{"id":32924,"date":"2025-12-27T12:33:35","date_gmt":"2025-12-27T09:33:35","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/?p=32924"},"modified":"2025-12-27T12:33:35","modified_gmt":"2025-12-27T09:33:35","slug":"%d9%83%d9%8a%d9%81-%d8%aa%d8%ba%d9%8a%d9%91%d8%b1%d8%aa-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%86%d8%b8%d8%b1%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b9%d9%84%d9%85%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d8%a5%d9%84%d9%89-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d8%b1%d8%b6%d8%9f-%d9%82","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/?p=32924","title":{"rendered":"\u0643\u064a\u0641 \u062a\u063a\u064a\u0651\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0636\u061f \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0637\u0648\u0651\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628 – \u0628\u0642\u0644\u0645 \u063a\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0628\u0648\u062e\u0645\u0633\u064a\u0646"},"content":{"rendered":"

\u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0636 \u0637\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f “\u062e\u0644\u0644” \u0628\u0633\u064a\u0637 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062c\u0633\u062f. \u0644\u0642\u062f \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0632\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0645\u0631\u0622\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u0643\u0633 \u0639\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0635\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0648\u062a\u062e\u0648\u0641\u0627\u062a\u0647. \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0641\u0647\u0645\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0651\u0629 \u062a\u0643\u0634\u0641 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u0646\u0639\u062a\u0642\u062f: \u0641\u0647\u064a \u062a\u0631\u0648\u064a \u0644\u0646\u0627 \u0642\u0635\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0646\u0627 \u0628\u0623\u062c\u0633\u0627\u062f\u0646\u0627\u060c \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0648\u0644\u0646\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0628\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0628\u062a\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0622\u062e\u0631\u060c \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628 \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0644\u0648 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 “\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a” \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0646\u0631\u062a\u062f\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0646\u0631\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0636 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627. \u0643\u0644 \u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0644\u0647 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062d\u062f\u062f \u0644\u0647: \u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0636\u061f<\/strong> \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0633\u0628\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a\u061f \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0646\u0635\u062f\u0642\u0647\u061f \u0648\u0643\u064a\u0641 \u0646\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0639\u0647\u061f<\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062a\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u062c\u0630\u0631\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0645\u0646:<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0639\u064a\u062f\u060c \u0633\u0627\u062f\u062a \u0646\u0638\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629-\u0643\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0636 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0639\u0642\u0627\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0647\u064a\u064b\u0627. <\/span>\u062b\u0645 \u062c\u0627\u0621\u062a \u0646\u0638\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0631\u0628\u0637\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0636 \u0628\u0640 “\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0633\u062f” \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0648\u062b\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a. <\/span>\u0641\u062c\u0627\u0621\u062a \u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0643\u062a\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0639\u0634\u0631\u060c \u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u062f\u0642\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u0627\u0626\u0646 \u0645\u062c\u0647\u0631\u064a \u0648\u062d\u064a\u062f \u0643\u0645\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0636.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645\u060c \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d\u062a \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062a\u0639\u0642\u064a\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u0634\u0645\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629. \u0646\u062d\u0646 \u0646\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0636 \u0643\u0640 \u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u0642\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0628\u0643 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0646\u0645\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0633\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u064a\u0637\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0643\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0627. \u0644\u0645 \u0646\u0639\u062f \u0646\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0639\u0646 “\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u064a\u062f”\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0639\u0646 “\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a” \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0627\u0628\u0629.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0647\u0648 \u0642\u0635\u0629 \u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0641\u0643\u0631\u064a\u060c \u062a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u0646\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0646\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0634\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0639\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0641\u0627\u0621. \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u064a\u0630\u0643\u0631\u0646\u0627 \u0628\u0623\u0646 \u0641\u0647\u0645\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0636\u060c \u0631\u063a\u0645 \u062f\u0642\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0630\u0647\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0647\u0648 \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0623\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0635\u0629 \u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0629.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u062f\u0639\u0648\u0646\u0627 \u0646\u0630\u0647\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0645\u0646\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u063a\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0639\u0635\u0631\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a: <\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\u0623\u0648\u0644\u064b\u0627: \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0637 \u2013 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646 \u0628\u0648\u0635\u0641\u0647 \u0645\u0628\u062f\u0623\u064b \u0643\u0648\u0646\u064a\u064b\u0627<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"
\u0623\u0628\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637 (Hippocrates): \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u064a\u0648\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u064a\u064f\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u201c\u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u201d\u060c \u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u0633\u0627\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0637<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

