{"id":33367,"date":"2026-02-05T16:49:57","date_gmt":"2026-02-05T13:49:57","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/?p=33367"},"modified":"2026-02-05T16:49:57","modified_gmt":"2026-02-05T13:49:57","slug":"%d9%88%d9%85%d8%b6%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d9%85%d8%b9%d8%b1%d9%81%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d9%85%d9%86-%d9%83%d8%aa%d8%a7%d8%a8-%d9%85%d8%a7-%d9%87%d9%88-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b0%d9%83%d8%a7%d8%a1%d8%9f-%d8%af%d8%b1%d9%88%d8%b3","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/?p=33367","title":{"rendered":"\u0648\u0645\u0636\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628: \u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0627\u0621\u061f \u062f\u0631\u0648\u0633 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0637\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0633\u0628\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u2013 \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629* \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0633\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u064a"},"content":{"rendered":"

\u0625\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628:\u00a0<\/strong><\/span>
\n\u201c\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0627\u0621\u061f \u062f\u0631\u0648\u0633 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0637\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0633\u0628\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0648\u0644\u201d<\/span>
\n[What Is Intelligence? Lessons from AI About Evolution, Computing, and Minds]<\/span><\/h3>\n

\u062a\u0646\u0635\u0651\u0644:<\/span><\/strong>
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\n\u0648\u0642\u062f \u062c\u0631\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0635\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0637\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a (AI Platforms) \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u0636\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0627\u063a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0636\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u062a\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a \u0648\u0628\u062a\u0635\u0631\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0639\u064d \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u0629\u060c \u0634\u0645\u0644 \u062f\u0645\u062c \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635\u0648\u0635 \u0648\u062a\u0639\u062f\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0631\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0648\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0627\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0625\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644\u064a.<\/span><\/p>\n

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\n\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0635\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0637\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0623\u0646 \u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629 \u0639\u0635\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0636\u062e\u0645\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u0646\u0628\u0623 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0628\u062f\u0648 \u0648\u0643\u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u062a\u062c \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645\u0627\u064b \u064a\u062a\u0645\u062a\u0639 \u0628\u0630\u0643\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0627\u0645. \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0633\u0642 \u0645\u0639 \u0631\u0624\u064a\u0629\u064d \u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0635\u0627\u0628 \u062a\u0631\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0645\u0627\u063a \u062a\u0637\u0648\u0651\u0631 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0628\u0624 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644 \u2014 \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u064f\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0628\u0641\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0645\u0627\u063a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0628\u0624\u064a\u00bb.<\/span>
\n\u0641\u064a \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 “\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0627\u0621\u061f”\u060c \u064a\u062a\u0628\u0646\u0649 \u0645\u0624\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u062f “\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0632 \u0623\u063a\u0648\u064a\u0631\u0627 \u0625\u064a \u0623\u0631\u0643\u0627\u0633” <\/span>(Blaise Aguera y Arcas) \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629 – \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0628\u0624 \u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0644\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0645\u0627\u063a \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0627 – \u0648\u064a\u0633\u062a\u0643\u0634\u0641 \u0622\u062b\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0648\u062a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062b\u0627\u0631 \u0631\u0624\u0649 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u062c\u0630\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0633\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0630\u062c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0645\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0631\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0625\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0639\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0623\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0637\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a.<\/span>
\n\u064a\u0642\u062f\u0651\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u062a\u0635\u0648\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0648\u062d\u0651\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0627\u0621 \u064a\u0645\u062a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u064a\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0626\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0637\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0637\u064a\u0641\u064d \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0633\u0648\u0628 \u0648\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0651\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0635\u0627\u0628. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0636\u0645\u0651 \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629 \u0648\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u064a\u0642\u062f\u0651\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0644\u0641 \u0648\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b\u064a \u0648\u0632\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0624\u0647. \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629 \u0628\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0651\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0637\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629 (\u0648\u0644\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0635\u0627\u0628) \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u064a\u060c \u064a\u062c\u0627\u062f\u0644 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0627\u0621\u061f \u2014 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u062d\u0648\u064d \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0644\u0641 \u0644\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u062f \u2014 \u0628\u0623\u0646 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0637\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629 \u062a\u0645\u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u0628\u0631\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0639\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0631\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0629.<\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

\u0645\u0624\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628:<\/strong><\/span>
\n\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0628\u0644\u064a\u0632 \u0623\u063a\u0648\u064a\u0631\u0627 \u0625\u064a \u0623\u0631\u0643\u0627\u0633 (Blaise Ag\u00fcera y Arcas) \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0624\u0644\u0641 \u0648\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b \u0628\u0627\u0631\u0632 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0637\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0634\u063a\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u0635\u0628 \u0646\u0627\u0626\u0628 \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0648\u0632\u0645\u064a\u0644 (Fellow) \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u062c\u0648\u062c\u0644 (Google)\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627 (CTO) \u0644\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639 \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u00bb. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u064f\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633 \u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u00ab\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0627\u0621\u00bb (Paradigms of Intelligence \u2013 Pi)\u060c \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u062d\u062b\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u064f\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u062d\u0627\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0637\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637\u0629 \u0628\u0647.<\/span>
\n\u0623\u0644\u0651\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0628\u0644\u064a\u0632 \u0639\u062f\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0632\u0647\u0627:<\/span>
\n1. \u064a\u0648\u0628\u064a \u0633\u0648\u0646\u062a “Ubi Sunt”\u060c <\/span>
\n2. \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u062d\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646 “Who Are We Now”\u060c <\/span>
\n3. \u0645\u0627\u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 “What Is Life?” <\/span>
\n4. \u0648\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u062f\u062b “\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0627\u0621\u061f” (What Is Intelligence) <\/span>
\n\u0648\u062a\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0647 \u062a\u0642\u0627\u0637\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0637\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u060c \u0645\u0642\u062f\u0651\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0631\u0624\u0649 \u0639\u0645\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0645\u0646\u0635\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0636**<\/span> (Blinkist) \u0642\u0627\u0645\u062a \u0628\u062a\u0644\u062e\u064a\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u201c\u0633\u062a \u0648\u0645\u0636\u0627\u062a\u201d<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629\u00a0\u0648\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629<\/strong>\u060c\u00a0\u0648\u062a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0643\u0644 \u0648\u0645\u0636\u0629 \u062a\u0644\u062e\u064a\u0635\u0627 \u0644\u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u00a0\u0648\u0647\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a:<\/em><\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629:<\/strong> \u0627\u062d\u0635\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0631 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0648\u0645\u0628\u062a\u0643\u0631 \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u0627\u064b \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0637\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a.<\/span>
