{"id":31389,"date":"2025-09-26T23:13:47","date_gmt":"2025-09-26T20:13:47","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/?p=31389"},"modified":"2025-09-26T23:13:47","modified_gmt":"2025-09-26T20:13:47","slug":"%d8%a3%d9%86%d9%88%d8%a7%d8%b9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%af%d8%b1%d8%a7%d8%b3%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b9%d9%84%d9%85%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d9%81%d9%8a-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d8%ac%d8%a7%d9%84-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b5%d8%ad","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/?p=31389","title":{"rendered":"\u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a – \u0628\u0642\u0644\u0645 \u063a\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0628\u0648\u062e\u0645\u0633\u064a\u0646"},"content":{"rendered":"

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\n\u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0633\u0623\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062c\u0645\u0639\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u0648\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0635\u0631\u064a\u062d\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0644\u062e\u0635 \u0644\u0622\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0647\u0627.<\/span><\/p>\n

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\u064a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u064a\u0632\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0639\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c. \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0639\u0641 \u0641\u064a\u0623\u062a\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0648 \u0635\u063a\u0631 \u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629.<\/span><\/p>\n

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\u0647\u0631\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a: \u0642\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0631\u0645 \u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0623\u0642\u0648\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0628\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0628\u0647\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0625\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f \u0623\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0627\u062c \u0623\u0648 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0637\u0628\u064a <\/span>\u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0631\u0645 \u0623\u0636\u0639\u0641 \u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0648\u0647\u064a”\u0631\u0623\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0621”<\/span>
\u0628\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0631: \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u062b\u0628\u062a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0647\u0645.<\/span><\/strong><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0641\u064a\u0629 (Descriptive Studies)<\/strong><\/span>
\n\u062a\u064f\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0628\u0633\u0637 \u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0648\u0627\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628\u064a\u0629. \u062a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639\u0627\u064b \u0641\u0631\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u062a\u0642\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a (Case Reports)\u060c \u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a (Case Series)\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 (Ecological Studies) \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0637\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0641\u064a\u0629\u00a0<\/span>(Cross-sectional studies).<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0627\u062a<\/span><\/strong>
\n\u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0632 \u0645\u064a\u0632\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u0639\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0648\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629. \u062a\u0633\u0645\u062d \u0628\u062a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u062f \u0641\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0627\u062a \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0631\u0635\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0637\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0633\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u062a\u062f\u062e\u0644\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u0644\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629.<\/span>
\n\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a<\/span><\/strong>
\n\u062a\u0643\u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0623\u0646 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u062f \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0641\u0629. \u062a\u0639\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u064a\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u062a\u062d\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 (Selection Bias) \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u062a\u0645\u062b\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0633\u0645\u062d \u0628\u062a\u0639\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631. \u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0642\u062f \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0629.<\/span>
\n\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a<\/span><\/strong>
\n\u062a\u064f\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0644\u0648\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0636\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0627\u062a\u060c\u0623\u0648 \u0644\u062a\u0648\u062b\u064a\u0642 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0646\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0629. \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0643\u0634\u0641 \u0639\u0646 \u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0635\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a.<\/span>
\n\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u062b\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u0629<\/span><\/strong>
\n\u062a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629\u060c \u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u062b\u064a\u0642. \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u0629 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u0623\u062b\u0631 \u0633\u0644\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u064a\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0648 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u062f\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062c\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0629. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0645\u0648\u062b\u0648\u0642\u0629 \u064a\u0639\u0632\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u0629.<\/span>
\n\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0636\u0639\u0641<\/span>
\n\u0641\u064a \u0647\u0631\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0644\u0629\u060c \u062a\u064f\u0635\u0646\u0641 \u0643\u0623\u0636\u0639\u0641 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 (\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 5)\u060c \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u062f\u0644\u064a\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0642\u0648\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0642\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u062f \u0623\u0641\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u062d\u062b\u064a\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629. \u0636\u0639\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a \u064a\u0643\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a.<\/span>