\u062a\u064f\u0639\u062f\u0651 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0637 (Humoral Theory) \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628. \u062a\u0639\u0648\u062f \u062c\u0630\u0648\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0628\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637 (Hippocrates)\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062b\u0645 \u0637\u0648\u0651\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u062c\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0646\u0648\u0633 (Galen) \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u064a \u0645\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u060c \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0637\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0628\u0644\u063a\u062a \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0633\u064a\u0646\u0627 (Avicenna).<\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"
\u062c\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0646\u0648\u0633 (Galen): \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0631\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u060c \u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0637 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u064a \u0645\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0648\u0623\u062b\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628 \u0644\u0642\u0631\u0648\u0646.<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

\u0648\u0641\u0642 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c\u060c \u064a\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0651\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0633\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0637 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 (Four Humors): \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u063a\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0621. \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646 (Balance) \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0637\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0636 \u0647\u0648 \u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0644 (Imbalance) \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0633\u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0648 \u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635\u0647\u0627. \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0643\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0643\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u0642\u0637\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u062e\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0648\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0630\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642\u060c \u0641\u064f\u0633\u0651\u0650\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0643\u062a\u0626\u0627\u0628\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u0645 (Melancholia)\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062e\u0644\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u064f\u0628\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0649 \u0641\u0627\u0626\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0645 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0621. \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u062c \u0641\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0633\u062c\u0627\u0645 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u062a\u0639\u062f\u064a\u0644 \u0646\u0645\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 (Regimen)\u060c \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0623\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0646\u064b\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u062f (Phlebotomy).<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0648\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u064a\u0641\u062a\u0642\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0647 \u0642\u062f\u0651\u0645 \u0631\u0624\u064a\u0629 \u0634\u0645\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062c\u0633\u062f \u0628\u0648\u0635\u0641\u0647 \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0636 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0628\u0639\u062f\u064c \u0633\u064a\u063a\u064a\u0628 \u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0639 \u0635\u0639\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u064b\u0627: \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0632\u0645\u0627 \u2013 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0636 \u0643\u062e\u0644\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0651\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0628\u0626\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0649 \u0648\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u060c \u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632 \u064a\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c. \u0638\u0647\u0631\u062a \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0632\u0645\u0627 (Miasma Theory)\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0641\u0633\u0651\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0636 \u0628\u0648\u0635\u0641\u0647 \u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u201c\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u0627\u0633\u062f\u201d (Foul Air) \u064a\u0646\u0628\u0639\u062b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0646\u0642\u0639\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0638\u0629.<\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"
\u0625\u062f\u0648\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u0634\u0627\u062f\u0648\u064a\u0643 (Edwin Chadwick): \u0645\u0635\u0644\u062d \u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 19\u060c \u0631\u0628\u0637 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0631 \u0648\u0633\u0648\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0636 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0632\u0645\u0627<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