\n\u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0648\u062d\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0633\u0646\u0623\u062e\u0630 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0636\u0627\u062a \u0646\u0638\u0631\u0629 \u0634\u0645\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0627\u0621. \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0641\u062d\u0633\u0628\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0633\u0646\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u064a\u0626\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0637\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0627\u0629 \u0630\u0643\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0647\u0648 \u062a\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0645\u0628\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0629: \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0628\u0624. <\/span>
\n\u0648\u062a\u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0627\u0621 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0646\u0628\u063a\u064a \u0641\u0647\u0645\u0647 \u0628\u0648\u0635\u0641\u0647 \u0645\u0633\u0623\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0645\u0633\u0623\u0644\u0629 \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629. \u0625\u0646 \u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0628\u0624 \u0628\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0627\u0621 \u064a\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0635\u064a\u0627\u063a\u0629 \u0643\u0644 \u0634\u064a\u0621\u061b \u0628\u062f\u0621\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0646\u0634\u0623\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0642\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0626\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0646\u0645\u0627\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0637\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0636\u062e\u0645\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0641\u062c\u0623\u0629 \u0628\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0641\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629. <\/span>
\n\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0631 \u064a\u0646\u062d\u064a \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0627\u0634\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0637\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0630\u0643\u064a\u0627\u064b “\u062d\u0642\u0627\u064b”\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0648\u062c\u0647 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0647\u0646\u0627 \u0628\u062f\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631: \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0628\u0624 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u064a\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0648\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0643\u064a\u0641 \u064a\u0645\u062a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0646 \u0644\u064a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0643\u064a\u0641 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0641\u0644\u064a (\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u064a\u0634\u064a) \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0639\u064a\u062f \u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627. \u0641\u0644\u0646\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062d\u0638\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0628\u062f\u0623\u062a \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u062e\u0630 \u0634\u0643\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0636\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 – \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0643\u0644 \u0634\u064a\u0621<\/span><\/strong><\/span>
\n\u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u0646\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0634\u0631\u064a\u0637 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0647\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649\u060c \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a 4.6 \u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0633\u0646\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0646\u0627 \u0646\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0634\u0628\u0647 \u062d\u0627\u0636\u0631\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0646\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0627\u064b. \u0648\u062a\u064f\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u0628\u0640 “\u062f\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0627\u0646 Hadean Eon”\u060c \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0643\u0628 \u064a\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u064a\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0633\u0637\u062d \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0644\u0642\u0635\u0641 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0643\u0648\u064a\u0643\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0636\u062e\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0641\u064a \u0644\u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u064a \u064a\u063a\u0644\u064a. \u0648\u0628\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0636\u0649\u060c \u0628\u062f\u0623\u062a \u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0643\u0644.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0648\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u0637\u0644\u0642\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u062f \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u064f\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0623\u0628\u062f\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0625\u062d\u062f\u0649 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u062c\u0627\u0630\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0636\u0639 \u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0627\u0631. \u0641\u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u2014 \u0648\u0647\u064a \u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0628 \u0634\u0627\u0647\u0642\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u2014 \u062a\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u062e\u0648\u0631 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u062d\u062c\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629. \u0648\u062a\u064f\u0646\u0634\u0626 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0634\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0637\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0647\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0641\u0651\u0632 \u0633\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0641\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0651\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0630\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u062a\u0634\u0628\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u062f \u0628\u0639\u064a\u062f \u00ab\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0651\u0643\u00bb \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u062b\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0630\u0627\u0626\u064a (\u0627\u0644\u0623\u064a\u0636) \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u064a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0643\u0644 \u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645. \u0648\u0643\u0623\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0630\u0627\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u064a\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0648\u0645\u0639 \u062a\u064e\u0634\u0643\u0651\u064f\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629\u060c \u062d\u062f\u062b \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0642\u0641\u0632\u0627\u062a \u062c\u0631\u064a\u0626\u0629. \u0641\u0641\u064a \u0625\u062d\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0627\u0628\u062a\u0644\u0639\u062a \u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u062f\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062a\u0627\u0626\u0642 (archaeal cell) \u0628\u0643\u062a\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0645\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0628\u062f\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0636\u0645\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u064b \u0623\u062f\u0649 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0638\u0647\u0648\u0631 “\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u062a\u0648\u0643\u0648\u0646\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0627 mitochondria” \u2013 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0641\u062a\u062d\u062a \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0628\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0646\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0641.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0641\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0641\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649 \u062d\u0643\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0621. \u0641\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0637\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0645\u0627\u062b\u0644\u0629\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0643\u0644 \u0642\u0641\u0632\u0629 (\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0642) \u062a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0646\u0641\u0635\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u064f\u0646\u062a\u062c \u0634\u064a\u0626\u064b\u0627 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u062f\u0645\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0634\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u062a\u0627\u0631 \u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u062f.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0642\u062f \u062a\u062a\u0631\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0642\u062f \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0633\u0628\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0631\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0622\u0644\u0627\u0646 \u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0646\u063a (Alan Turing) \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u062f \u062c\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u0648\u0646 \u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0646 (John von Neumann) \u0623\u062f\u0631\u0643\u0648\u0627 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0637. \u0641\u0642\u062f \u062a\u062e\u064a\u0651\u0644\u0648\u0627 \u0622\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0642\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0639\u062f\u064a\u0644 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0648\u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0646\u0633\u062e \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0627 \u2014 \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0636\u0628\u0637 \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642 “\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0627\u062a\u064a” (self-replication) \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0648\u064a (DNA). \u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0648\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u062d\u0648\u0633\u0628\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0622\u0646\u064d \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0648\u0628\u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0628\u0633\u0637: \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0627\u062b\u0631 \u064a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u062d\u0648\u0633\u0628\u0629. \u0641\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629\u060c \u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0644\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u2014 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0628\u0648\u0633\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a (ribosomes)\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0632\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a (enzymes)\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0631\u0641\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a (morphogens) \u2014 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0632\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0648\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649 \u0645\u0648\u062d\u0651\u062f\u0629.