\n\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0629<\/span><\/strong>
\n\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064b\u060c \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0645\u0631\u064a\u0636 \u0645\u0635\u0627\u0628 \u0628\u0641\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0633 \u0643\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062c\u062f (COVID-19) \u0645\u0639 \u0623\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0636 \u0646\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0641\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u060c \u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u201cThe New England Journal of Medicine\u201d \u0639\u0627\u0645 2020\u060c \u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0648\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629. \u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0629 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0646 \u0645\u0631\u0636\u0649 \u0645\u0635\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0633\u0631\u0637\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062a\u062c \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u062e\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0646\u0634\u0631\u062a \u0641\u064a \u201cBritish Medical Journal\u201d \u0639\u0627\u06451950\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u062f\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0637 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u062e\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0637\u0627\u0646. \u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0648\u0635\u0641\u064a \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u0646\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0631CDC \u0639\u0627\u0645 2019\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0648\u0635\u0641 \u0646\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0628.<\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"
\u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0637\u0639\u064a\u0629 (cross-sectional Studies)<\/strong><\/span>
\n\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0637\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u062a\u0642\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0648\u0642\u062a \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u0639\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0641\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631 (Prevalence).<\/span>
\n\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0627\u062a<\/span><\/strong>
\n\u0645\u064a\u0632\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u064f\u062c\u0631\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0644\u062d\u0638\u0629 \u0632\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629. \u062a\u0633\u0645\u062d \u0628\u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645 \u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0648\u0642\u062a \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u062f \u0641\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0627\u062a.<\/span>
\n\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a<\/span><\/strong>
\n\u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0633\u062a\u0637\u064a\u0639 \u0625\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u062a\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0645\u0646\u064a (Temporal Sequence). \u062a\u0639\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0642\u0627\u0621 (Survivor Bias) \u0648\u062a\u062d\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0630\u0643\u0627\u0631(Recall Bias) \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a.<\/span>
\n\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a<\/span><\/strong>
\n\u062a\u064f\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0636 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645 \u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0631.<\/span>
\n\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u062b\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u0629<\/span>
\n\u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u064a\u0639\u0632\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u064a\u0632 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u064a\u0642\u0644\u0644\u0647\u0627. \u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062d\u0635\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0647\u0645.<\/span>
\n\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0636\u0639\u0641<\/span><\/strong>
\n\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0636\u0639\u064a\u0641 (\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 4 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0631\u0645)\u060c \u0642\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0648\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0636\u0639\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629.<\/span>
\n\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0629<\/span><\/strong>
\n\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064b\u060c \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0645\u0642\u0637\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0643\u062a\u0626\u0627\u0628 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0646\u0634\u0631\u062a \u0641\u064a \u201cJournal of Affective Disorders\u201d \u0639\u0627\u0645 2021\u060c \u0642\u0627\u0633\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637\u0629. \u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0639 NHANES \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 2022 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0645\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0648\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0633. \u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u064b\u060c \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u062a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0642\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627\u060c \u0646\u0634\u0631\u062a \u0641\u064a \u201cSleep Medicine\u201d \u0639\u0627\u0645 2018.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0648\u0627\u0647\u062f (Case-Control Studies)<\/strong><\/span>
\n\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u062a\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0635\u0627\u0628\u0629(\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a) \u0628\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0635\u0627\u0628\u0629 (\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0648\u0627\u0647\u062f) \u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0631.<\/span>
\n\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0627\u062a<\/span><\/strong>
\n\u062a\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0632 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629 \u0646\u0633\u0628\u064a\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645 \u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0629.<\/span>
\n\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a<\/span><\/strong>
\n\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0630\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u062a\u062d\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u062a\u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062b. \u0635\u0639\u0628\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0648\u0627\u0647\u062f \u0628\u062f\u0642\u0629.<\/span>
\n\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a<\/span><\/strong>
\n\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0637\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u064a\u0629.<\/span>
\n\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u062b\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u0629<\/span><\/strong>
