{"id":30761,"date":"2025-08-28T23:23:02","date_gmt":"2025-08-28T20:23:02","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/?p=30761"},"modified":"2025-08-28T23:23:02","modified_gmt":"2025-08-28T20:23:02","slug":"%d9%88%d9%85%d8%b6%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d9%85%d8%b9%d8%b1%d9%81%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d9%85%d9%86-%d9%83%d8%aa%d8%a7%d8%a8-%d8%b3%d8%ad%d8%b1-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%aa%d8%b1%d9%85%d9%8a%d8%b2-%d9%83%d8%aa%d8%a7%d8%a8%d8%a9","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/?p=30761","title":{"rendered":"\u0648\u0645\u0636\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628: \u0633\u062d\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0645\u064a\u0632 (\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0641\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0645\u062c\u064a\u0629): \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u062e\u0644\u0642\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627 \u0648\u0631\u0628\u0637\u062a\u0647\u064f \u2013 \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629* \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0633\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u064a"},"content":{"rendered":"

\u0625\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628:\u00a0<\/strong><\/span>
\n\u201c\u0633\u062d\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0645\u064a\u0632 (\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0641\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0645\u062c\u064a\u0629): \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u062e\u0644\u0642\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627 \u0648\u0631\u0628\u0637\u062a\u0647\u064f\u201d<\/span>
\n[The Magic of Code: How Digital Language Created and Connects Our World]<\/span><\/h3>\n

\u062a\u0646\u0635\u0651\u0644:<\/span><\/strong>
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\u062a\u0648\u0637\u0626\u0629:<\/span><\/strong>
\n\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0645\u064a\u0632 (Coding) \u0647\u0648 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0641\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0645\u062c\u064a\u0629 (Code) \u0628\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u064a\u062b\u0648\u0646 (Python)\u060c \u062c\u0627\u0641\u0627 (Java)\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0633\u064a++ (C++)\u060c \u0648\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u064a\u063a\u0629 \u064a\u0641\u0647\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0633\u0648\u0628 \u0648\u064a\u0633\u062a\u0637\u064a\u0639 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630\u0647\u0627. \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0645\u062c\u0629 (Programming) \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648\u0633\u0639 \u0648\u0623\u0634\u0645\u0644\u060c \u062a\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644\u0647\u0627\u060c \u062b\u0645 \u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0632\u0645\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629\u060c \u064a\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u062f\u0627\u062a (\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0645\u064a\u0632 Coding) \u0643\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0629 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062b\u0645 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u062c \u0648\u062a\u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0621 (Debugging) \u0648\u0635\u064a\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647 \u0648\u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631\u0647 \u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u064b\u0627.<\/span>
\n\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u0634\u0628\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0645\u062c\u0629 \u0628\u062a\u0623\u0644\u064a\u0641 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644: \u0627\u0628\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0621\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0628\u0643\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0642\u0633\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0648\u0644\u060c \u0645\u0631\u0648\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0627\u0621\u064b \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0631. \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0634\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0645\u064a\u0632 \u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u062d\u0629. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u062a\u0634\u0628\u064a\u0647 \u0622\u062e\u0631\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0645\u062c\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0648\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0628\u0646\u0649\u060c \u0641\u064a \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0645\u064a\u0632 \u0647\u0648 \u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f \u0648\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0637\u0637.<\/span>
\n\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0629:<\/span> \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0645\u064a\u0632 (Coding) \u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0645\u062c\u0629 (Programming)\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647 \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0641\u0626\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0647\u0627. \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0645\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0631 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0641\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0645\u062c\u064a\u0629 (\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0645\u064a\u0632) \u0641\u062d\u0633\u0628\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u064a\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0632 \u0628\u0642\u062f\u0631\u062a\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0644\u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0648\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0628\u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0645\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u062e\u0637\u0648\u0629 \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0623\u0648\u0633\u0639 \u0628\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0635\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0632\u0648\u0646 (Amazon):<\/span><\/strong>
\n\u062a\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u062f\u0629 (\u0644\u064a\u0646\u062f\u0627 \u0644\u064a\u0648\u0643\u0627\u0633 \u2013 Linda Liukas): \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062e\u0637\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629 (The Lives of a Cell)\u060c \u064a\u0623\u062a\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0644\u064a\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0635\u064a\u0627\u063a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0646\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627 \u0628\u062c\u0631\u0623\u0629\u060c \u0645\u062c\u0627\u062f\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0645\u064a\u0632 \u0647\u0648 \u201c\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0643\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u2013 \u062a\u062a\u062f\u0641\u0642 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0635\u0635\u0627\u062a\u060c \u062a\u0645\u062a\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0643\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645”.<\/span>
