0635\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0630\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0628\u062f\u0623\u062a \u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0627\u0629 \u062a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0642\u0648\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0648\u0641 <\/span>(Cave Paintings)\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0627\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0638\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u062a\u064f\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0623\u062f\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a. \u0648\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u062a\u0623\u0645\u0644\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0628\u062f\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0648\u0651\u0644\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d\u064b\u0627: \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0623\u0631\u0636 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0632\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u064a\u0646\u0628\u063a\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u0639\u0646\u0647\u0627. \u0648\u0628\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0633 \u0641\u062c\u0623\u0629 \u064a\u0645\u062a\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0646 “\u0645\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629” (Property).<\/span>
\n\u0644\u0642\u062f \u062c\u0639\u0644\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0629 (Property) \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0634\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0627\u064b \u0645\u062a\u0648\u062c\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0646\u061b \u0641\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0643\u0646\u0651\u0627 \u0644\u0627 \u0646\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u0635\u064a\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u064a \u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u0636\u0641\u0627\u0636\u0629 \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0629. \u0628\u0644 \u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0646\u0646\u062a\u0645\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0643\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d\u064b\u0627 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627. \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0651\u0644 \u0648\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u062f\u064a\u0647\u0645 \u0642\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u062b\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0629\u061b \u0643\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0627 \u064a\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u064a\u0646\u062f\u0645\u062c\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637\u0629. \u0628\u064a\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u0643\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u062a\u0628\u062f\u0644 \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631\u061b \u0625\u0630 \u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644\u0646\u0627 \u0645\u0646 “\u0623\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645” (Cosmopolitans) \u064a\u062c\u0648\u0628\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0634\u062e\u0627\u0635 “\u0631\u0647\u0627\u0628\u064a\u064a\u0646” (Xenophobes) \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062b\u0642\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0621.<\/span>
\n\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627\u064b \u0631\u0628\u0637 \u0646\u0634\u0648\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0641 \u0628\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0631\u0645\u064a\u0629 (Hierarchies) \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a. \u0641\u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0637\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0638\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0639\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0628\u062b \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629\u061b \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u062d\u0627\u0644 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u0633\u0645\u062d \u0628\u062a\u062c\u0630\u0631 “\u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0648\u0627\u0629”. \u0648\u062a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u062f\u0629 (Paleoanthropological evidence) \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 (\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u062b\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627) \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u062f \u0648\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0637\u0648\u0631\u062a \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 “\u0627\u0644\u0648\u062e\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0642\u064a” \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0631\u00bb (Shame-based systems) \u0644\u0643\u0628\u062d \u062c\u0645\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f\u061b \u0641\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0627 \u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0634\u062e\u0635 \u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0633\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0647\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u062a\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u062c\u0645\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a.<\/span>
\n\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0645\u0639 \u0638\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0629 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0639\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0622\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0639\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0628\u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u0647\u0645\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0648 \u0633\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629. \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0628\u0625\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u062c\u0623\u0629 \u062d\u0634\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0648\u0644\u0647\u0645\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0631\u0633\u064a\u062e \u062f\u0639\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0633\u0644\u0637\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0638\u0644 \u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0627\u0645 \u0644\u062c\u064a\u0648\u0634 \u062c\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0639\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0625\u0632\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0639\u0646 \u0639\u0631\u0634\u0647\u0645 \u0628\u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0642 \u0645\u0647\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0648 “\u062a\u063a\u0631\u064a\u062f\u0629” (Tweet) \u0639\u0627\u0628\u0631\u0629.<\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0636\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0629 – \u0644\u0642\u062f\u0631\u062a\u0646\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0637\u0641 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628\u064c \u0645\u0638\u0644\u0645 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627\u064b:<\/span><\/strong><\/span>