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u064a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0628 \u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629. \u0641\u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 2023\u060c \u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u0648\u0646 \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0634\u0628\u0647 \u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0626\u064a (primordial soup) \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0646\u0634\u0623 \u0623\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0637 \u0645\u0645\u0627\u062b\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0627\u062a\u064a. \u0623\u064f\u0636\u064a\u0641 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0621 \u0622\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u0631\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0648\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0634\u064a\u0641\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0628\u062f\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0639\u062f\u064a\u0644 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0627. \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644\u060c \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0645\u0644\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0628\u062f\u0623\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u0631\u0637\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0627\u062b\u0631. \u0648\u0641\u062c\u0623\u0629\u060c \u064a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0648\u062a\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u0636\u0648\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0637 \u0642\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0627\u062a\u064a.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0641\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0648\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0627\u062b\u0631\u061b \u0648\u0628\u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0647\u0627\u060c \u062a\u062a\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0632\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0648\u0631. \u0648\u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0633\u0646\u0631\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0636\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0642\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0641\u0633\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0644\u0638\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0627\u0621.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0636\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 – \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0628\u0633\u0637 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0647<\/span><\/strong><\/span>
\n\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0628\u0633\u0637 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649\u060c \u064a\u062a\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0627\u0621 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0642\u0627\u0621. \u0648\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0642\u0645\u0646\u0627 \u0628\u062a\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0628\u0646\u0627 \u0628\u0643\u062a\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u0646\u062c\u0631\u0641 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644\u060c \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0646\u0631\u0649 \u0646\u0648\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0647\u064a \u062a\u062a\u0634\u0643\u0644. \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0646\u062a\u062e\u064a\u0644\u0647 \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u2013 \u0645\u0639 \u0625\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0628\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u062f\u0641\u0651\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u2013 \u0628\u0644 \u0646\u0633\u062e\u0629 \u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0628\u0633\u0637\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062a\u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0645\u0647\u0645\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0628\u0642\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0644\u062d\u0638\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062a\u0643\u0627\u062b\u0631 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0623\u0639\u0645\u0649 \u0641\u062d\u0633\u0628\u061b \u0628\u0644 \u0647\u064a \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u0633\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u0628\u0646\u064a \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0643\u0644 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0641 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0623\u0628\u062f\u064b\u0627. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u064a\u0637\u0629 \u064a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0643\u0644 \u0634\u064a\u0621\u061b \u0641\u0647\u0648 \u064a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a \u064a\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u2013 \u063a\u0634\u0627\u0621 – \u0644\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0633\u0629. \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u063a\u0644\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0625\u062d\u0643\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062a\u062f\u0641\u0642\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0642\u0627\u0621.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u062e\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0647\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u062b\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0642\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u064f\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0647\u0648 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0629. \u0641\u0643\u0644 \u0643\u0627\u0626\u0646 \u062d\u064a \u064a\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0633\u062a\u0647\u0644\u0643\u0647 \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u062a\u062c\u0646\u0628\u0647. \u0648\u0647\u0646\u0627 \u062a\u0644\u0648\u062d \u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0648\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0627\u0621: \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0642\u0627\u0621 \u062d\u064a\u064b\u0627.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u060c \u062a\u0645\u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0643\u062a\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u063a\u0631 – “\u062f\u0645\u0627\u063a” \u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a \u062d\u064a\u0648\u064a \u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0628\u0631\u0648\u062a\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u0639\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0634\u062a\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0647\u0631\u064a\u0629. \u062a\u0646\u062f\u0645\u062c \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643\u061b \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643 \u0628\u0633\u064a\u0637 \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0631\u0639\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0648\u0630\u0643\u064a \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627\u064b. \u062a\u0633\u0628\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0643\u062a\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0628\u0648\u0627\u0633\u0637\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u0648\u062d\u0629 \u062f\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u0633\u0645\u0649 “\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0637” (flagellum)\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0646\u062c\u062d \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062d\u0638\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0644\u062d\u0638\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0633\u0628\u0642\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0632\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0631\u0627\u0626\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0642\u0648\u0629\u060c \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0643\u062a\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0637\u0648\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0634\u064a\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u062e\u0628\u0637 \u0648\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647\u0647\u0627 (tumble) \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u062a\u0643\u0631\u0631. \u0648\u0633\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0648\u0621\u060c \u062a\u062a\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0643\u062a\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c \u0630\u0627\u062a\u0647: \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0646\u0645\u0637 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u062a\u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b \u0639\u0634\u0648\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a. \u0628\u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0647\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062d\u0635\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0643\u0644 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0628 (\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a) (homeostasis) \u2013 \u0623\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0627\u0638 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0645\u0631\u064a\u062d. \u0648\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0646\u0627 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u062a\u0645\u062b\u064a\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0644\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628\u064a \u064a\u0646\u0633\u062c \u0645\u0639\u064b\u0627 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u062a\u062f\u0641\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0622\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f: <\/span>
\n1. \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u062e\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0629 (X)\u060c <\/span>
\n2. \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629 (H)\u060c <\/span>
\n3. \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0629 (O). <\/span>