\n\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0648\u0627\u0647\u062f \u062c\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b (Matching) \u062a\u0639\u0632\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0633\u0648\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0630\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u064a\u0642\u0644\u0644\u0647\u0627. \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062d\u0635\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0644 (Odds Ratio) \u0645\u0647\u0645.<\/span>
\n\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0636\u0639\u0641<\/span><\/strong>
\n\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637 (\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 3b)\u060c \u0642\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u062f \u0641\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0646 \u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0631 \u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0636\u0639\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062c\u0639\u064a\u0629.<\/span>
\n\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0629<\/span><\/strong>
\n\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064b\u060c \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0637 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u062e\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0633\u0631\u0637\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u0629\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627\u0641\u064a \u0628\u062d\u062b \u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0648\u0647\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1950. \u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627\u064b\u060c \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0641\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a (HPV) \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0637\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0645\u064a\u060c\u0646\u0634\u0631\u062a \u0641\u064a \u201cThe Lancet\u201d \u0639\u0627\u0645 1999. \u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u064b\u060c \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u062a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0645\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0645\u0627\u063a\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 (INTERPHONE) \u0639\u0627\u0645 2010.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0628 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0634\u062f\u064a\u0629 (Cohort Studies)<\/span><\/strong><\/span>
\n\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0634\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0631\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0645\u0646 \u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062b (Incidence) \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u062b\u0631\u0629.<\/span>
\n\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0627\u062a<\/span><\/strong>
\n\u0645\u064a\u0632\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u062a\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0645\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u0631\u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628\u064a\u0629. \u062a\u0633\u0645\u062d \u0628\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062b \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u064a\u0629 (Relative Risk).<\/span>
\n\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a<\/span><\/strong>
\n\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u062f \u0648\u0645\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0629 <\/span>(Loss to Follow-up) \u060c \u0648\u0647\u064a \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0629. <\/span>
\n\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a<\/span><\/strong>
\n\u062a\u064f\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0636 \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u062e\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629.<\/span>
\n\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u062b\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u0629<\/span><\/strong>
\n\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a \u064a\u0639\u0632\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u064a\u0632 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u064a\u0642\u0644\u0644\u0647\u0627. \u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u064a.<\/span>
\n\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0636\u0639\u0641<\/span><\/strong>
\n\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0642\u0648\u064a (\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 2b)\u060c \u0642\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0648\u0627\u0647\u062f\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629.<\/span>
\n\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0629<\/span><\/strong>
\n\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064b\u060c \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0645\u0646\u063a\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0644\u0628 (Framingham Heart Study) \u0645\u0646\u0630 1948\u060c \u062a\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0631 \u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0644\u0628. \u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627\u064b\u060c \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0645\u0645\u0631\u0636\u0627\u062a \u0647\u0627\u0631\u0641\u0627\u0631\u062f (Nurses\u2019 Health Study) \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u0630\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0637\u0627\u0646. \u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u064b\u060c \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0623\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0628 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0639\u064a\u0645 \u0636\u062f \u0643\u0648\u0641\u064a\u062f-19 \u0648\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u062a\u0647\u060c\u0646\u0634\u0631\u062a \u0641\u064a \u201cNEJM\u201d \u0639\u0627\u0645 2021.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0648\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u0628\u0648\u0637\u0629 (Randomized Controlled Trials – RCTs)<\/span><\/strong><\/span>
\n\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0648\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u064f\u062e\u0635\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0634\u0648\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u062a\u062f\u062e\u0651\u0644 \u0648\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629.<\/span>
\n\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0627\u062a<\/span><\/strong>
\n\u0623\u0642\u0648\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0648\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0642\u0644\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u064a\u0632\u0627\u062a. \u062a\u0633\u0645\u062d \u0628\u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645 \u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u062e\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0628\u062f\u0642\u0629.<\/span>
\n\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a<\/span><\/strong>
\n\u0645\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0635\u0637\u062f\u0645 \u0628\u0642\u0636\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0623\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0636\u0627\u0631\u0627\u064b. \u0642\u062f \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u0643\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a (External Validity).<\/span>
\n\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a<\/span><\/strong>
\n\u062a\u064f\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0644\u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u062c\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629.<\/span>
\n\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u062b\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u0629<\/span><\/strong>