\n\u0631\u0628\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0628\u062f\u0648 \u0644\u0643 \u0643\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u062c \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u0627\u064b\u061b \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0634\u064a\u0626\u0627\u064b \u0633\u0648\u0649 \u0625\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0627 \u0622\u0645\u0646 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0632\u0645\u0646 \u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631 \u0637\u064a\u0628\u0648\u0646 \u062c\u0648\u0647\u0631\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0648\u064a\u0641\u0636\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0630\u0649 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0622\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0646. \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0642 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u0638\u0627\u0626\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0642\u0629 (Holocaust)\u061f<\/span>
\n\u062d\u0633\u0646\u0627\u064b\u060c \u062a\u0643\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0624\u0627\u0644 \u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0637\u0631\u062d\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0621 (Allied scientists) \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1944\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0624\u0627\u0644 \u0647\u0648: \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644\u0648\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062a\u0627\u0644 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0648\u0647\u0645 \u064a\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0648\u0646 \u0647\u0632\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0634\u064a\u0643\u0629\u061f \u0644\u0642\u062f \u0643\u0634\u0641\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u062d\u0627\u062b \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0623\u0646 \u062c\u0646\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 “\u0641\u064a\u0631\u0645\u0627\u062e\u062a” (Wehrmacht) \u0643\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0628\u0644\u063a \u0636\u0639\u0641 \u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062c\u0646\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0621 \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0625\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u0642\u062a\u0631\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u0631. \u0644\u0642\u062f \u0623\u062b\u0627\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u062d\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0621\u061b \u0641\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u062d\u0642\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0635\u0641\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0632\u064a\u064a\u0646 (The Nazis)\u061f<\/span>
\n\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0647\u0624\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0633 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0648\u064a\u062a\u0632 (Morris Janowitz)\u060c \u0642\u062f \u0643\u064f\u0644\u0651\u0641 \u0628\u0627\u0643\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0641 \u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0642\u062a\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0627\u0648\u0629\u060c \u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0633\u062d \u0644\u062e\u0635\u0648\u0645\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u062d\u0635\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0643\u0644 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628. \u0648\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0641\u064a \u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0647\u060c \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u062c\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u062f \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0648\u064a\u062a\u0632 \u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643\u0647\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f: \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u0648\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627 \u0645\u0647\u064a\u0645\u0646\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0639\u0631\u0651\u0636\u0648\u0627 \u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u063a\u0633\u0644 \u062f\u0645\u0627\u063a \u062c\u0639\u0644\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u064a\u062d\u0628\u0651\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646 (Fatherland) \u062d\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0641\u0631\u0637\u064b\u0627.<\/span>
\n\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644\u062a \u0642\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0621 (Allied forces) \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627 \u0628\u062f\u0639\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0636\u0627\u062f\u0629\u061b \u0625\u0630 \u0642\u0627\u0645\u062a “\u0634\u0639\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0629” (Psychological Warfare Division) \u0628\u0625\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u064f\u062d\u0635\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0630\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627: “\u0648\u0636\u0639\u0643\u0645 \u0645\u064a\u0624\u0648\u0633 \u0645\u0646\u0647! \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0621 \u0633\u064a\u0646\u062a\u0635\u0631\u0648\u0646!”. \u0628\u064a\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0630\u0647\u0628\u062a \u0623\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062d\u061b \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0636\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0632\u064a\u0648\u0646 (The Nazis) \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0626\u0637. \u0648\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0630\u0627\u061f \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0636\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0634\u0623\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u062e\u0627\u0637\u0626\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633.<\/span>
\n\u0644\u0645 \u064a\u062f\u0631\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u062f “\u0645\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0633” (Morris) \u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0624\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0648\u062f \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636\u0648\u0627 \u0644\u063a\u0633\u064a\u0644 \u062f\u0645\u0627\u063a \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u064f\u062a\u064a\u062d\u062a \u0644\u0647 \u0641\u0631\u0635\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0648\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0631\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629\u061b \u0641\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062a\u0627\u0644 \u0646\u0627\u0628\u0639\u064c \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0631\u063a\u0628\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0644\u064a \u0639\u0646 \u062c\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0623\u0635\u062f\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0647\u0645. \u0641\u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0648\u0627 \u0645\u062e\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0639\u0635\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0632\u064a\u0629 (Nazi cause)\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0627 \u0628\u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637\u0629 \u0631\u0641\u0627\u0642\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0623\u0635\u062f\u0642\u0627\u0621\u064b \u0645\u0642\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0627\u0621. \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0631\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0632\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u064a\u062f\u0631\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u062c\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0644\u0630\u0627 \u0628\u0630\u0644\u0648\u0627 \u0642\u0635\u0627\u0631\u0649 \u062c\u0647\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0644\u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0631\u0648\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0641\u0642\u0629 (Camaraderie) \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0641\u0631\u0642\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629.<\/span>