\n\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u060c \u064a\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0645\u064a\u0632\u060c (\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0641\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0645\u062c\u064a\u0629)\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u0647\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0648\u064a (DNA) \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a \u2013 \u0648\u062a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0641\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0645\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u063a\u0627\u0645\u0636\u0629 \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0631. \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0641\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062e\u0644\u0642 \u0639\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629\u060c \u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0629\u061b \u0648\u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062a\u064a\u062d \u0644\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0633 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0627\u0643\u0646 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u061b \u0648\u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0646\u062c\u0632 \u0645\u0647\u0627\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0645\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0629 \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u064a\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u0645\u0636\u0649. \u0625\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0642\u0648\u0629 \u062e\u0627\u0631\u0642\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a. \u0628\u0644 \u0647\u064a \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0643\u0627\u0631. \u0648\u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0648\u0636\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0635\u0645\u0648\u0626\u064a\u0644 \u0623\u0631\u0628\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0646 (Samuel Arbesman) \u0628\u062c\u0644\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0648\u0641\u0651\u0631 \u0641\u0647\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0644\u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0637 \u0643\u0644 \u0634\u064a\u0621 \u2013 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635\u0648\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0648\u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0637 \u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631\u0646\u0627 \u2013 \u0628\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0648\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0633\u0628\u0629.<\/span>
\n\u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0641\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0645\u062c\u064a\u0629 (\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0645\u064a\u0632) \u0643\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0632 \u0623\u0634\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u062f\u0647\u0634\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0642\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062e\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0646\u0642\u0633\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0639\u0645\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0627\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u064f\u0633\u062a\u064e\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0643\u0633\u0644\u0627\u062d \u0644\u0625\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0631 \u0628\u0643\u0648\u0643\u0628\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0648 \u0628\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0646\u0627. \u0625\u0646 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0641\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0645\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u0647\u0645\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u062c\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u062d\u064a\u062b \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u0631\u0643\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629\u061b \u0641\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643 \u0643\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f \u0645\u0646\u0627 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0645\u0627. \u0648\u0625\u0646 \u0641\u0634\u0644\u0646\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0641\u0647\u0645\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0646\u0627.<\/span>
\n\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u0632\u0648\u064a\u062f\u0646\u0627 \u0628\u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u064a (\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0645\u064a\u0632)\u060c \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0641\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0645\u062c\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0622\u062b\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0633\u0639\u060c \u0646\u0631\u0649 \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0645\u062c\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0633\u0648\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0644\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631 \u0628\u062f\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0636\u062f \u0627\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0627\u062c\u0627\u062a\u0646\u0627. \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0642 \u0644\u0640 \u201c\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0630\u0627\u201d \u0646\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0641\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0645\u062c\u064a\u0629\u060c \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0646\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0633\u064a\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627 \u0644\u0627 \u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u062e\u0627\u0636\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0647\u0627.<\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

\u0645\u0624\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628:<\/span><\/strong>
\n\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0635\u0645\u0648\u0626\u064a\u0644 \u0623\u0631\u0628\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0646 (Samuel Arbesman) \u0647\u0648 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0645\u0642\u064a\u0645 (Scientist in Residence) \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0643\u0633 \u0643\u0627\u0628\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0644 (Lux Capital)\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0634\u063a\u0644 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646\u0635\u0628 \u0632\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0641\u064a (xLab) \u0628\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u064a\u0630\u0631\u0647\u064a\u062f (Weatherhead School of Management) \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0643\u064a\u0633 \u0648\u064a\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0646 \u0631\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0631\u0641 (Case Western Reserve University)\u060c \u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u0647 \u0632\u0645\u064a\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0629 \u0644\u0648\u0646\u063a \u0646\u0627\u0648 (Long Now Foundation).<\/span>
\n\u0623\u0644\u0651\u0641 \u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0631\u0632\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0627:<\/span>
\n\u2022 \u0633\u062d\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0645\u064a\u0632 (The Magic of Code)\u060c <\/span>
\n\u2022 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0642\u064a\u062f (Overcomplicated)\u060c <\/span>