\n\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0648\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0649 (Blinding) \u064a\u0639\u0632\u0632\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u062a\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u064a\u0642\u0644\u0644\u0647\u0627. \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u062c (Intention-to-Treat) \u0645\u0647\u0645.<\/span>
\n\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0636\u0639\u0641<\/span><\/strong>
\n\u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 (\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 1b)\u060c \u0642\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0636\u0639\u0641 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639\u0629.<\/span>
\n\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0629<\/span><\/strong>
\n\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064b\u060c \u062a\u062c\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0641\u0627\u064a\u0632\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0627\u062d \u0643\u0648\u0641\u064a\u062f-19 \u0639\u0627\u0645 2020. \u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627\u064b\u060c\u062a\u062c\u0631\u0628\u0629 (ASPREE) \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0636 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0643\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646. \u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u064b\u060c \u062a\u062c\u0631\u0628\u0629 (ALLHAT) \u0639\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0645.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0641\u064a\u0629 (Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses)<\/strong><\/span>
\n\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u062b\u0627\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0644\u0644 \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c\u064a.<\/span>
\n\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0627\u062a<\/span><\/strong>
\n\u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0623\u062f\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0642\u0648\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062a\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u064a\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u0631\u0645\u0629.<\/span>
\n\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a<\/span><\/strong>
\n\u062a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 (Garbage In, Garbage Out). \u0642\u062f \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u062a\u062d\u064a\u0632 \u0646\u0634\u0631 (Publication Bias).<\/span>
\n\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a<\/span><\/strong>
\n\u062a\u064f\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0644\u0635\u064a\u0627\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0631\u0634\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0645\u0646 (Cochrane Collaboration).<\/span>
\n\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u062b\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u0629<\/span><\/strong>
\n\u0634\u0645\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0648\u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 (\u0645\u062b\u0644 PRISMA) \u064a\u0639\u0632\u0632\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u0629. \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062d\u0635\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0647\u0645.<\/span>
\n\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0636\u0639\u0641<\/span><\/strong>
\n\u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 (\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 1a)\u060c \u0642\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0636\u0639\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0636\u0639\u064a\u0641\u0629.<\/span>
\n\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0629<\/span><\/strong>
\n\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u0629 \u0643\u0648\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0647\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0641\u0633\u064a.<\/span>
\n\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627\u064b\u060c \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0645\u064a\u062a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0643\u062a\u0626\u0627\u0628 \u0641\u064a\u201cJAMA\u201d \u0639\u0627\u0645 2018. \u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0644\u0642\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0643\u0648\u0641\u064a\u062f-19 \u0648\u0622\u062b\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628\u064a\u0629.<\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"
(PRISMA) (\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0628\u0644\u0627\u063a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0636\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0648\u064a\u0629) \u0647\u064a \u0645\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u062a\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0635\u0645\u0645 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0628\u0644\u0627\u063a \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c\u064a\u0629. \u064a\u0648\u0641\u0631 (PRISMA) \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0646 \u0625\u0631\u0634\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0623\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0629 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0628\u0644\u0627\u063a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0639\u0646 \u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0648\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627.<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u062b\u0631\u0629 \u0633\u0644\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u064a\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062b\u0648\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0645\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0627\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0630 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0646\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0629. \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u062a\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u0633\u0644\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u0642\u062f \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c\u0627\u062a \u062e\u0627\u0637\u0626\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629. \u062a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u062c\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0621\u060c\u0623\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u064a\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629.<\/span>
\n\u0633\u0646\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u062b\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u064a\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0626\u0639\u0629\u060c \u0645\u062f\u0639\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0623\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0641\u064a\u0641 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0644\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0644\u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0642\u062f \u062a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0646\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629:<\/span><\/strong>
\n\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064b\u060c<\/strong> \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0648\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u064a\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0648\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0628 \u0623\u0648 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u060c \u062a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0646\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629. <\/span>