\n\u0648\u064a\u064f\u0634\u0643\u0651\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0643 P(X,H,O) \u0631\u0624\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0626\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645. \u0641\u0647\u0648 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0646\u0628\u0623 \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0642\u062f \u064a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u062f\u0641\u0639 \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u062e\u0628\u0637 \u0623\u0648 \u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u062a\u0641\u0639\u064a\u0644 \u062c\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0648 \u0625\u064a\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0647.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0648\u0647\u0646\u0627 \u064a\u0623\u062a\u064a \u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631\u061b \u0641\u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u064a\u0627\u0644\u060c \u062a\u0636\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u062a\u0635\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0645\u0627\u0630\u062c \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0641\u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644\u060c \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0643\u0641\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0648\u0634\u0645\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0628\u0624. \u0648\u0628\u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0645\u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0626\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u064a\u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647 – \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0623\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644\u0647 – \u064a\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0643\u062a\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0647\u062f\u0641\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648: \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0642\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629. \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0647\u0648 \u0628\u0630\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0647 \u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0644\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0623\u062a\u064a \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0630\u0644\u0643.<\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0636\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0629 – \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d\u062a \u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0645\u0628\u064a\u0648\u062a\u0631 \u0630\u0643\u064a\u0629<\/span><\/strong><\/span>
\n\u0644\u0646\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0644 \u0633\u0631\u064a\u0639\u064b\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0637\u0644\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0634\u0631\u060c \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0633\u0627\u0647\u0645 \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0646\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0631\u060c \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u062f \u063a\u0648\u062a\u0641\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0641\u064a\u0644\u0647\u0644\u0645 \u0644\u0627\u064a\u0628\u0646\u062a\u0633 (Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz)\u060c \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0645\u0647\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0644\u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0644\u0627\u064a\u0628\u0646\u062a\u0633 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u062f\u0631\u0643\u0648\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0633\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0649 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628. \u0641\u0642\u062f \u062d\u0644\u0645 \u0628\u062e\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0632\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0633\u062a\u0637\u064a\u0639 \u0625\u0639\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0625\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u062e\u0627\u0637\u0626\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u064a \u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u2014 \u0645\u062a\u062e\u064a\u0644\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0648\u0645\u0627\u064b \u064a\u062d\u0633\u0645 \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0638\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0628\u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0648\u0646 \u062f\u0641\u0627\u062a\u0631 \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u064f\u0636\u0639 \u062d\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0644\u0627\u064a\u0628\u0646\u062a\u0633 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628\u0627 \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627\u0645\u0634 \u0644\u0635\u0627\u0644\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0632\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629. \u0641\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0639\u0634\u0631\u060c \u0623\u0633\u0647\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0645\u0647\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0644\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0628\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0622\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0651\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644\u064a Analytical Engine\u00bb \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0627\u0628\u062a\u0643\u0631\u0647 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u062f \u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0644\u0632 \u0628\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062c (Charles Babbage)\u060c \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0627\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u0646\u0639.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u062f\u0631\u0643\u0648\u0627 \u0625\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0639\u0638\u0645. \u0641\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0622\u062f\u0627 \u0644\u0648\u0641\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0633 (Ada Lovelace)\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0625\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u062d\u0648\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0628 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0651\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0642\u0648\u062f\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u062a\u0631\u0628\u0637 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0637 \u0630\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0634\u0643\u0651\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0641\u062a \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0642\u062f \u0646\u0643\u062a\u0634\u0641 \u0641\u064a\u0647 “\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0636\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0628\u064a”.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0628\u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644 \u0623\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0635\u0627\u0628 \u0642\u062f \u0644\u062d\u0642\u062a \u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0643\u0628. \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0631\u0635\u062f\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0646\u0628\u0636\u0627\u062a \u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0628\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0627 \u0642\u0627\u062f \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u062c\u0631\u064a\u0626\u0629: \u0631\u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0631\u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0645\u0627\u063a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0646\u0648\u0639\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0651\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644\u064a\u00bb. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1943\u060c \u062a\u0628\u0646\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0631\u0646 \u0645\u0643\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062a\u0634 (Warren McCulloch) \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631 \u0628\u064a\u062a\u0633 (Walter Pitts)\u060c \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0624\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u0627\u064b\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0648\u0636\u0639\u0627 \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c\u0627\u064b “\u0644\u0644\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0628\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u064a\u0629” \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0649 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0641 \u0644\u064a\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0645\u0628\u064a\u0648\u062a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u0629.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0648\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0646\u0637\u0644\u0642\u062a \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0628 \u0628\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d\u062a \u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0633\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0637\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a (Binary). \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u0631\u0633\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0644\u0645\u0627 \u0639\u064f\u0631\u0641 \u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0640 \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0637\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0643\u064a\u00bb (GOFAI)\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0635\u064f\u0648\u0651\u0650\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0626\u0646\u0627\u062a (\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0648\u062a\u0627\u062a) \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0639\u064f\u062f\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631 \u0643\u0627\u0626\u0646\u0627\u062a \u062d\u062f\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0639\u0627\u0637\u0641\u064a\u0629.