{"id":31261,"date":"2025-09-20T11:13:08","date_gmt":"2025-09-20T08:13:08","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/?p=31261"},"modified":"2025-09-20T11:13:08","modified_gmt":"2025-09-20T08:13:08","slug":"%d9%85%d8%a7-%d9%8a%d9%82%d8%b1%d8%a8-%d9%85%d9%86-50-%d9%85%d9%86-%d8%aa%d9%84%d9%88%d8%ab-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a8%d9%84%d8%a7%d8%b3%d8%aa%d9%8a%d9%83-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%af%d9%82%d9%8a%d9%82-%d9%8a%d8%a3","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/?p=31261","title":{"rendered":"\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u0631\u0628 \u0645\u0646 50% \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0644\u0648\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u064a\u0623\u062a\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a. \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628 – \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629* \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u062c\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0622\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0636\u0631\u0627\u0648\u064a"},"content":{"rendered":"

Almost 50% of Microplastic Pollution Comes From Cars. Here’s Why.
\n(Boluwatife S. Olubusoye & James V Cizdziel, The Conversation – \u0628\u0642\u0644\u0645: \u0628\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0648\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0641 \u0633. \u0627\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0628\u0633\u0648\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0633\u0648\u0631 \u062c\u064a\u0645\u0633 \u0641. \u0633\u064a\u0632\u062f\u0632\u064a\u0644[1]<\/sup>\u060c \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 “\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0648\u0646\u0641\u0631\u0633\u064a\u0634\u0646)<\/span><\/h3>\n

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\u0648\u0641\u064a \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0623\u062c\u0631\u064a\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0639\u064f\u062b\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0627\u060c “6 \u0628\u064a \u0628\u064a \u062f\u064a-\u0643\u064a\u0648”\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a\u064a\u0646.<\/span><\/p><\/blockquote>\n

\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u0622\u062b\u0627\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0642\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629\u060c \u062a\u064f\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u062d\u0627\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0636\u0631 \u0628\u0623\u0639\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0649.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0648\u0641\u064a \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u0633\u0641\u0648\u0631\u062f \u0628\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0628\u064a\u060c \u062d\u062f\u062f\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 30000 \u062c\u0632\u064a\u0621 \u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a 24 \u0644\u062a\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0641\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0648\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0639\u0627\u0635\u0641\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0637\u0631\u064a\u062a\u064a\u0646. \u0648\u0646\u0639\u062a\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0642\u062f \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0641\u0629.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0648\u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 2023\u060c \u0623\u0648\u0635\u0649 \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u062a\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0641 \u062a\u0642\u0648\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0628\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0648\u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0628\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 “6 \u0628\u064a \u0628\u064a \u062f\u064a” \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644 “6 \u0628\u064a \u0628\u064a \u062f\u064a-\u0643\u064a\u0648” \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629. \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0645\u0635\u0646\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0625\u0646\u0647 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0648\u062c\u062f \u0628\u062f\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0646.<\/span><\/p>\n

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\n\u0641\u064a \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0628\u064a\u060c \u0646\u062c\u0631\u064a \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0625\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u062c\u0632\u064a\u0626\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0633\u0647\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0629: \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0637 \u062c\u0632\u064a\u0626\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u064a\u0637\u0627\u062a.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0648\u0641\u064a \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629\u060c \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627 \u0631\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u062e\u0634\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0648\u0628\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u062d\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0648\u064a – \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062d\u0645 \u064a\u064f\u0635\u0646\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0633\u062e\u064a\u0646 \u0642\u0634\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0632 \u0641\u064a \u063a\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u0633\u062c\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u064f\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a[3]<\/sup> – \u0648\u0648\u062c\u062f\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0642\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0632\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u0631\u0628 \u0645\u0646 90% \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0632\u064a\u0626\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u0633\u0641\u0648\u0631\u062f.<\/span><\/p>\n

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\u0628\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0648\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0641 \u0633. \u0623\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0628\u0648\u0633\u0648\u064a\u060c \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0645\u0624\u0644\u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0629\u060c \u064a\u0636\u0639 \u062c\u0648\u0631\u0628 \u062a\u0631\u0634\u064a\u062d \u0645\u0645\u0644\u0648\u0621 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0641\u062d\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0648\u064a \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0645\u0635\u0631\u0641 \u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0631. (\u062c\u064a\u0645\u0633 \u0633\u064a\u0632\u062f\u0632\u064a\u0644\/\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0628\u064a).<\/span><\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