\n\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627\u060c<\/strong> \u0623\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0645\u062a\u0646\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0646\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0648\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0648\u062b\u0648\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b.<\/span>
\n\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u060c<\/strong> \u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0641\u064a (Inappropriate Sample Size) \u064a\u064f\u0639\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0629. \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629\u060c \u062a\u0632\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0648\u0627\u0626\u064a\u060c\u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u0644\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062d\u0635\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u0634\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062b\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629. \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0634\u062e\u064a\u0635\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0642\u062f \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0629. <\/span>
\n\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0627\u060c<\/strong> \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0648\u0634\u0629 (Confounding Variables) \u062a\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0643\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u064f\u0646\u0633\u0628 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a. \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u062e\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0642\u062f \u064a\u064f\u062e\u0644\u0637 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u062e\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629.<\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"
\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0628\u0643\u0629 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062a\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0628\u0624 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0648\u062b\u0648\u0642\u0629.<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

\u062e\u0627\u0645\u0633\u0627\u064b\u060c<\/strong> \u0623\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062d\u0635\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 (Errors in Statistical Tests) \u062a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 (Type I Error)\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0631\u0641\u0636 \u0641\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0635\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a (Type II Error)\u060c\u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0642\u0628\u0648\u0644 \u0641\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u062e\u0627\u0637\u0626\u0629. \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u062a\u0646\u0634\u0623 \u0645\u0646 \u0633\u0648\u0621 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0648 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u062a\u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0629.<\/span>
\n\u0633\u0627\u062f\u0633\u0627\u064b\u060c<\/strong> \u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0642\u062f \u062a\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u0633\u0644\u0628\u0627\u064b\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0634\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0625\u064a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u062b\u0631. <\/span>
\n\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0627\u064b\u060c<\/strong> \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u064a\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0627\u0626\u062f\u0629 (Overconfidence) \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0633\u064a\u062e (Anchoring Effect)\u060c \u062a\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u0644\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0629. \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u064a\u0632 (Bias) \u0647\u0648 \u0623\u064a \u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c\u064a \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 (\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631) \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u064f\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0627\u062a. \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0646\u0634\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u064a\u0632 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631.<\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

\u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u064a\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0626\u0639\u0629<\/span><\/strong><\/span>
\n\u062a\u0646\u0642\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u064a\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0641\u0642\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0644\u0648\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u064a\u0632\u0627\u062a (Catalog of Bias):<\/span>
\n\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064b\u060c<\/strong> \u062a\u062d\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 (Selection Bias): \u064a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u0644\u0627\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u062a\u0645\u062b\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0647\u062f\u0641\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0645\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0632\u0629. \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0641\u064a\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0642\u062f \u064a\u064f\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0636\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062f\u064a\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0641\u0642\u0637\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0634\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0636 (Admission Rate Bias). <\/span>
\n\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627\u064b\u060c<\/strong> \u062a\u062d\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 (Measurement Bias): \u064a\u0646\u0634\u0623 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u062a\u062d\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0630\u0643\u0627\u0631 (Recall Bias) \u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u062a\u0630\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0636\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629. \u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u062a\u062d\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0628\u0644\u0627\u063a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0627\u062a\u064a (Self-Reporting Bias) \u064a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062e\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0633\u0629\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0645\u0627\u0646.<\/span>
\n\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u064b\u060c<\/strong> \u062a\u062d\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636 (Intervention Bias): \u064a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0628 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u062a\u0647\u0645\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643\u0647\u0645 (Performance Bias). <\/span>
\n\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0627\u064b\u060c<\/strong> \u062a\u062d\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0643\u064a\u062f (Confirmation Bias): \u064a\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0646 \u0623\u062f\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0622\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u0628\u0642\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0645\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0643\u0633\u0629\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u062e\u064a\u0635\u064a\u0629. <\/span>
