{"id":31969,"date":"2025-11-08T09:31:52","date_gmt":"2025-11-08T06:31:52","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/?p=31969"},"modified":"2025-11-08T09:31:52","modified_gmt":"2025-11-08T06:31:52","slug":"%d8%b3%d9%88%d9%82-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a3%d8%ad%d8%ac%d8%a7%d8%b1-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%83%d8%b1%d9%8a%d9%85%d8%a9-%d9%81%d9%8a-%d9%85%d9%86%d8%b7%d9%82%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%82%d8%b7%d9%8a%d9%81-%d8%b0","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/?p=31969","title":{"rendered":"\u0633\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u062c\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u064a\u0641…. \u0630\u0627\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062b – \u0628\u0642\u0644\u0645 \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u062c\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u064a\u0643\u062a*"},"content":{"rendered":"

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\n\u2022 \u0633\u0648\u0642 \u0645\u064a\u0627\u0633<\/strong><\/span>
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\u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0642 \u064a\u064f\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0628\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u062c\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0633\u0648\u0642 \u0645\u064a\u0627\u0633\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u0648\u0627\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0627 \u0628\u062c\u0648\u0627\u0631 \u0633\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0636\u0627\u0631 \u0644\u0645\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0648\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649.<\/span><\/p>\n

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\u0633\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0636\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u064a\u0641 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 (\u062a\u0635\u0648\u064a\u0631: \u0639\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0631\u062d\u0645\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647).<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n
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\u2022 \u0633\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a<\/strong><\/span>
\n\u064a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0633\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u064a\u0641 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0642\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632\u060c \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0642\u0627\u0637\u0639 \u062f\u0648\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u062c\u0633\u0651\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0641\u064a\u0646\u0629. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0634\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u062d\u062f\u0649 \u0641\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u062c\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0647\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0648\u0627 \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0644\u0645\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f \u0641\u0642\u0637\u060c \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0648\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649.<\/span><\/p>\n

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\u2022 \u062d\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 <\/strong><\/span>
\n\u064a\u064f\u0639\u062f\u0651 \u062d\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u064a\u0641\u060c \u0644\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0634\u0647\u062f \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a \u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u062c\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647:<\/span>
\n\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649:<\/span><\/strong> \u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0628\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u062c\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062c\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0645\u0651\u0639 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u062f\u0648\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u062c\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0641\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0628\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0645\u0639 \u062a\u0642\u0627\u0637\u0639 \u0634\u0627\u0631\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0639\u0645\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0648\u0627 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0644\u0645\u062f\u0629 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b \u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064b\u0627.<\/span><\/p>\n

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\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0641\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u062d\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0628\u0633\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u062c\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0645\u0629 <\/span>(\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629: \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0631\u0634\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0648\u0645 \u0625\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0645\u0646\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0647).<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629:<\/span><\/strong> \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u062c\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062c\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0632\u0647\u0645: \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062c \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0622\u0644 \u0646\u0648\u064a\u0633 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0647\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0628\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062c \u062d\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0647\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u062c\u0627\u0645 \u060c\u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062c \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0622\u0644 \u063a\u0632\u0648\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0647\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0628\u064a \u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062c \u0633\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0643\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0647\u0644 \u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u064a\u0634 \u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062c \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0628\u0646 \u062c\u0639\u0641\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u062d\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0647\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0628\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062c \u062e\u0627\u0644\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0647\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0633\u064a\u0647\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062c \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u062e\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0622\u0644 \u0625\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0647\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062c \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0647\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0648\u064a\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062c \u0645\u0643\u064a \u062e\u0644\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u062e\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0647\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0633\u064a\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u0633\u0627\u0647\u0645\u0648\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u062b\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0646\u0634\u0627\u0637 \u0633\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u062c\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u060c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u062a\u0631\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629 (\u0623\u0631\u0636 \u0641\u0636\u0627\u0621) \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0627\u0631\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0642 (\u0639) \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0644\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0646\u064a\u0632\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628 \u0648\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629 \u0642\u0647\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642. <\/span><\/p>\n