\u0645\u062b\u0651\u0644\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u062e\u0637\u0648\u0629 \u0645\u0647\u0645\u0629 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0631\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0636 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629. \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0633\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0641\u0643\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0645\u0635\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0625\u062f\u0648\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u0634\u0627\u062f\u0648\u064a\u0643 (Edwin Chadwick) \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0633\u0648\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0636\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0634\u062f\u062f\u062a \u0641\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0646\u0633 \u0646\u0627\u064a\u062a\u0646\u063a\u064a\u0644 (Florence Nightingale) \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0647\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0648\u0649 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0641\u064a\u0627\u062a.<\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"
\u0641\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0646\u0633 \u0646\u0627\u064a\u062a\u0646\u063a\u064a\u0644 (Florence Nightingale): \u0645\u0645\u0631\u0636\u0629 \u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0634\u062f\u062f\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0647\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0641\u064a\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0633\u0627\u0647\u0645\u062a \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0629<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

\u0623\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0636 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0631\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0639\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064f\u0633\u0651\u0650\u0631\u062a \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u0648\u0635\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u062a\u0644\u0648\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u064f\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u062c\u0648\u0646 \u0633\u0646\u0648 (John Snow) \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0631\u0627 \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637\u0629 \u0628\u062a\u0644\u0648\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647\u060c \u0641\u064a \u062e\u0637\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0634\u0641\u062a \u0642\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0632\u0645\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0647\u0651\u062f\u062a \u0644\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u062b\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u062a\u0631\u0643\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0631\u062b\u064b\u0627 \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646.<\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"
\u062c\u0648\u0646 \u0633\u0646\u0648 (John Snow): \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0623\u062b\u0628\u062a \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0631\u0627 \u0628\u062a\u0644\u0648\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0647\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u062b\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629.<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b\u064b\u0627: \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u062b\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u2013 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\u0623\u062d\u062f\u062b\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u062b\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0636 (Germ Theory of Disease) \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0642\u0637\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u0627\u0633\u0645\u0629. \u0628\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0644\u0648\u064a\u0633 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 (Louis Pasteur) \u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0631\u062a \u0643\u0648\u062e (Robert Koch)\u060c \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0631\u0628\u0637 \u0645\u0631\u0636 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f \u0628\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0645\u0631\u0636 (Pathogen) \u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u060c \u0633\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0643\u062a\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0623\u0648 \u0641\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064b\u0627.<\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"
\u0644\u0648\u064a\u0633 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631 (Louis Pasteur): \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u060c \u0633\u0627\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u062b\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0642\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062a.<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0643\u0648\u062e \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0647\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0625\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u0645\u0646\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628 \u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0635\u0627\u0631\u0645\u0629. \u0623\u062f\u0651\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0642\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062a (Vaccination)\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0648\u064a\u0629 (Antibiotics)\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0642\u0645\u0629\u060c \u062e\u0635\u0648\u0635\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0639 \u0625\u0633\u0647\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u062c\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0641 \u0644\u064a\u0633\u062a\u0631 (Joseph Lister).<\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"
\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0631\u062a \u0643\u0648\u062e (Robert Koch): \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0625\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u062b\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0643\u062a\u0634\u0641 \u0645\u0633\u0628\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0636 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644.<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

\u0623\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0636 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644 (Tuberculosis) \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0639\u062f \u0644\u063a\u0632\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u062f\u0648\u0649 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641. \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0647\u0631 \u0623\u0633\u0651\u0633 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0631\u0624\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0631\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0636 \u0628\u0648\u0635\u0641\u0647 \u0639\u062f\u0648\u064b\u0627 \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0631\u0624\u064a\u0629 \u0633\u062a\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u062a\u063a\u064a\u0651\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629.<\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"
\u062c\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0641 \u0644\u064a\u0633\u062a\u0631 (Joseph Lister): \u062c\u0631\u0627\u062d \u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0637\u0628\u0642 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0626 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0642\u064a\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0639\u064b\u0627: \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0648\u0637\u0628\u064a \u2013 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0633\u062f \u0643\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646\u060c \u062a\u0648\u0633\u0651\u0639 \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u062b\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u064a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0636 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u064f\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0648\u0637\u0628\u064a (Biomedical Model). \u0648\u0641\u0642 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c\u060c \u064a\u064f\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0636 \u0628\u0648\u0635\u0641\u0647 \u062e\u0644\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0629 (Pathophysiology): \u0637\u0641\u0631\u0629 \u062c\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0646\u0642\u0635 \u0647\u0631\u0645\u0648\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0636\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0628 \u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u062e\u0644\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0636\u0648 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f.<\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"
\u0643\u0644\u0648\u062f \u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0631 (Claude Bernard): \u0641\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u060c \u0623\u0633\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064a<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