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0641\u064a \u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0641\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0628\u0631 \u0623\u063a\u0648\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0645\u0627\u063a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0648\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u0635\u0631\u0641 \u0643\u0628\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629\u061b \u0628\u0644 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u062a\u062a\u0635\u0631\u0641 \u0643\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u0642\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u062e\u0637\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0645\u0627\u063a \u064a\u0628\u062f\u0648 \u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0634\u0628\u0647\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0645\u064f\u0628\u0631\u0647\u0646\u064d \u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0634\u0628\u0647\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0626\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0628\u0636 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0636\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0646\u062a\u0645\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0637\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0643\u064a\u00bb (GOFAI) \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0633\u0647\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630\u060c \u0641\u0645\u0636\u0649 \u0642\u062f\u0645\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0648\u062c\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0637\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0642\u0631\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0648\u0637\u0626 \u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0644\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0641\u0631\u0639\u064d \u0634\u0628\u0647 \u0645\u0646\u0633\u064a \u064a\u064f\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0628\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0628\u0631\u0646\u0637\u064a\u0642\u0627 (Cybernetics). \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0631\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0643\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0646\u0628\u0624\u061b \u0623\u064a \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0646\u0638\u0645 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u062a\u062a\u0643\u064a\u0641 \u0645\u0639 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u062a\u063a\u0644\u0642 \u062d\u0644\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u0630\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645. \u0625\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0631\u0624\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u062c\u0630\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u0630\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0628\u0624\u060c \u0628\u062f\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0628\u062f\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0641\u0639\u0627\u062a (batch processing)\u060c \u0631\u0643\u0651\u0632\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a (\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0628\u0631\u0646\u0637\u064a\u0642\u0627) \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0644\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u0630\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u062a\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0639\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0648\u062a\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u0639\u0647\u060c \u0648\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0651\u062b \u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0631. \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0641\u0639\u060c \u0648\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0628 \u062a\u0635\u0648\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0646\u0627\u0628\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0641\u0642 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u062f\u0623.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0623\u0646 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0628\u0631\u0646\u0637\u064a\u0642\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0637\u0645\u0648\u062d\u0629 \u0648\u0639\u0638\u064a\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c\u062a \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0642 \u0628\u0647\u0627. \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0648\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u063a\u0628 \u0623\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a (\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0628\u0631\u0646\u0637\u064a\u0642\u0627)\u061b \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0627\u0621 \u064a\u0646\u0628\u062b\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0628\u0624\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u0630\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0629.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0636\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0629 – \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0643\u0644\u0647 \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0628\u0624<\/span><\/strong><\/span>
\n\u0625\u0630\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u0623\u062f\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u062b\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a (\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0628\u0631\u0646\u0637\u064a\u0642\u0627) \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0637\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u061f \u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0623\u0646\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0627 \u0646\u0633\u062a\u0637\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0648\u0636 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0635\u064a\u0644\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0646\u0627 \u0630\u0643\u0631 “\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0633\u064a\u0628\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646” (perceptron). \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0633\u064a\u0628\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0647\u0648 \u0623\u0628\u0633\u0637 \u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0637\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0643 \u062a\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639\u0647 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0648\u062a\u063a\u0630\u064a\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u0622\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0647 \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0634\u064a\u0621 \u0645\u0627\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0632.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0622\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0651\u0645\u060c \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0651\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0632. \u0641\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u0645\u062d \u0644\u0644\u0622\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0644\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0623\u0646 “\u062a\u0646\u0634\u0637” \u0628\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0625\u064a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u062e\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d\u0629. \u0648\u064a\u064f\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u0645 “\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0634\u064a\u0637” (activation function)\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u064f\u0633\u0645\u0651\u0649 (ReLU)\u060c \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0631 \u0644\u0640 (Rectified Linear Unit) (\u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064f\u0635\u062d\u0651\u064e\u062d\u0629).<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0642\u062f \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0636\u0644\u0651\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0621\u060c \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064f\u0635\u062d\u0651\u064e\u062d\u0629 (ReLU) \u062a\u0645\u062b\u0651\u0644 \u0625\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0632\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0644\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0627\u062a \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u064a\u062d \u0644\u0644\u0622\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0651\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0632 \u0628\u063a\u0636\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0636\u062c \u0623\u0648 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0648\u064a\u0631. \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u064a\u0634\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0644\u062f\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0648\u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0631\u0648\u062a\u064a\u0646\u0627\u064b \u062a\u0646\u0628\u0624\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0645\u062a\u0643\u0631\u0631\u0627\u064b\u060c \u064a\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u064f\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0628\u0640 “\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0628\u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629” (transfer learning) \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u061b \u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0637\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0642\u062f \u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0637 \u0644\u064a\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0628\u0639\u0636\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u0627\u0626\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u0627\u064b. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0646\u0643 \u062a\u0633\u062a\u0637\u064a\u0639 \u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 “\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0633\u064a\u0628\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646 perceptron” \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062d \u0628\u0646\u062c\u0627\u062d \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0623\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0629 \u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u0627\u064b.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0644\u0640 “\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0636\u0639 \u0644\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0641” (unsupervised learning). \u0641\u0628\u062f\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0641 \u0645\u0644\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u064a\u062f\u0648\u064a\u0627\u064b\u060c \u062a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u062d\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0634\u0648\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629 “\u062a\u0631\u0645\u064a\u0645\u0647\u0627” (in-paint)\u061b \u0623\u064a \u0645\u0644\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u063a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0628\u0624 \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0641\u0642\u0648\u062f. \u0648\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0641\u0639\u0644\u062a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0628\u0646\u062c\u0627\u062d\u060c \u0641\u0633\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0642\u062f \u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 “\u0636\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0627\u064b”\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0634\u0645\u0644: \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0641\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0633\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0642\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0641\u0627\u062a. \u0644\u0642\u062f \u0628\u0646\u064a\u062a \u0628\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u062b\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u064a \u0645\u0647\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u0629 \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628\u0627\u064b. \u0625\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0630\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0642\u0648\u062f\u0629\u061b \u0641\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0628\u0624 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0630\u062c\u0629 \u0648\u062c\u0647\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0625\u0646 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0635\u0631\u064a \u064a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0628\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u064a\u0634\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0628 “\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0641\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062c\u0648\u0628” (masked-autoencoder). \u0641\u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0645\u0627 “\u0646\u0631\u0627\u0647” \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0634\u0648\u0634\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u063a\u0627\u0645\u0636\u0627\u064b\u061b \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0646\u0627 \u0646\u062d\u0631\u0643 \u0623\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0646\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0646\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u062e\u0645\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a\u0646\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0646\u0645\u0644\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u063a\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0646\u0627 \u0646\u0628\u0646\u064a \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c\u0627\u064b \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0630\u0647\u0644\u0627\u064b. \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0635\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0627 \u0647\u0648 “\u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621” (reconstruction) \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u062e\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0645.