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\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062c \u0633\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0643\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u062c\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0645\u0629.<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n
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\u062d\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0628\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0628\u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0647\u0628\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u064a\u0641 (\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629: \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0631\u0634\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0648\u0645 \u0625\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0645\u0646\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0647).<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n
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\u0628\u0633\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0647\u0627\u0634\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0646\u064a “\u0623\u0628\u0648 \u064a\u0627\u0633\u0631” \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0647\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0623\u0645\u0636\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u062c\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 30 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0627. (\u062a\u0635\u0648\u064a\u0631: \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u064a\u062f \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0627\u0645\u0644 “\u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0647\u0627\u0646\u064a”).<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

\u2022 \u0633\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0645\u064a\u0633 <\/strong><\/span>
\n\u064a\u064f\u0639\u062f\u0651 \u0633\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0645\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0628\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u064a\u0641 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0632 \u0648\u0623\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0642\u0635\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0648\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638\u0629 \u0648\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u0647\u0627. \u0644\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0632 \u0628\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0637\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u062a\u0631\u0627\u062b\u064a \u0648\u0628\u0636\u0627\u0626\u0639 \u0645\u062a\u0646\u0648\u0639\u0629.<\/span><\/p>\n

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\u0648\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u062c\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062c\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0649 \u0648\u0627\u0628\u0631\u0632\u0647\u0645: \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062c \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0631\u0628\u0647 (\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0647\u0627\u062a\u064a) \u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062c \u062d\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0647\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u062c\u0627\u0645 \u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062c \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0634\u064a \u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062c \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0628\u0646 \u062c\u0639\u0641\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u062d\u064a \u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062c \u0645\u0643\u064a \u062e\u0644\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u062e\u0648\u0631 \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0646 \u060c \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u0629 \u0628\u062c\u0648\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0644\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f “\u0633\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0645\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0628\u064a” \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u062a\u064f\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0638\u0644\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0643\u0623\u0645\u0627\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0636\u0627\u0626\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0650\u0628\u0644 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0623\u0635\u062d\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0633\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0623\u0648\u0627\u062e\u0631 \u0639\u0627\u0645 (1409\u0647\u0640\/1989\u0645) \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064b\u0627\u060c \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u062f\u0623\u062a \u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0625\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0638\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0637\u0629 \u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0642 \u0648\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0647. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0646\u0642\u0644 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0623\u0635\u062d\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0633\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u0632\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645.<\/span><\/p>\n

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\u2022 \u0645\u0646\u062a\u0632\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 <\/strong><\/span>
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\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062c \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u062f ” \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 ” \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0647\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0648\u064a\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062c\u0648\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0632\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u062c\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u064a\u0641\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0623\u0645\u0636\u0649 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 45 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 (\u062a\u0635\u0648\u064a\u0631: \u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u064a\u062f\u0627\u0646).<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n
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\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062c \u062d\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0639\u0645\u062f\u0629 \u0633\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u062c\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u064a\u0641.<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n
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\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062c \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0628\u0646 \u062c\u0639\u0641\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u062d\u064a ” \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 ” \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0647\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0628\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0623\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062c\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0633\u0648\u0642 \u0628\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u062c\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u064a\u0641\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0623\u0645\u0636\u0649 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 44 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u062c\u0639\u0644\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062c\u0648\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0636\u0631\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u062c\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0645\u0629. (\u062a\u0635\u0648\u064a\u0631: \u0643\u0627\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644).<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