\n\u2022 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635\u0641\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0642 (The Half-Life of Facts)\u060c <\/span>
\n\u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0646\u064f\u0634\u0631\u062a \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0635\u062d\u0641 \u0648\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649 \u0645\u062b\u0644: \u0646\u064a\u0648\u064a\u0648\u0631\u0643 \u062a\u0627\u064a\u0645\u0632 (New York Times)\u060c \u0648\u0648\u0644 \u0633\u062a\u0631\u064a\u062a \u062c\u0648\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0644 (Wall Street Journal)\u060c \u0630\u0627 \u0623\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u064a\u0643 (The Atlantic)\u060c \u0648\u0648\u0627\u064a\u0631\u062f (Wired) \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u062a\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0647\u0645\u0627\u064b.<\/span>
\n\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0623\u0631\u0628\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0641\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062f (Cleveland) \u0628\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0648 (Ohio) \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0623\u0633\u0631\u062a\u0647\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0630\u0643\u0631 \u0623\u0646 \u0623\u0648\u0644 \u062d\u0627\u0633\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u0627\u0632 \u0643\u0648\u0645\u0648\u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0641\u064a\u0643-20 (Commodore VIC-20).<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0645\u0646\u0635\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0636**<\/span> (Blinkist) \u0642\u0627\u0645\u062a \u0628\u062a\u0644\u062e\u064a\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u201c\u0633\u062a \u0648\u0645\u0636\u0627\u062a\u201d<\/span><\/strong>\u00a0\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629\u00a0\u0648\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629<\/strong>\u060c\u00a0\u0648\u062a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0643\u0644 \u0648\u0645\u0636\u0629 \u062a\u0644\u062e\u064a\u0635\u0627 \u0644\u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u00a0\u0648\u0647\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a:<\/em><\/strong><\/span><\/h3>\n

\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u2013<\/strong> \u0631\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0645\u064a\u0632 (\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0641\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0645\u062c\u064a\u0629):<\/span>
\n\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646\u0643 \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0630\u0643\u0631 \u0639\u062c\u0627\u0626\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0638\u064a\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0631\u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0633\u062a\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0627\u062a\u0634\u0648 \u0628\u064a\u062a\u0634\u0648 (Machu Picchu)\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0646\u062f \u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0646 (Grand Canyon)\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0633\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0638\u064a\u0645 (Great Wall of China). \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0643 \u0645\u0627 \u0642\u062f \u064a\u0641\u0627\u062c\u0626\u0643: \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0645\u064a\u0632 (\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0641\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0645\u062c\u064a\u0629) \u062a\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0642 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627. \u0644\u0645\u0627\u0630\u0627\u061f \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0641\u062a\u062d \u0644\u0646\u0627 \u0628\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062c\u0627\u0626\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0648\u0644\u0646\u0627.<\/span>
\n\u0644\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0645\u064a\u0632 (\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0641\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0645\u062c\u064a\u0629) \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0646\u0633\u062a\u0643\u0634\u0641 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0643\u0644 \u0634\u064a\u0621 \u0622\u062e\u0631. \u0647\u0644 \u062a\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u062a\u062a\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0631\u0627\u062a\u061f \u064a\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0643 \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0627\u0629. \u0647\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0641\u0636\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0628\u0634\u0623\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0629\u061f \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0628\u0631\u0645\u062c\u0629 \u0646\u0645\u0627\u0630\u062c \u062a\u062d\u0644\u0644 \u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0628\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0644\u064a\u062f. \u0648\u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0631\u064a\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0628\u0627\u0648\u0631\u0632 (Richard Powers): \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0633\u0648\u0628 \u0647\u0648 \u201c\u0622\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0638\u0645\u0649\u201d\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0645\u064a\u0632 (\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0641\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0645\u062c\u064a\u0629) \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0645\u0643\u0646\u064b\u0627. <\/span>\u0647\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u062a \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u062f \u0644\u0627\u0643\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0641 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u062c\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u062c\u0627\u0626\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u061f \u0625\u0630\u0646 \u0641\u0644\u0646\u0628\u062f\u0623.<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0636\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u2013 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u062d\u0631:<\/span><\/strong><\/span>
\n\u062a\u062e\u064a\u0651\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0647\u062f: \u0646\u062d\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1770\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0646\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0642\u0641 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0644\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u062a\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0632\u0627 (Maria Theresa). \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645\u0643 \u0645\u0634\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a \u2013 \u062a\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a \u0644\u0631\u062c\u0644 \u064a\u0631\u062a\u062f\u064a \u0645\u0644\u0627\u0628\u0633 \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062c\u0627\u0644\u0633 \u062e\u0644\u0641 \u062e\u0632\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u062e\u0634\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0644\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0633 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u062c\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0622\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a. \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u064a (Mechanical Turk)\u060c \u0648\u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644\u0647 \u064a\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0641\u064a \u0644\u0639\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0637\u0631\u0646\u062c \u0628\u0630\u0643\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0630\u0647\u0644\u060c \u0645\u062d\u0631\u0651\u0643\u064b\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0639 \u0628\u0630\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u064a\u062a\u063a\u0644\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0644\u0627\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u062a\u0631\u0641\u064a\u0646. \u0644\u0642\u062f \u0634\u0647\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0647\u0634\u0629. \u0647\u0644 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0633\u062d\u0631\u064b\u0627\u061f \u0623\u0645 \u062a\u062f\u062e\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0647\u064a\u064b\u0627\u061f \u0623\u0645 \u0634\u064a\u0626\u064b\u0627 \u0622\u062e\u0631 \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u064b\u0627\u061f<\/span>
\n\u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0627 \u064a\u0634\u0647\u062f\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u0631\u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u0648\u0644 \u062d\u0627\u0633\u0648\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u060c \u0622\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u062f\u062a \u0648\u0643\u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0641\u0643\u0631.<\/span>
\n\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0633\u0648\u0628 \u064a\u0648\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0647\u0634\u0629. \u0641\u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0628\u062a\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u062f \u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0644\u0632 \u0628\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062c (Charles Babbage) \u0641\u0643\u0631\u062a\u0647 \u0639\u0646 \u201c\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0651\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644\u064a\u201d \u0623\u0648 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u0643\u062a\u0628\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0622\u062f\u0627 \u0644\u0648\u0641\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0633 (Ada Lovelace) \u0645\u0627 \u0646\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0646 \u0643\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u062c \u062d\u0627\u0633\u0648\u0628\u064a\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0634\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0628\u0631\u0648\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062d\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0628\u0647\u0627\u0631.<\/span>
\n\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0634\u064a\u0626\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u063a\u064a\u0651\u0631 \u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u064b\u0627. \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0648\u062c\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u062c\u064a (\u062e\u064a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0644) \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0647\u0634\u0629 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0633\u0628\u0629. \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0646\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0646 (Hackers) \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0628\u062b\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0648\u0638\u0641\u064a \u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0642\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u064a\u062a\u0628\u0639\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0648\u0643\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0641\u0633\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0645\u0631\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u062f\u0639\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0648\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 (Silicon Valley)\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0633\u062a\u064a\u0641 \u0648\u0648\u0632\u0646\u064a\u0627\u0643 (Steve Wozniak)\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0628\u0646\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0644 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649 \u0634\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627 (Big Tech) \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0641\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0632\u0645\u064a\u0629.<\/span>
\n\u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0641\u0644\u0646\u0639\u062f \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0630\u0627\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u0639\u0648\u062f \u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0645\u064a\u0632 (\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0641\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0645\u062c\u064a\u0629) \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0643\u0631\u0629. \u0641\u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0648\u0644\u0626\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0645\u062c\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u064a\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0648\u0646 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0641\u062d\u0633\u0628 \u2013 \u0628\u0644 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0627 \u064a\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0646 \u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0630\u060c \u064a\u062e\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0644\u0627 \u0634\u064a\u0621 \u0633\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u064a\u0627\u0644. \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a (\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0641\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0645\u062c\u064a\u0629) \u0645\u0631\u062d\u0629\u060c \u062a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062a\u0643\u0627\u062f \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0633\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0642\u062f\u0631\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0631\u0651\u062f\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0645\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0633..<\/span>
\n\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0646\u062d\u0646 \u0646\u0642\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0639\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0636\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0628 \u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0637\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u060c \u064a\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u0646\u0633\u062a\u0639\u064a\u062f \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0647\u0634\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0633\u0628\u0629. \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0645\u064a\u0632 (\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0641\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0645\u062c\u064a\u0629)\u060c \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0647\u0631\u0647\u0627\u060c \u062a\u0638\u0644 \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645\u064b\u0627: \u062e\u064a\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0642\u062f \u062a\u062d\u0648\u0651\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630\u0647\u060c \u0623\u062d\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0646\u0627 \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0645\u064f\u0646\u062d\u062a \u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u0629.<\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0636\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u2013 \u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0645\u064a\u0632 (\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0641\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0645\u062c\u064a\u0629):<\/span><\/strong>