\u0623\u0633\u0647\u0645 \u0643\u0644\u0648\u062f \u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0631 (Claude Bernard) \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0631\u0633\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064a\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0645\u062b\u0651\u0644 \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0623\u0648\u0633\u0644\u0631 (William Osler) \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0643\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0631\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629. \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642\u060c \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0642\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u0623\u0644\u0629 \u0646\u0642\u0635 \u0647\u0631\u0645\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0628\u0633\u064a\u0637\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0645 \u062e\u0644\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0629.<\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"
\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0623\u0648\u0633\u0644\u0631 (William Osler): \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0643\u0646\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0644\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0643\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b \u0648\u0631\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645.<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c\u060c \u0631\u063a\u0645 \u062f\u0642\u062a\u0647 \u0648\u0646\u062c\u0627\u062d\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u062c\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0636 \u0636\u0645\u0646\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0631\u0636 \u0644\u0647 \u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0647 \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0627\u062c\u0647. \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0635\u0639\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0645\u0646\u0629\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a \u0648\u0623\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0643\u062a\u0626\u0627\u0628\u060c \u062a\u0628\u064a\u0651\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0636 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0643\u0627\u0641\u064d \u0644\u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0643\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0642\u0651\u062f.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u062e\u0627\u0645\u0633\u064b\u0627: \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u2013 \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0629<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\u0641\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0627\u062e\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0644\u064a\u0644 (Evidence-Based Medicine) \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0629\u064b \u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0648\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0627\u0628 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u062c\u064a. \u0642\u0627\u062f \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u062c\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u062f\u064a\u0641\u064a\u062f \u0633\u0627\u0643\u064a\u062a (David Sackett) \u0648\u063a\u0648\u0631\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u063a\u0627\u064a\u062a (Gordon Guyatt)\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0648\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629 (Randomized Controlled Trials)\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c\u064a\u0629 (Systematic Reviews)\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0648\u064a (Meta-analysis).<\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"
\u062f\u064a\u0641\u064a\u062f \u0633\u0627\u0643\u064a\u062a (David Sackett): \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0643\u0646\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0631\u0627\u0626\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0644\u064a\u0644.<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n
\"\"
\u063a\u0648\u0631\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u063a\u0627\u064a\u062a (Gordon Guyatt): \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0643\u0646\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0633\u0627\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0646.<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

\u063a\u064a\u0651\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0642\u062f\u0651\u0645 \u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0636\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0631\u0643\u0651\u0632 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0624\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629: \u0623\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0627\u062c \u064a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0645\u0646\u060c \u0648\u062a\u062d\u062a \u0623\u064a \u0634\u0631\u0648\u0637.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0633\u0627\u062f\u0633\u064b\u0627: \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u2013\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0633\u064a\u2013\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a \u2013 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\u0641\u064a \u0633\u0628\u0639\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0631\u062d \u062c\u0648\u0631\u062c \u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644 (George Engel) \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u2013\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0633\u064a\u2013\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a (Biopsychosocial Model)\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0631\u0641\u0636 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0636 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0647. \u0648\u0641\u0642 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631\u060c \u064a\u064f\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0636 \u0628\u0648\u0635\u0641\u0647 \u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u0639\u0642\u0651\u062f \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a.<\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"
\u062c\u0648\u0631\u062c \u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644 (George Engel): \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u064a \u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0631\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a-\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0633\u064a-\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