\u0648\u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0633\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u062c\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0648\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0642\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0642\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0633\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0645\u064a\u0633\u060c \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0645\u0631 \u0628\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0642\u0644: –<\/span><\/strong><\/span>
\n\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649:<\/strong><\/span>\u00a0\u0641\u064a \u0645\u0637\u0644\u0639 \u0639\u0627\u0645 (1412\u0647\u0640\/1991\u0645). \u0648\u0628\u0639\u062f \u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0633\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0645\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0628\u064a \u0648\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0638\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u062d\u060c \u0634\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0642 \u0646\u0642\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0633\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0639\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u062c\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0648\u0627 \u0645\u062c\u062f\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062a\u0631\u062a\u064a\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645\u064b\u0627.<\/span>
\n\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629:<\/strong><\/span> \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0627\u062e\u0631 \u0639\u0627\u0645 (1418\u0647\u0640 – 1997\u0645)\u060c \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u062c\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062c\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u0633\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0645\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0628\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0633\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0645\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641\u0629 \u0628\u0633\u0648\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0642\u0641\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0633\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u064a\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062a\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u064a\u0648\u0631 \u0628\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0628\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u062c\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062a\u0646\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u062c\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0645\u0629 <\/span>\u0648\u0634\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644: \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u064a\u0642\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0632\u060c \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0642\u0648\u062a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0645\u0631\u062f\u060c \u0648\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0641\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0632\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0628\u0627\u0632\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0633\u064a\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0643\u0633\u0646\u062f\u0631\u0627\u064a\u062a \u060c \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0648\u0627\u062a\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0628\u064a\u062d \u0627\u0644\u064a\u062f\u0648\u064a\u0629.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0648\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0645\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0642 \u0622\u0646\u0630\u0627\u0643 \u0628\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0630\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u062a\u0648\u0627\u062c\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0637\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0642 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0639\u0627\u0645 (1422\u0647\u0640 -2002\u0645)\u060c \u062b\u0645 \u0631\u062c\u0639\u0648\u0627 \u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0645\u064a\u0633 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0628\u062d\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0627\u0631\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u064a\u0635\u0644. \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0642 \u0645\u062d\u0637\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0631\u0632\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0642\u0635\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644.<\/span><\/p>\n

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\u0633\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u064a\u0648\u0631 \u0648\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u062c\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0645\u0629.\u00a0<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n
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\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0628\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0634\u0641 \u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u064a\u064f\u0639\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u063a\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u0623\u0646\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u062c\u0627\u0631 \u0634\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0645\u062a\u0627\u0632 \u0628\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0648\u0634\u0641\u0627\u0641\u064a\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0630\u0627\u0628\u0629\u060c \u064a\u064f\u0642\u062f\u0651\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0646\u062f\u0631\u062a\u0647 (\u062a\u0635\u0648\u064a\u0631: \u0643\u0627\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644).<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

\u0648\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0631\u0648\u0651\u0627\u062f \u0633\u0648\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0642\u0641\u060c \u0628\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0647\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u064a \u0648\u0647\u0648\u0627\u064a\u062a\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u062c\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0645\u0629. \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u0632\u0644\u062a \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0623\u062d\u0631\u0635 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u062c\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0634\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0636\u0627\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0646\u0648\u0639\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064d \u0648\u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629.<\/span><\/p>\n

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\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u062f \u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0622\u0644 \u0625\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0644\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0647\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0628\u0644\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0628\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629(2)<\/sup>\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0635\u0628\u0627\u062d \u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0645\u064a\u0633 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0642\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u064f\u0639\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062c\u0648\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0632\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u062c\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0623\u0645\u0636\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 25 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u064b\u0627.<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n
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\u0633\u0648\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0642\u0641 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1425\u0647\u0640 (\u062a\u0635\u0648\u064a\u0631: \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0630 \u0645\u064a\u0631\u0632\u0627 \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0627\u0645\u0646).<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n
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\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0629:<\/strong> <\/span>\u0641\u064a \u0645\u0637\u0644\u0639 \u0639\u0627\u0645 (1442\u0647\u0640\/2020\u0645) \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u062c\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0628\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062c\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0624\u0642\u062a\u064b\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u0629 \u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0644\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0648\u0627 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0644\u0645\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0646\u0635\u0641\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0639\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0648\u0627 \u0645\u062c\u062f\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0645\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0628\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u0646\u0634\u0627\u0637\u0647\u0645 \u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645.<\/span><\/p>\n

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\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631:<\/span><\/strong>
\n1-\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062c \u0645\u0643\u064a \u062e\u0644\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u062e\u0648\u0631<\/span>
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