\n\u062a\u062e\u064a\u0651\u0644 \u0645\u0634\u0647\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u062c\u0628\u0644\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0628\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0628 \u2013 \u0642\u0645\u0645 \u0645\u0643\u0633\u0648\u0651\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0644\u0648\u062c \u062a\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0637 \u0636\u0648\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628\u0627\u062d\u060c \u0647\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0628\u0644\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0646\u0642\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0643\u0633\u0648\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0632\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0629. \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0642\u062f \u062a\u062c\u062f\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629. \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0644\u060c \u0623\u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643\u061f \u062d\u0633\u0646\u064b\u0627\u060c \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0639\u0634\u0631\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u064f\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0628\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0642\u0628\u064a\u062d\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u062e\u064a\u0641\u0629. \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0641\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u064a\u0635\u0641\u0648\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u201c\u062b\u0622\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u062c\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636\u201d \u2013 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0628\u0639\u0636\u0647\u0645 \u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u064f\u0639\u0635\u0628\u0648\u0627 \u0623\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0628\u0648\u0631\u0647\u0645 \u0644\u062c\u0628\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u064a\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0629 (Swiss Alps). \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0633\u062a\u063a\u0631\u0642\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0642\u062a\u0627\u064b \u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0646\u0631\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0628\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0647\u064a\u0628\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u062f\u0649 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0631\u0624\u064a\u062a\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644..<\/span>
\n\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0645\u064a\u0632 (\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0641\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0645\u062c\u064a\u0629) \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0632\u0645\u0646\u0646\u0627\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644\u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0628\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0639\u0634\u0631. \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u064a\u0631\u0649 \u0648\u064a\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0631\u0648\u0639\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629.<\/span>
\n\u064a\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0647\u0645. \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0645\u064a\u0632 (\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0641\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0645\u062c\u064a\u0629) \u0647\u064a \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0647\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0635\u0641\u0629 \u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0633\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0639\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0634\u064a\u0621 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0623\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a. \u0641\u0641\u064a \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u0647\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u062f \u062c\u0648\u0631\u062c \u0628\u0648\u0644 (George Boole)\u060c \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0627\u0628\u062a\u0643\u0631 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0626\u0629. \u0641\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644: “\u0625\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0645\u0637\u0631 (\u0648 AND) \u0644\u062f\u064a \u0645\u0638\u0644\u0629” \u0647\u064a \u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0643\u0644\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u0623\u064a\u0646 \u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d\u064a\u0646. \u0644\u0642\u062f \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0628\u0635\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u062f \u062c\u0648\u0631\u062c \u0628\u0648\u0644 \u062b\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629: \u0625\u0630 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0644\u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644 \u0633\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0622\u0644\u064a\u0629 (\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0646\u0629).<\/span>
\n\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0646\u064a (Boolean Logic) \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0628\u0636 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0633\u0628\u0629. \u0641\u0643\u0644 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u064a\u062a\u062e\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0633\u0648\u0628 \u2013 \u0633\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0628\u0643\u0633\u0644 (pixel)\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0625\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 (\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u064a\u062e Mars)\u060c \u2013 \u064a\u0639\u0648\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u201c\u0635\u062d\/\u062e\u0637\u0623\u201d \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062a\u062f\u0641\u0642 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u0644\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u064a\u0629.<\/span>
\n\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u0627 \u064a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0633\u062d\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0645\u062c\u064a\u0629 (Compilers). \u0641\u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0645\u062c\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0641\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0643\u0631\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u201c\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u062d\u062f\u062b \u0647\u0630\u0627\u060c \u0641\u0627\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0630\u0627\u0643\u201d\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u064a\u0639\u0645\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0644\u063a\u0627\u062a \u0635\u064f\u0645\u0645\u062a \u0644\u0644\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a. \u0648\u064a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0645\u062c\u064a\u0648\u0646 (Compilers) \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u064a\u062d\u0644\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u064a\u062d\u0648\u0651\u0644\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a \u062b\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 (Binary Instructions) \u064a\u0646\u0641\u0630\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c (processor) \u0641\u0639\u0644\u064a\u064b\u0627. \u0625\u0646\u0647 \u0623\u0634\u0628\u0647 \u0628\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0627\u0638 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u064b\u0627.<\/span>