\u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c\u060c \u064a\u064f\u0641\u0633\u0651\u064e\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0643\u062a\u0626\u0627\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0645\u0627\u063a \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u062a\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u064f\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0623\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0636\u0648\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0647\u0627\u0628\u060c \u0648\u0646\u0645\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0633\u0647\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0645\u0627\u064a\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0627\u0631\u0645\u0648\u062a (Michael Marmot) \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0632 \u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0629 (Social Determinants of Health).<\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"
\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0627\u0631\u0645\u0648\u062a (Michael Marmot): \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0632 \u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0629.<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0639\u064b\u0627: \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u2013 \u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0636 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0637 \u0641\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0629<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0646\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0633 \u0643\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0646\u0632 (Francis Collins)\u060c \u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642 (Precision Medicine)\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0623\u0639\u0627\u062f \u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0636 \u0628\u0648\u0635\u0641\u0647 \u0628\u0635\u0645\u0629 \u062c\u0632\u064a\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0629. \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0637\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0631\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0636\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u062a\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0641\u064a \u0637\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u062c.<\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"
\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0633 \u0643\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0646\u0632 (Francis Collins): \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u062c\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u060c \u0642\u0627\u062f \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0646\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a \u0648\u0633\u0627\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642.<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

\u0641\u064a \u0633\u0631\u0637\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644\u064b\u0627\u060c \u062a\u062d\u062f\u062f \u0645\u0624\u0634\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062d\u064a\u0648\u064a\u0629 (Biomarkers) \u0645\u062b\u0644 (HER2) \u0623\u0648 (BRCA) \u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0651\u0647 (Targeted Therapy)\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0634\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0646\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a \u0639\u0646 \u0637\u064a\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0637 \u064a\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0633\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0646.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u062b\u0627\u0645\u0646\u064b\u0627: \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0643\u064a \u2013 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0636 \u0643\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0646\u0627\u0634\u0626<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0646\u060c \u062a\u0637\u0648\u0651\u0631 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u064f\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0643\u064a \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064f\u0638\u064f\u0645\u064a (Network Medicine \/ Systems Medicine)\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0642\u0651\u062f\u0629 (Complex Systems). \u064a\u0631\u0649 \u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0623\u0644\u0628\u0631\u062a \u0644\u0627\u0632\u0644\u0648 \u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0627\u0634\u064a (Albert-L\u00e1szl\u00f3 Barab\u00e1si) \u0648\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0633 \u0646\u0648\u0628\u0644 (Denis Noble) \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0636 \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u062e\u0627\u0635\u064a\u0629 \u0646\u0627\u0634\u0626\u0629 (Emergent Property) \u0645\u0646 \u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629 \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a.<\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"
\u0623\u0644\u0628\u0631\u062a \u0644\u0627\u0632\u0644\u0648 \u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0627\u0634\u064a (Albert-L\u00e1szl\u00f3 Barab\u00e1si): \u0641\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0648\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0634\u0628\u0643\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0633\u0627\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628 (\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0643\u064a).<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