\n\u0641\u0647\u0644 \u064a\u064f\u0639\u0642\u0644 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0631\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u064a\u0641\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u062f\u0641\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0631\u0648\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u062b\u0627\u0631\u061f \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0629 “\u0646\u0639\u0645” \u0648\u0628\u0643\u0644 \u0648\u0636\u0648\u062d\u061b \u0625\u0630 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u0648\u062c\u0647\u0647\u0645 \u0634\u0639\u0648\u0631 \u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0635\u064a\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648: “\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0637\u0641” (Empathy). \u0648\u0642\u062f \u064a\u0628\u062f\u0648 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u062a\u0646\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0637\u0641 \u0642\u062f \u062a\u0639\u0645\u064a\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0646\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0646.<\/span>
\n\u0641\u0646\u062d\u0646\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0641\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u0639\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0637\u0641 \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0645\u0639 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631\u061b \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u064a\u0634\u0628\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u062f\u064d \u0645\u0627 “\u062e\u0627\u0635\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631” (Zoom function) \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0631\u0627. \u0646\u062d\u0646 \u0646\u0634\u0639\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0637\u0641 \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0645 \u062d\u0648\u0644\u0646\u0627\u061b \u0645\u0639 \u0623\u0648\u0644\u0626\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u0646\u0634\u0645 \u0631\u0627\u0626\u062d\u062a\u0647\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0646\u0634\u0639\u0631 \u0628\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0647\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0646\u0633\u0645\u0639 \u0623\u0635\u0648\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645. \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0646 “\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628” (Zoomed in) \u0628\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u064a\u063a\u0641\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649\u061b \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0631 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0637\u0641\u060c \u0628\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u064a\u0642\u0635\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062d\u062a\u0648\u064a.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0636\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0645\u0646\u0629 – \u064a\u062a\u062c\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0641 \u0642\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u060c \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062a:<\/span><\/strong><\/span>
\n\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0637\u0641 (empathy) \u0633\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0630\u0648 \u062d\u062f\u0651\u064a\u0646\u061b \u0641\u0647\u0648 \u064a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0646. \u0641\u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0647\u0629\u060c \u064a\u062f\u0641\u0639\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062a\u0627\u0644 \u062f\u0641\u0627\u0639\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0626\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0646\u0627 \u0648\u0623\u0635\u062f\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0646\u0627 \u0648\u062c\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0646\u0646\u0627. \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0642\u062f \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0651\u0646\u0646\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062a\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0644\u0647\u0645. \u0648\u062d\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0628\u0645\u0633\u0623\u0644\u0629 \u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0648\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0643\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0646\u0627 \u0646\u062a\u062e\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0646 \u0637\u0628\u0639\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0648\u0646\u0644\u062c\u0623 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0641\u061b \u0623\u0648 \u0647\u0643\u0630\u0627 \u0646\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0636 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0646. <\/span>
\n\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0636 \u062e\u0627\u0637\u0626 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627. \u0641\u0646\u062d\u0646 \u0644\u0627 \u0646\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0641\u062c\u0623\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062a\u0627\u0644. \u0648\u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u0648\u0649 \u0643\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628\u060c \u0648\u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0648\u060c \u064a\u062c\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631 \u0639\u0645\u0648\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0635\u0639\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0646\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0642\u062a\u0644 \u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0622\u062e\u0631. <\/span>
\n\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0631\u0633\u0648\u0627 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u064a\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0631\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u062f “\u0635\u0645\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0627\u0631\u0634\u0627\u0644” (Samuel Marshall). \u0641\u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1943\u060c \u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u062f “\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0634\u0627\u0644” \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0632\u064a\u0631\u0629 “\u0645\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0646” (Makin) \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0643\u062a\u064a\u0628\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0646 300 \u062c\u0646\u062f\u064a\u061b \u0648\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u062a\u0641\u0648\u0642\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064a\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0623\u062e\u0641\u0642\u0648\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0645\u0629. \u0623\u062b\u0627\u0631\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u062f\u0647\u0634\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u062f “\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0634\u0627\u0644”\u060c \u0641\u0642\u0631\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642.<\/span>