\n\u0644\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0645\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0647\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0639\u0642\u0648\u062f. \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0636\u0637\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0645\u062c\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0628\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u0629 \u2013 \u0648\u0647\u064a \u062a\u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0628\u062d\u062a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0645 \u062a\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c. \u062b\u0645 \u062c\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645 \u0628\u0631\u0645\u062c\u064a (compiler) \u064a\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0625\u0633\u0645 \u0644\u063a\u0629 “\u0641\u0648\u0631\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0646” (FORTRAN) \u0644\u064a\u064f\u062d\u062f\u062b \u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0633\u0645\u062d \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0628\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u063a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u064a\u0621 \u0623\u0642\u0631\u0628 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0645\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u062f\u064a\u060c \u062b\u0645 \u062a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0645\u062c\u064a (compiler) \u0628\u0639\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0644\u063a\u0629 \u062a\u0641\u0647\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u0629. \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a\u062f (Abstraction) \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0623\u062e\u0630 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0631\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0623\u0628\u0639\u062f \u2013 \u0625\u0630 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0645\u062c\u064a \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0628\u062f\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u0634\u0623\u0646 \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u062a\u062e\u0632\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0627\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0632\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u0637\u0628\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0645\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u062a\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u064a\u064b\u0627.<\/span>
\n\u0641\u0643\u0651\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0645\u064a\u0632 (\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0641\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0645\u062c\u064a\u0629) \u0643\u0646\u0633\u064a\u062c \u0645\u0639\u0642\u062f. \u0641\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0641\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0645\u062c\u064a\u0629 (coding actions) \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0641\u0635\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0645\u062a\u0643\u0631\u0631\u0629 \u2013 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u063a\u0631\u0632 \u0645\u0646\u0641\u0631\u062f\u0629 \u064a\u0648\u062c\u0651\u0647\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0646\u064a (Boolean Logic). \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u064f\u0646\u0633\u064e\u062c \u0645\u0639\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0637\u0628\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0645\u062c\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062a\u064f\u0646\u062a\u0650\u062c \u0634\u064a\u0626\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0645\u0639\u0642\u062f\u064b\u0627. \u0641\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0645\u062c\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0634\u0643\u0651\u0644 \u062d\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0646\u0627 \u2013 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u062a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0641\u064a\u0627\u062a \u2013 \u062a\u0646\u0628\u062b\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0645\u062c\u064a\u0629 (cathedrals of code)\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0644\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0646\u0633\u062c\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u062a\u0646\u0627\u063a\u0645 \u062a\u0627\u0645.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0636\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0629 \u2013 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629:<\/span><\/strong><\/span>
\n\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0643 \u0631\u0624\u064a\u062a\u0647 \u0623\u0648 \u0644\u0645\u0633\u0647 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0642\u0647\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u0628\u062a\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0628\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0630\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627: \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0631\u0627\u062a. \u0648\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0641\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0645\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0628\u0647\u0629 \u0648\u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0630\u0647\u0644 \u0648\u0645\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0638.. \u0641\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0631\u0627\u062a\u060c \u062a\u064f\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0641\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0645\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a. \u0648\u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0631\u0627\u062a \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0651\u0646 \u0643\u0644 \u0634\u064a\u0621 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0634\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0628\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629\u060c \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0641\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0645\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062e\u0644\u0642 \u0625\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0627 \u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u2013 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0636\u0644\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0648\u062c\u0651\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0645\u062c\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0642\u0631\u0623 \u0644\u0643 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0646.<\/span>