\u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631\u060c \u062a\u064f\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u0648\u0635\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629 \u062a\u0636\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0631\u0645\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0643\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0648\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0630\u0627\u0626\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u064f\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0645\u0646 \u0628\u0648\u0635\u0641\u0647 \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0628\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u0643\u062e\u0644\u0644 \u0639\u0635\u0628\u064a \u0645\u0639\u0632\u0648\u0644.<\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"
\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0633 \u0646\u0648\u0628\u0644 (Denis Noble): \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0628\u064a\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u064a\u0631\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0636 \u0643\u062e\u0627\u0635\u064a\u0629 \u0646\u0627\u0634\u0626\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0639\u0642\u062f\u0629.<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0630\u0627 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0639\u062f \u0645\u0645\u0643\u0646\u064b\u0627 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u061f<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\u064a\u0643\u0634\u0641 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u0643\u0644 \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0637\u0628\u064a \u0648\u064f\u0644\u062f \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0629\u064b \u0644\u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u064a\u0647. \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u064f\u0644\u063a\u0650 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0637 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0632\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0625\u062f\u062e\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629. \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0639\u062f \u0645\u0645\u0643\u0646\u064b\u0627 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0636 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0631\u062b\u0648\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u062c\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u060c \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0636\u064a \u0630\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062a\u0639\u0642\u064a\u062f\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d\u062a \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0635\u0635\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u062e\u0627\u062a\u0645\u0629<\/span><\/strong><\/span>
\n\u0625\u0646 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631\u060c \u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u064a\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0647\u0648 \u062e\u0631\u0648\u062c\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0648\u0647\u0645 \u201c\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629\u201d \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0645\u0629. \u0641\u0647\u0648 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u064f\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u0648\u0627\u0633\u0637\u0629 \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0641\u0631\u062f\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629: \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0648\u0637\u0628\u064a \u064a\u0641\u0633\u0651\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u2013\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0633\u064a\u2013\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a \u064a\u0648\u0633\u0651\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0636\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u064a\u0646\u0638\u0651\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u062c\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0631\u0641 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u064a\u0626\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u062f\u0651\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0643\u064a \u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0631\u0628\u0637 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0639\u0642\u0651\u062f\u0629. \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u064a\u0633\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0636\u0639\u0641 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u064a\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0639\u0642\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0630\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627.<\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"
\u063a\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0634\u0644\u0627\u0631 (Gaston Bachelard): \u0641\u064a\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641 \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0635\u0641 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0643\u062a\u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d \u0644\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0642\u0637\u0627\u0626\u0639 \u0625\u0628\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0629.<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

\u0648\u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642\u060c \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0642\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a \u063a\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0634\u0644\u0627\u0631 (Gaston Bachelard) \u0628\u0623\u0646 \u00ab\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0647\u0648 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0623\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u062a\u0645\u0651 \u062a\u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d\u0647\u0627\u00bb\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u0628\u0648\u0635\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u062d\u0643\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0643\u0648\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0641\u064b\u0627 \u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u0651\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629. <\/span><\/p>\n

\u0641\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0637 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0632\u0645\u0627 \u062b\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u062b\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0643\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0651\u0645 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0645 \u062e\u0637\u0651\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0642\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u0627 \u0633\u0645\u0651\u0627\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0634\u0644\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0628\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0629 (Epistemological Rupture): \u0644\u062d\u0638\u0627\u062a \u064a\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0641\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0642\u0637\u0639 \u0645\u0639 \u0628\u062f\u064a\u0647\u064a\u0627\u062a\u064d \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u062a\u064f\u0639\u062f\u0651 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0633\u0644\u0651\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u064f\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0634. <\/span><\/p>\n

\u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0637 \u0645\u062c\u0631\u0651\u062f \u062e\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0623\u064f\u0632\u064a\u062d\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0632\u0645\u0627 \u062e\u0637\u0623\u064b \u0639\u0631\u0636\u064a\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0645\u062b\u0651\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u062b\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0634\u0631\u0648\u0637\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0644\u063a\u062a \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u063a\u064a\u0651\u0631\u062a \u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0635\u062f\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0633\u0626\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0644\u064a\u0644. <\/span><\/p>\n

\u0628\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u064f\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u062a\u0637\u0648\u0651\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628 \u0643\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u064a\u0642\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0637\u0644\u0642\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0643\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0646\u0642\u062f \u0630\u0627\u062a\u064a \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0629\u060c \u064a\u064f\u0646\u062a\u062c \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u062a\u0647 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632 \u0623\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0626\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0639\u064a \u0628\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0646\u0645\u0627\u0630\u062c\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0644\u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0633\u0633\u0647 \u0643\u0644\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u062a\u0651\u0633\u0639 \u0623\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u062a\u0639\u0642\u0651\u062f\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0629.<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"
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