\n\u0648\u0628\u0623\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0628 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0641 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0633\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0623\u062c\u0631\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u062f “\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0634\u0627\u0644” \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0639 \u062c\u0646\u0648\u062f\u0647 \u0648\u0634\u062c\u0651\u0639\u0647\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0629. \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u0630\u0647\u0644\u0629: \u0641\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0628\u064a\u0651\u0646 \u0623\u0646 36 \u062c\u0646\u062f\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0635\u0644 300 \u0642\u062f \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0648\u0627 \u0623\u0633\u0644\u062d\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644\u061b \u0625\u0630 \u062a\u0631\u062f\u062f \u0643\u0644 \u062c\u0646\u062f\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0628\u063a\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0639\u0645\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u062a\u0641\u0648\u0642\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0628\u0647 \u0623\u0645 \u0644\u0627.<\/span>
\n\u0648\u062a\u0643\u0634\u0641 \u0625\u062d\u0635\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u064a\u0646 (British Soldiers) \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 (Second World War) \u0639\u0646 \u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0627\u0641\u062a\u0629 \u0648\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0629. \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0642\u064f\u062a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0638\u0645\u0649 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u2014 \u0646\u062d\u0648 75 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0626\u0629 \u2014 \u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0646\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u062f\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u0646\u0633\u0628\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0642\u064f\u062a\u0644 \u0628\u0631\u0635\u0627\u0635 \u0634\u062e\u0635\u064d \u0627\u0636\u0637\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u062c\u0647\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0648\u062c\u0647. \u0628\u0644 \u0625\u0646 \u0637\u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u062e\u0627\u0635 \u064a\u0639\u062f \u0623\u0645\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0635\u0639\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0625\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0645\u061b \u0641\u0641\u064a \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062a\u0631\u0644\u0648 (Battle of Waterloo)\u060c \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632 \u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0628 (bayonet) \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0626\u0629\u060c \u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0634\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u062f\u0642 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0645\u0632\u0648\u0651\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0647\u0627.<\/span>
\n\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0648\u062d\u064a \u0644\u0646\u0627 \u0645\u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u00ab\u0635\u0631\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0634\u00bb (Game of Thrones) \u0628\u0623\u0646 \u0642\u062a\u0644 \u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0633\u0647\u0644. \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0630\u0644\u0643. \u0625\u0630 \u062a\u0634\u0639\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0638\u0645\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631 \u0628\u0646\u0641\u0648\u0631 \u0639\u0645\u064a\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062a\u0644.<\/span>
\n\u0648\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0646\u0644\u0645\u0633 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0628\u0648\u0636\u0648\u062d \u0641\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u0629 \u0634\u0647\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0648\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649\u061b \u0641\u0641\u064a \u0645\u0634\u0647\u062f \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0627\u062f \u064a\u064f\u0635\u062f\u0642\u060c \u0648\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0639\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1914\u060c \u062a\u0645\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062a\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0627\u064b. \u0648\u0628\u062f\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0634\u0642 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0646\u060c \u062a\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0644\u0648\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0647\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0646\u0634\u062f\u0648\u0627 \u062a\u0631\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062f \u0633\u0648\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0646\u0627\u062f\u0642.<\/span>
\n\u0644\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0636\u0637\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062d\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u062c\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u062c\u0646\u0648\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0626\u0646\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062a\u0627\u0644\u061b \u0648\u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u062a\u0647\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0628\u0639\u0642\u0648\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062c\u0646 \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0623\u0633\u0648\u0623\u060c \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0648\u062f \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0644\u0625\u0628\u0644\u0627\u063a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0628\u0645\u0648\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0647\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0624\u0643\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0628\u0639\u0636\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0633\u064a\u0648\u062c\u0647\u0648\u0646 \u0646\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0644\u062a\u062e\u0637\u0626 \u0623\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0645\u062f\u0627\u064b.<\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0636\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0633\u0639\u0629 – \u0646\u062d\u0646 \u0628\u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0631\u0624\u064a\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629:<\/span><\/strong><\/span>
\n\u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0631\u0623\u064a\u0646\u0627\u060c \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0648\u0628 \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d\u0646\u0627 “\u0645\u062a\u062d\u0636\u0631\u064a\u0646”. \u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u0623\u0646 “\u0642\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0629” \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0641\u0629 \u0633\u0631\u0639\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0642\u0637 \u0628\u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u062f\u062e\u0648\u0644\u0646\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0623\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0628\u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637\u0629 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u062e\u0627\u0637\u0626\u0629\u061b \u0641\u0646\u062d\u0646 \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0627 \u0646\u0644\u062c\u0623 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0641 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0628\u062f\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0641 \u062e\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u064a\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628. \u0644\u0630\u0627\u060c \u0646\u062d\u0646 \u0644\u0633\u0646\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0626\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0646\u062a\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u062a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0639\u0627\u0628 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0646\u062a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0648\u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644.<\/span>