\n\u062e\u0627\u0645\u0633\u0627\u064b\u060c<\/strong> \u062a\u062d\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631 (Publication Bias): \u062a\u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0634\u0648\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u064a\u0629. <\/span>
\n\u0633\u0627\u062f\u0633\u0627\u064b\u060c<\/strong> \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u064a\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0629 (Implicit Bias): \u062a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u064a\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0639\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u062a\u0644\u0642\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0627\u062c\u0627\u064b \u0623\u0642\u0644 \u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629. \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0627\u064b\u060c \u062a\u062d\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0626\u064a (Partial Verification Bias): \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u062e\u064a\u0635\u064a\u0629\u060c \u064a\u064f\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0636\u0649 \u0641\u0642\u0637\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0641\u064a\u0641 \u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u064a\u0632\u0627\u062a<\/span><\/strong>
\n\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0628\u064a\u060c \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0627\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u062b\u0644 (STARD) \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u062e\u064a\u0635\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0624\u0643\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0628\u0644\u0627\u063a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0641\u0627\u0641. \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0648\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0621 (Blinding)\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629 (Matching) \u064a\u0642\u0644\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u064a\u0632\u0627\u062a. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062d\u0635\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0648\u0634\u0627\u062a. \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629\u060c \u064a\u064f\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u062a\u0633\u062c\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0633\u0628\u0642\u0627\u064b \u0644\u062a\u062c\u0646\u0628 \u062a\u062d\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631.<\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"
[STARD-Standards for Reporting of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies)] \u0647\u0648 \u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u062a\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0647\u064a \u064a\u064f\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0642\u064a\u0651\u0645 \u062f\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u062e\u064a\u0635\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a. \u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631\u0647 \u0644\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u062a\u0642\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0634\u0641\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u062e\u064a\u0635\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u064a\u062d \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645 \u0645\u0635\u062f\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0648\u0625\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0647\u0627.<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0641\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0648\u0634\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062d\u0635\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u064a\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0646\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u060c \u062a\u064f\u0636\u0639\u0641 \u062f\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631. \u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u064a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0632\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0648\u064a\u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0639\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u0629. \u064a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u062c\u0647\u0648\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0639\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u064a\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0635\u0627\u0631\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0636\u0649 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0631\u062c\u0648\u0639\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u064a\u0636 \u0628\u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u201cFACT: Evidence Suggests Link Between Acetaminophen, Autism\u201d (22 \u0633\u0628\u062a\u0645\u0628\u0631 2025)\u060c \u0648\u0631\u062f:<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\u2022 \u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0628 (cohort studies) \u0645\u062b\u0644 <\/span>(Nurses\u2019 Health Study II \u0648 Boston Birth Cohort) \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u064f\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0637\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u0639\u0631\u0651\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0623\u0633\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0646\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0646 (acetaminophen) \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0648\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u0634\u062e\u064a\u0635\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u062d\u062f (ASD) \u0648\u0641\u0631\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0634\u062a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0647 (ADHD). <\/span>
\n\u2022 \u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0647\u0627\u0631\u0641\u0627\u0631\u062f (Harvard) \u0645\u062f\u0639\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u0646\u062d\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0629 (NIH) \u0628\u062d\u062b\u062a \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0646\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0648\u0648\u062c\u062f\u062a \u201c\u062f\u0644\u064a\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0637\u201d \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0636\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0628\u064a \u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644. <\/span>
\n\u2022 \u0623\u0646 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062b\u0644 (Johns Hopkins \u0648 Mount Sinai) \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u062a\u0628\u0631\u0632 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0637 \u0645\u0645\u0627\u062b\u0644. <\/span>