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\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u062c\u0632\u064a\u0626\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0637\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0646\u0646\u0629\u060c \u062a\u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0647\u0644 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0628\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0641\u0629. \u0648\u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0623\u0635\u063a\u0631 \u062c\u0633\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0642\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0631\u0634\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644<\/span><\/strong><\/span>
\n\u0646\u0639\u062a\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u062c \u064a\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0625\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0642\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0639 \u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0647 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0644\u0648\u062b \u062c\u0633\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0648\u062b\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0637\u0631\u0629.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0648\u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062d\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0648\u064a \u0648\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0634\u0628 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0643\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0646 \u0646\u0633\u0628\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0633\u0647\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629.<\/span><\/p><\/blockquote>\n

\u0648\u0633\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0631\u0635\u062f \u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0644\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u064a\u0626\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0641\u0629\u060c \u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u062c \u0648\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u064a\u062a\u0647 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0639 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0634\u064a\u062d \u0645\u0647\u0645 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631\u062a \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0627\u0648\u0641 \u0628\u0634\u0623\u0646 \u0645\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0646\u0641\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062e\u0636\u0639 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u064f\u0637\u0644\u0642 \u0645\u0644\u0648\u062b\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0636\u0648\u064a\u0629.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0648\u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0634\u062d\u0627\u062a\u060c \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0634\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a – \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0644\u0635 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0634\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d – \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0648\u062b\u0627\u062a \u062a\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0645 \u0648\u062a\u062a\u062d\u0644\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0634\u062d\u0627\u062a.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0648\u062a\u0636\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0633\u060c \u0648\u0631\u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0635\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646. \u0648\u0646\u0639\u062a\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0634\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0646\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0641\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u0627\u062a\u0627\u062a \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u062d\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0643\u0644\u0641 \u0646\u0633\u0628\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u0635\u062f\u064a\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629.<\/span><\/p>\n

*\u062a\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u062a\u0635\u0631\u0641<\/span>
\n\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631:<\/strong><\/p>\n

https:\/\/www.sciencealert.com\/almost-50-of-microplastic-pollution-comes-from-cars-heres-why<\/a>
\n\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0634:<\/strong>
\n[1] \u0628\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0648\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0641 \u0633. \u0623\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0628\u0648\u0633\u0648\u064a\u060c \u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0627 \u0645\u0631\u0634\u062d \u0644\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0628\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0628\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0633\u0648\u0631 \u062c\u064a\u0645\u0633 \u0641. \u0633\u064a\u0632\u062f\u0632\u064a\u0644\u060c \u0623\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0628\u064a.
\n[2] “6 \u0628\u064a \u0628\u064a \u062f\u064a” (6PPD)\u060c \u0623\u0648 (N-(1,3-dimethylbutyl)-N’-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine) \u060c \u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u064f\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0643\u0645\u0636\u0627\u062f \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0633\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0636\u0627\u062f \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0632\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0645\u0646\u0639 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0637. \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u062a\u0647\u060c \u064a\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 “6 \u0628\u064a \u0628\u064a \u062f\u064a” \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0632\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u062a\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0646 “6 \u0628\u064a \u0628\u064a \u062f\u064a \u2013 \u0643\u0648\u064a\u0646\u0648\u0646” (“6 \u0628\u064a \u0628\u064a \u062f\u064a-\u0643\u064a\u0648” 6PPD-q)\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062a\u0645 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0647 \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0634\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0633\u0645\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0626\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629.
\n[3] \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0647\u0648 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u0644 \u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0636\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u063a\u064a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0633\u062c\u064a\u0646. \u062a\u064f\u062d\u0644\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u064a\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0642\u062f\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0632\u064a\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0628\u0633\u0637\u060c \u0645\u064f\u0646\u062a\u062c\u0629\u064b \u063a\u0627\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0633\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0648\u0628\u0642\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0635\u0644\u0628\u0629. \u062a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0626\u0639\u0629 \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u062f\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0648\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0634\u0637.<\/p>\n

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