\n\u0628\u064a\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0646\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0636 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0633 \u0644\u0646 \u064a\u0633\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0627 \u0645\u0633\u0644\u0643\u0627\u064b \u0623\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0647\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0627\u0628\u060c \u0641\u0633\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0639\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0628 \u0648\u062e\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u0643\u0644 \u062a\u0623\u0643\u064a\u062f. \u0625\u0630 \u0633\u0646\u0636\u0637\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0628\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646\u061b \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0646\u0631\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u064f\u0643\u062f\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062c\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0632\u0646\u0627\u0632\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u0634\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0641\u0627\u0635\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u064f\u0633\u0645\u062d \u0644\u0647\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0648\u062c \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0644\u0633\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0628\u0648\u0639. \u0648\u0647\u0646\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u0646\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0641 \u0648\u0646\u0633\u0623\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0641\u0633\u0646\u0627: \u0647\u0644 \u064a\u0633\u0647\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0628 \u062d\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u0623\u0647\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0645\u061f \u0648\u0647\u0644 \u064a\u0639\u0632\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0642\u064a \u0641\u0639\u0644\u064b\u0627\u061f<\/span>
\n\u064a\u0642\u062f\u0651\u0645 \u0633\u062c\u0646 \u0647\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0646 (Halden Prison) \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0631\u0648\u064a\u062c (Norway) \u0646\u0647\u062c\u064b\u0627 \u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0639\u0642\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629. \u0641\u0644\u0643\u0644 \u0646\u0632\u064a\u0644 \u063a\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639\u0629 \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0628\u0647 \u0645\u0632\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0632 \u0628\u0634\u0627\u0634\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u0637\u062d\u0629. \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0648\u062c\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0633\u062c\u0646 \u0647\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0646 \u0637\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0631\u062f\u064a\u0621\u061b \u0625\u0630 \u064a\u0637\u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062c\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0637\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0647\u0645 \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0645. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0641\u0631\u0627\u063a\u0647\u0645\u060c \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u062c\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u062c\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0633\u062c\u0646 \u0623\u0648 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u0629 \u062a\u0633\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0642\u0633 \u0644\u0637\u064a\u0641\u064b\u0627\u060c \u064a\u0633\u062a\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u062d\u0641\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0621 \u0631\u0641\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0633\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0633\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0627\u064b.<\/span>
\n\u0642\u062f \u064a\u062e\u0637\u0631 \u0628\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0643: “\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0643\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d\u0627\u064b! \u0647\u0644 \u064a\u0631\u062a\u0643\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0631\u0648\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u062b\u0645 \u064a\u064f\u0643\u0627\u0641\u0623\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0625\u0642\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u064a\u062d\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062c\u0646\u061f”. \u0644\u0642\u062f \u0633\u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u062a\u0628 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0648\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0637\u0631\u062d \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062c\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u062f “\u062a\u0648\u0645 \u0625\u064a\u0628\u0631\u0647\u0627\u0631\u062f\u062a” (Tom Eberhardt)\u060c \u0633\u0624\u0627\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0627\u064b: “\u0645\u064e\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062a\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u062c\u0627\u0631\u0643\u061b \u0634\u062e\u0635\u064c \u0623\u064f\u0637\u0644\u0642 \u0633\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0647 \u0644\u062a\u0648\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0633\u062c\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a \u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0623\u0645 \u0634\u062e\u0635\u064c \u063a\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0644\u062a\u0648\u0647 \u0633\u062c\u0646\u0627\u064b \u0646\u0631\u0648\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0627\u064b \u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0627\u064b\u061f”.<\/span>
\n\u062a\u064f\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062d\u0635\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0642\u0627\u0637\u0639\u0629: \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0639\u0648\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u062c\u0648\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u064a\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0646\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0648\u062a\u0629. \u0641\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629\u060c \u062a\u0635\u0644 \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0645 (Recidivism rates) \u0625\u0644\u0649 60%\u060c \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u064b. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u060c \u0646\u062c\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u062a\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636 \u0625\u0644\u0649 16% \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0648\u0644\u0626\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u0642\u0636\u0648\u0627 \u0639\u0642\u0648\u0628\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u062c\u0646 “\u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a” (Bast\u00f8y) \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0631\u0648\u064a\u062c\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u064f\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u0646\u0647\u062c \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0628\u0647 \u0644\u0633\u062c\u0646 “\u0647\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0646 Halden”. \u0628\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649\u060c \u064a\u064f\u0639\u062f “\u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a” \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062c\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0646\u062c\u0627\u062d\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645. \u0648\u0644\u0623\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062c\u0631\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u0627\u064b\u060c \u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062c\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0631\u0648\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a \u0637\u0627\u0626\u0644\u0629 \u0643\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0645.<\/span>