\n\u2022 \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0648\u0631\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u064b\u0627 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u064b\u0627 (international consensus statement) \u0639\u0627\u0645 2021 \u062f\u0639\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u201c\u062a\u0635\u0631\u0651\u0641 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0632\u064a\u201d (precautionary action)\u060c \u0623\u064a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0642\u0644 \u062c\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0623\u0642\u0635\u0631 \u0648\u0642\u062a \u0645\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0646\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0644.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638\u0627\u062a \u0646\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0647\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\u2022 \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0647\u064a \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638\u0629 (observational \/ cohort)\u060c \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0633\u062a \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0628 \u0639\u0634\u0648\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 (randomized trials)\u060c \u0644\u0630\u0627 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062b\u0628\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u062d\u0633\u0645.<\/span>
\n\u2022 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0642\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 (Recall) \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0644\u060c \u0645\u0627 \u0642\u062f \u064a\u064f\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u062a\u062d\u064a\u0651\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0627\u0643\u0631\u0629 (recall bias).<\/span>
\n\u2022 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u0642\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0623\u0646 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0642\u062f \u062a\u064f\u0641\u0633\u0651\u064e\u0631 \u0628\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0648\u0631\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0643\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0628\u062c\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0646\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0646 \u0630\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627. <\/span>
\n\u2022 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u062a\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0646 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a (\u0645\u0646 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0639\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0642\u064a\u062a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0628\u0643\u0629 (confounders) \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u064f\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0644 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0624\u062b\u0631\u060c \u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062a\u060c \u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0651\u0646\u0627\u062a).<\/span>
\n\u2022 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u064f\u0634\u0647\u062f \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u064f\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0628\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0646 \u201c\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0637\u201d \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0625\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0646\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0646 \u201c\u064a\u0633\u0628\u0628\u201d \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u062d\u062f. \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u060c \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u0629 (Navigation Guide) \u062a\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0637 \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u062b\u0628\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628\u064a\u0629. <\/span>
\n\u2022 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u2013 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u0637\u0628\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u062f \u0648\u0623\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0621 (ACOG) \u2013 \u0631\u0641\u0636\u062a \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u064f\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u062a\u0635\u0631\u064a\u062d \u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0646\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u062d\u062f\u060c \u0645\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0644\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0643\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0643\u064a\u062f.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u062a\u0645\u0629<\/strong><\/span>
\n\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0645\u060c \u062a\u062a\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a \u0644\u062a\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0627\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u064a\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628. \u064a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0636\u0639\u0641 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0630 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0646\u064a\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0632\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0639\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u0629. \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u062f\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c.<\/span><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

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\u0623\u062b\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a \u062f\u0648\u0646\u0627\u0644\u062f \u062a\u0631\u0627\u0645\u0628 \u062c\u062f\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639\u0627\u064b \u0628\u062a\u0635\u0631\u064a\u062d\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0631\u0628\u0637\u062a \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062f\u0648\u0644\u00bb (\u0623\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0646\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0646\/\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u0633\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0645\u0648\u0644) \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0648\u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u062d\u062f\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062c\u0646\u0628\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u0648\u0649. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u062f\u0639\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f \u062f\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0643\u0648\u0641\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0646 (leucovorin) \u0643\u0639\u0644\u0627\u062c \u0645\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0644 \u0644\u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u062d\u062f\u060c \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0646\u0642\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0645\u0627\u063a \u0642\u062f \u064a\u0633\u0627\u0647\u0645 …<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":31401,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_exactmetrics_skip_tracking":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_active":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_note":"","_exactmetrics_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[37],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-31389","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","","category-37"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/31389","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/4"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=31389"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/31389\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":31403,"href":"https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/31389\/revisions\/31403"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/31401"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=31389"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=31389"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=31389"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}