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0645\u0627\u063a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0647\u0627\u0626\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0636\u0626\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0646\u0634\u0637 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u064a \u0644\u062d\u0638\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629\u061b \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0633\u0623\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0641\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627\u064b. \u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0645\u0627\u063a \u0641\u064a \u062d\u062f \u0630\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0635\u0645\u0645 \u0644\u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0643\u0633 (\u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u0630\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u0629). \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0643\u0644\u0647 \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062a\u062f\u0629\u061b \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0636\u0644\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0633\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0628\u064a\u0629… \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0631\u0633\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0635\u0639\u0648\u062f\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u062a\u0635\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0628\u064a\u0629.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0651\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0651\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0628\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0651\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u064a \u0644\u064a\u0633\u062a \u0633\u0648\u0649 \u062a\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647: \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0628\u0624 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u064a\u0634\u064a (\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0641\u0644\u064a) \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631 \u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0627\u064b. \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0626\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0628\u0642\u0649 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0628\u0624 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0628\u0624 \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0628\u0624 \u0628\u0628\u0639\u0636\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0639\u0636\u060c \u0648\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0633 \u0632\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0629. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0623\u0635\u0644 (\u062c\u0648\u0647\u0631) \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0627\u0621 \u2013 \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0647\u0632\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0641\u0622\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0641\u0631\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0630\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u064a\u062a\u0643\u0634\u0641 \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645\u0646\u0627.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0636\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0645\u0633\u0629 – \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0637\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645<\/span><\/strong><\/span>
\n\u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0623\u0646 \u0646\u062e\u062a\u062a\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0636\u0629\u060c \u062f\u0639\u0648\u0646\u0627 \u0646\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0637\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645\u0646\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u062f \u0645\u0627: \u0646\u0645\u0627\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0644\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0639\u062a\u064f\u0628\u0631\u062a \u0645\u0646\u062a\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u062a\u0634\u0627\u062a \u062c\u064a \u0628\u064a \u062a\u064a (ChatGPT) \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0627\u064b \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u062f\u0639\u0648\u0646\u0627 \u0646\u0646\u0632\u0644 “\u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629” \u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0639\u0631\u0634\u0647\u0627 \u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644\u0627\u064b. \u0641\u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0643\u064a\u062f\u060c \u064a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631 \u0628\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064d \u062c\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0642\u064a\u062f\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u062a\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u062b\u0631\u064a \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627\u064b \u2013 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0644\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0628\u063a\u0627\u0648\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0643\u0644\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0648\u062c (prairie dogs) \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0645\u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0646\u062f\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u062a\u062d\u0630\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0641\u0635\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0630\u0647\u0644. \u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0641 \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0641\u0639\u0644\u0647: \u0641\u0647\u064a \u062a\u0633\u0645\u062d \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0628\u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0634\u0641 \u0639\u0646 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0628\u0639\u0636\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0639\u0636. \u0625\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0647\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u061b \u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u0623\u062e\u0630 \u062f\u0645\u0627\u063a\u0643 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0636\u062e\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0636\u0648\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0628\u0639 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0633\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0636\u063a\u0637\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0634\u064a\u0641\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u062f\u0645\u062c\u0629 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635 \u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0641\u0647\u0645\u0647\u0627. \u0623\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u064b \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0641\u0631\u0629 \u0635\u0631\u062e\u0629 \u0623\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0623\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u064b \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u0631\u062d\u064a\u0629 “\u0647\u0627\u0645\u0644\u062a”.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629\u060c \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0646\u062e\u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062e\u0631\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0628\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0628\u0625\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u0646\u0627 \u062a\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0637 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0644 \u0637\u0628\u0642\u0627\u062a “\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0644” (theory-of-mind) \u2013 \u0623\u064a \u0623\u0641\u0643\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0627 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0623\u0641\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0646.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0639\u0644 \u0623\u0635\u0639\u0628 “\u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0644” \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0637\u0629 “\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0644\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629” (compositionality) \u2013 \u0623\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0646\u064d \u0645\u0639\u0642\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0628\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0629 \u2013 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f\u0629. \u0648\u0628\u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0631\u0645\u064a\u0632 \u0623\u0634\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u062b\u0644 “\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0627”\u060c \u0648”\u0627\u0644\u0622\u062e\u0631”\u060c \u0648”\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0628\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0645”\u060c \u0648”\u0631\u0628\u0645\u0627”\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 “\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629” (\u0625\u0630\u0627\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646)\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0643 \u062d\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0645\u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0634\u064a\u0626\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0647 \u0648\u0635\u0641 \u0623\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0630\u0647\u0646\u064a \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u062e\u064a\u0644\u0647 \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628\u0627\u064b.