\n\u062a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0631\u0648\u064a\u062c\u064a (Norwegian model) \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0628\u0633\u064a\u0637: \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062c\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0644\u0648 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0641\u0633\u0648\u0641 \u064a\u0635\u0628\u062d\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644. \u0648\u064a\u0628\u062f\u0648 \u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u064a\u0624\u062a\u064a \u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0647\u061b \u0641\u0628\u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u0646\u0624\u0645\u0646 \u0628\u0623\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0633 \u0637\u064a\u0628\u0648\u0646\u060c \u064a\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0643\u0644 \u0634\u064a\u0621. \u0648\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u062a\u0645\u0643\u0651\u0646\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0631\u0633\u064a\u062e \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u0645\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0641\u0628\u0648\u0633\u0639\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0646\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0628\u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645 \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062c\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u062d\u0633\u0628\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0645\u064e \u0644\u0627… \u0648\u0643\u0644 \u0634\u064a\u0621 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0648\u0644\u0646\u0627.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 <\/span><\/strong>
\n\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0636\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0623\u0646\u0646\u0627\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0622\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0631\u0633\u0651\u062e\u0646\u0627 \u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629\u064b \u062e\u0627\u0637\u0626\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0648\u0635\u0641\u0647 \u0643\u0627\u0626\u0646\u064b\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u062a\u0647. \u0648\u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d\u0646\u0627 \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0627 \u0646\u062b\u0642 \u0628\u0628\u0639\u0636\u0646\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u0636\u064b\u0627. \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0646 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0631\u062f\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u064a\u0641 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0648\u0641 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0627\u0628. \u0641\u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0631 \u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a (Evolutionary Perspective)\u060c \u0644\u0633\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u0642\u062a\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u062a\u0646\u0627\u061b \u0628\u0644 \u0646\u062d\u0646 \u0643\u0627\u0626\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0648\u062f\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646\u0629\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u062c\u0644\u0651\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643\u0646\u0627 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0632\u0645\u0627\u062a. \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u062b\u0645\u0651\u060c \u0641\u0642\u062f \u062d\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0644\u062a\u0628\u0646\u0651\u064a \u0631\u0624\u064a\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0625\u064a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629.<\/span><\/p>\n

*\u062a\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u062a\u0635\u0631\u0641.<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n

**<\/strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631: \u0645\u0646\u0635\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0636 (Blinkist) \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0635\u0629 \u062a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u062a\u0644\u062e\u064a\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u060c \u0648\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0648\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0622\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0648\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0635\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621.<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"
\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0630 \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0633\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u064a<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u0625\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628:\u00a0 \u201c \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629: \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064c \u064a\u0628\u0639\u062b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0644\u201d [Humankind: A Hopeful History] \u062a\u0646\u0635\u0651\u0644: \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u0628\u0651\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u062a\u0623\u064a\u064a\u062f\u064d \u0623\u0648 \u0631\u0641\u0636\u064d \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0622\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635\u0648\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u062a\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u062b\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0641 \u0648\u0631\u0624\u0649 \u0645\u062a\u0646\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0635 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0627\u0638 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642 \u0628\u0623\u0642\u0635\u0649 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0629. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u062a\u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646 …<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":33549,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_exactmetrics_skip_tracking":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_active":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_note":"","_exactmetrics_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[30,21,45,19],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-33544","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","","category-30","category-21","category-45","category-19"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/33544","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/4"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=33544"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/33544\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":33568,"href":"https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/33544\/revisions\/33568"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/33549"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=33544"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=33544"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=33544"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}