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0646\u0645\u0630\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0632\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0646\u062c\u062d \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0623\u0628\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u064a\u0633\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0646\u0636\u0628\u0637\u0629. \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0651\u0631\u062a \u0643\u0644 \u0634\u064a\u0621\u060c \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u062c\u0631\u0649 \u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0628\u0624 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a (next-token prediction) \u2014 \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u064f\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u062a\u0648\u0642\u0651\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644 \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0628\u0624 \u064a\u064f\u062c\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u0651\u0645 \u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645. \u0641\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0637\u0627\u0639 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062e\u0645\u0651\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644: \u00ab\u0623\u0633\u0642\u0637\u062a \u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0646\u063a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0622\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0645\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0636\u0637\u0631\u0631\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d (____)\u00bb\u060c \u0641\u0644\u0627 \u0628\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0639\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u064a\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0623\u064a\u0651\u064f \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0626\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062d.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0648\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0637\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0643\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u062f\u0623\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0643\u0631\u0631\u0629 (RNNs) \u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0645\u0627\u0630\u062c “\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a” (Transformers). \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0643\u0631\u0631\u0629 (RNNs) \u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0639\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0636\u0639\u0641 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0627\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0645\u062a \u062a\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 “\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a”\u060c \u062d\u064f\u0644\u062a \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629. \u0644\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0648\u062c\u062f \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0646\u0648\u0639\u0627\u064b \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 “\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0647” (attention)\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0643\u0644 \u0643\u0644\u0645\u0629 “\u062a\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649” \u0623\u064a \u0643\u0644\u0645\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0641\u0633\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0632\u064d \u0648\u062b\u0631\u064a. \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u064a\u0628 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646 “\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a” \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u064f\u0635\u0645\u0645 \u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0643\u0633\u062a \u0622\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0646\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a “\u062d\u0635\u064a\u0646” \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0645\u0627\u063a (hippocampus) \u0648\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 “\u062e\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629” (grid-cell).<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0651\u0644\u0627\u062a (Transformers) \u0633\u0645\u0629 \u063a\u0631\u064a\u0628\u0629 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627: \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u0630\u0643\u0631 \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u062a\u0648\u0635\u0651\u0644\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u0627. \u0625\u0630 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u062f \u0643\u0644 \u0631\u0645\u0632 (token) \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644. \u0648\u0644\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628\u060c \u0642\u062f \u062a\u062d\u0644 \u0623\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0646\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0633\u0623\u0644\u0629 \u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d\u060c \u062b\u0645 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u0651\u0645 \u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u062e\u0627\u0637\u0626\u064b\u0627 \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u064b\u0627. \u0648\u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u064a\u0643\u0641\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0623\u0646 \u00ab\u064a\u0641\u0643\u0651\u0631 \u062e\u0637\u0648\u0629 \u0628\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0629\u00bb. \u0641\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u062e\u0637\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u060c \u064a\u0624\u062f\u0651\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621\u064b \u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u064f\u062c\u0632\u0651\u0626 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d\u0629.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0648\u0636\u062d \u0644\u0643 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0647\u064a “\u0633\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0629” \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u061b \u0641\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u062e\u0637\u0648\u0629 \u0628\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0629 \u064a\u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0637\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0645\u0647\u0627.<\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0636\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062f\u0633\u0629 – \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0628\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0637\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062a (\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a) \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0627\u0621<\/span><\/strong><\/span>
\n\u062f\u0639\u0648\u0646\u0627 \u0646\u062e\u062a\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0627 \u0642\u062f \u064a\u062e\u0628\u0626\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0637\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a. <\/span>\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0646\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0637\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0628\u0639\u064a\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0628\u0627\u062a \u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u062c\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0646\u0631\u0627\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0626\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u060c \u062a\u064f\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0644 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0646\u0639\u062f\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u064a\u0629: \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0645\u064a\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0630\u0627\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u062f\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0648\u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0636\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0648\u062a\u0623\u062c\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0628\u0627\u0639. \u0641\u0647\u064a \u062a\u0628\u0646\u064a \u062e\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062a\u0635\u0644\u062d\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0637\u0631\u0642 \u062a\u062a\u0643\u064a\u0651\u0641 \u0645\u0639 \u0623\u0648\u0636\u0627\u0639 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0641\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0637 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u062a\u062e\u0630 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0630\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0628 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0633\u064a\u0626\u0629.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0628\u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0647\u064a \u062a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u0646\u0633\u062e\u0629 “\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0645\u0627\u063a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631” \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0646\u0633\u0645\u0651\u064a\u0647 “\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c”. \u0648\u0643\u0644 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0647\u0648 \u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062a\u0633\u062a\u0637\u064a\u0639 \u0646\u0645\u0627\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0651\u0644\u0627\u062a (Transformers) \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0647 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627. \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0642\u0635\u0635 \u0642\u0635\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0636\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u00ab\u0630\u0643\u0627\u0621 \u062f\u0645\u0627\u063a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0644\u0629\u00bb.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0633 \u0639\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631 \u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0637\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u062e\u064a\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u0631\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0641\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d\u0629: \u0630\u0643\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0635\u0637\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0636\u064a\u0642\u060c \u062b\u0645 \u0630\u0643\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0635\u0637\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645\u060c \u062b\u0645 \u0630\u0643\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0648\u0644\u062d\u0638\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0631\u062f (Singularity) \u0628\u0639\u062f\u0647\u0627. \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0641\u0632\u0629 \u0646\u062d\u0648 “\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629” \u0642\u062f \u062d\u062f\u062b\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644 – \u0628\u0647\u062f\u0648\u0621 – \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u062f\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0628\u0642 \u0644\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u062e\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u064a.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0628\u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062b \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644\u060c \u062a\u0648\u0642\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0643\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0641\u0635\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u064a\u0628\u062f\u0648 \u0643\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u0633\u0644\u0642 \u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0634\u0627\u0642\u0629. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0646\u0645\u0637 \u0634\u0647\u062f\u0646\u0627\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0644\u061b \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0645\u0628\u064a\u0648\u062a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062a\u062e\u0635\u0635\u0629\u060c \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0648\u0635\u0644 \u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0645\u062c\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629. \u0648\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u062a\u0633\u0627\u0631\u0639 \u0643\u0644 \u0634\u064a\u0621 \u0648\u0641\u0642 \u0645\u0646\u062d\u0646\u0649 \u0623\u0633\u064a \u0633\u0644\u0633. \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0637\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a \u064a\u062a\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0648 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647: \u0641\u0642\u062f \u062d\u062f\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0646\u0634\u0647\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0646 \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0631\u0639.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0631\u0628\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0624\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0625\u062b\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0647\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0639\u0646\u064a\u0647 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u0648\u0643\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636. \u0641\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u064a\u062f \u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644 \u0643\u0644 \u0634\u064a\u0621. \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0621 \u2013 \u0643\u0644 \u0642\u0641\u0632\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u0629 \u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0639\u064a\u0634\u0646\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0643\u064a\u0641 \u062a\u062a\u062f\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0648\u0642\u062f \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0637\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0641\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629\u061b \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0633\u062a\u062d\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0644\u0646\u0627\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0646\u0633\u062c\u062a \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0627 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 “\u0639\u0642\u0644 \u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a” \u064a\u0632\u062f\u0627\u062f \u062a\u0648\u0633\u0639\u0627\u064b \u064a\u0648\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0639\u062f \u064a\u0648\u0645. \u0641\u0643\u0644 \u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u062f \u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0643\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0621\u064b \u0630\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u2013 \u0644\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u062e\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0623\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u064b. \u0625\u0630 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0627\u062f \u0648\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0642\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0648\u0644\u0623\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u0641\u0631\u062f\u0647\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u0637\u064a\u0639 \u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0645\u0648\u062f \u064a\u0648\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0636\u062e\u0627\u062a \u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0644 \u0625\u0645\u062f\u0627\u062f\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a. \u0648\u0643\u0644 \u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 “\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0641\u0644 (\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u064a\u0634) \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a” \u062a\u0631\u0641\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0646\u0627 \u0648\u062a\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0634\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0646\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0622\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f. \u0648\u064a\u0623\u062a\u064a \u0635\u0639\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0637\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0644\u064a\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0637: \u0642\u0648\u0649 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0647\u0627\u0626\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u063a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0628\u062a\u0628\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u0646\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0643\u0627\u0641\u064d.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0648\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0642: \u0623\u0646 \u0646\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0637\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0628\u0648\u0635\u0641\u0647 \u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0635\u062a\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u062f \u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644. \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0627\u0621 \u064a\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0647\u062c\u064a\u0646\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062a\u0648\u0632\u0639\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631. \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0626\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u062d\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0630\u0643\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0627\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0645\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0628\u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 “\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0643” \u0628\u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0631\u0646\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a\u0646\u0627\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0628\u062f\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0646\u0627 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0624\u0647 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u064b.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629<\/span><\/strong><\/span>
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\u0641\u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0627\u0621 \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0633\u0648\u0649 \u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0645 \u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u062c\u064a \u0644\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0628\u0624\u060c \u0648\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0630\u062c \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062b\u0631\u0627\u0621\u064b\u060c \u0648\u062d\u0644\u0642\u0627\u062a \u062a\u063a\u0630\u064a\u0629 \u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062a\u0639\u0642\u064a\u062f\u064b\u0627. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631\u062a \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0637\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629 \u0627\u0646\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0626 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0627.<\/span>
\n\u0644\u0642\u062f \u062f\u0641\u0639\u062a “\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a” \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0628\u0631\u0646\u064a\u062a\u064a\u0643\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0622\u0644\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0639\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0648\u062a\u062a\u0635\u0631\u0641 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u060c \u0648\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0651\u062b \u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u2014 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u064a\u062d\u0627\u0643\u064a \u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0627.<\/span><\/p>\n

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*\u062a\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u062a\u0635\u0631\u0641.<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n

**<\/strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631: \u0645\u0646\u0635\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0636 (Blinkist) \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0635\u0629 \u062a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u062a\u0644\u062e\u064a\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u060c \u0648\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0648\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0622\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0648\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0635\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621.<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"
\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0630 \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0633\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u064a<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u0625\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628:\u00a0 \u201c\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0627\u0621\u061f \u062f\u0631\u0648\u0633 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0637\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0633\u0628\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0648\u0644\u201d [What Is Intelligence? Lessons from AI About Evolution, Computing, and Minds] \u062a\u0646\u0635\u0651\u0644: \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u0628\u0651\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u062a\u0623\u064a\u064a\u062f\u064d \u0623\u0648 \u0631\u0641\u0636\u064d \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0622\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635\u0648\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u062a\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u062b\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0641 \u0648\u0631\u0624\u0649 \u0645\u062a\u0646\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0639 …<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":33369,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_exactmetrics_skip_tracking":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_active":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_note":"","_exactmetrics_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[40,15],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-33367","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","","category-40","category-15"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/33367","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/4"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=33367"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/33367\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":33378,"href":"https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/33367\/revisions\/33378"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/33369"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=33367"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=33367"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=33367"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}