\n\u062a\u0646\u0628\u0639 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a\u062f (Abstraction) \u2013 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0643\u0634\u0641\u0646\u0627\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u064f\u063a\u0644\u0651\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0642\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0632\u0645 \u0628\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0629 \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645. \u0648\u062a\u0632\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0647\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u064f\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0645\u062c\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0641\u062a\u0648\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 (Open-Source Software). \u062a\u062e\u064a\u0651\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0643\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0636\u062e\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0628\u062f\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0628\u060c \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0648\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0644\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0645\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0623\u064a \u0634\u062e\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0646\u0627. \u0625\u0646 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644 \u0644\u064a\u0646\u064f\u0643\u0633 (Linux) \u2013 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u064f\u0634\u063a\u0651\u0644 \u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u062a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0631\u0646\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u2013 \u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u062c\u0647\u0648\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u064a\u0633\u0627\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0622\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0645\u062c\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0639\u0642\u0648\u062f.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0625\u0646 \u0631\u0648\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u062c\u0630\u0648\u0631 \u0639\u0645\u064a\u0642\u0629. \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0628\u062f\u0623\u062a \u0645\u0639 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644 \u064a\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0643\u0633 (UNIX)\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0623\u064f\u0646\u0634\u0626 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0628\u0639\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0628\u064a\u0644 (Bell Labs). \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u064a\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0643\u0633 \u062b\u0648\u0631\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0643\u0628\u0631\u0645\u062c\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0643\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0629 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627. \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0628\u062a\u0643\u0631\u0648\u0647 \u0628\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u062a\u0647 \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u062a\u062c\u0631\u0628\u062a\u0647 \u0648\u062a\u0639\u062f\u064a\u0644\u0647 \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646\u0647. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0648\u0644\u0651\u062f \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0623\u0645\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0633\u0628\u0648\u0642: \u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u062a\u064f\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0642\u064a\u0648\u062f \u0628\u062f\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627.<\/span>
\n\u0645\u0627 \u0646\u0634\u0623 \u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u064a\u0634\u0628\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u062f \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0641\u0648\u064a\u0629 (oral tradition) \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629. \u0641\u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0649 \u064a\u0646\u0642\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u064a\u0627\u0644 \u2013 \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u2013 \u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0645\u062c\u0648\u0646 \u064a\u0631\u062b\u0648\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0639\u064a\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0645\u0631\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0645. \u0648\u0643\u0644 \u062c\u064a\u0644 \u064a\u0628\u0646\u064a \u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0631\u0643\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u060c \u0644\u064a\u064f\u0646\u0634\u0626 \u0646\u0633\u064a\u062c\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0631\u060c \u062a\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0647\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u062c\u0632\u0621\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u062d\u064a\u0651 \u0648\u0645\u062a\u062c\u062f\u062f. \u0648\u0628\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629\u060c \u062a\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0641\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0645\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0648\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627 \u0644\u062a\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0634\u0643\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u064f\u0634\u0643\u0651\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b.<\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0636\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u2013 \u0641\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0627\u062a:<\/span><\/strong>
\n\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0646\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0641\u0631\u0628\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u0630\u0643\u0631 \u0634\u0627\u0634\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0641 (Screensavers) \u2013 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u062a\u0631\u0642\u0635 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0634\u0627\u0634\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0645\u0628\u064a\u0648\u062a\u0631 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0628\u062a\u0639\u062f \u0639\u0646\u0647. \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0645\u0635 \u0637\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644 \u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u062a\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0651\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u062f\u062a \u0648\u0643\u0623\u0646 \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0642\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u062e\u0627\u0635\u064b\u0627. \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0643\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u0632\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0646\u061b \u0628\u0644 \u0623\u062f\u0651\u062a \u062f\u0648\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0645\u0628\u064a\u0648\u062a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0632\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0634\u0627\u0634\u0627\u062a \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0635\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0632\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0623\u0634\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u062b\u0648\u062f (cathode ray tubes) \u0627\u0644\u0636\u062e\u0645\u0629. \u0641\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0628\u0642\u064a\u062a \u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u062b\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0634\u0629 \u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0631\u0642 \u0641\u0639\u0644\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0637\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0633\u0641\u0648\u0631 (phosphor coating)\u060c \u062a\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0629\u064b \u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0634\u0628\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629. \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644 \u0647\u0648 \u0634\u0627\u0634\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u062a\u063a\u064a\u0651\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0631. \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u062c\u0639\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u0627\u062d\u0631\u0629 \u062d\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u062f \u062a\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0627 \u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0632\u0645\u064a\u0627\u062a (Algorithms) \u2013 \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0646\u062a\u062c \u0639\u0634\u0648\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0639\u0642\u064a\u062f \u0645\u062a\u0632\u0627\u064a\u062f.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0648\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0623\u0646 \u0634\u0627\u0634\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0641 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0639\u062f \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0634\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0641\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0645\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 (Creative Coding). \u0641\u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u064f\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0645\u062c\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635\u0648\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0629 \u0623\u0645\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0628\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u064a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0641\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0643\u0633\u0644\u0627\u062a (pixels) \u0648\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u2013 \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064d \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062a\u0639\u0642\u064a\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u064a\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0631\u0624\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u064b\u0627.<\/span>
\n\u0623\u062f\u0651\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0638\u0647\u0648\u0631 “\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0646\u063a” (Processing)\u060c \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0628\u0631\u0645\u062c\u0629 \u0635\u064f\u0645\u0651\u0645\u062a \u062e\u0635\u064a\u0635\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0641\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0645\u0645\u064a\u0646. \u062a\u0645 \u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0624\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 2001 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0639\u0647\u062f \u0645\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a\u0634\u0648\u0633\u062a\u0633 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627 (MIT)\u060c \u0648\u062c\u0639\u0644\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0645\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0635\u064a\u0627\u063a\u0629 \u0645\u0628\u0633\u0637\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u063a\u0630\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0639\u0627\u062f\u062a \u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0645\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0628\u0631\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0633\u0646\u063a (Processing) \u0633\u062d\u0631 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0641\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0645\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f. \u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0631\u0633\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u063a\u0631\u064a\u0628\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u062b\u0644\u0627 \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0633 \u062d\u0635\u0631\u0627: \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0627\u0629 \u062a\u0633\u0627\u0642\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0644\u0648\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0636\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0623\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0627 (mandalas) \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0642\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0643\u0639\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0643 (Rubik\u2019s cubes) \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0628 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0631\u0646\u062a\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u0645\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629. \u0648\u062a\u0628\u0631\u0632 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0644\u062a\u0642\u064a \u0642\u064a\u0648\u062f \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0624\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646\u064a\u0629.<\/span>
\n\u0623\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d\u062a \u0645\u062d\u0628\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a (Fractals) \u2013 \u0623\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0637 \u062a\u062a\u0643\u0631\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u062a\u0641\u0631\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u062c\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0627\u062d\u0644. \u0641\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0628\u0651\u0631\u062a \u062c\u0632\u0621\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0645\u0637 \u0643\u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0633\u062a\u062c\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644 \u0630\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u0643\u0631\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0627 \u0644\u0627 \u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u0643\u0634\u0641 \u0643\u0644 \u062a\u0643\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0639\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0635\u064a\u0644. \u0648\u062a\u064f\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0644\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u062e\u0627\u0635 “\u0644\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0645\u064a\u0632” (\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0641\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0645\u062c\u064a\u0629) \u0628\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 (Recursive). \u0641\u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u064f\u0633\u0645\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u064a\u0646\u062f\u0646\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0631 (Lindenmayer Systems)\u060c \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0645\u062c\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0635\u0641 \u0623\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644 \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u0642\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0628\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0648\u0644\u0651\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u062e\u0633\u064a\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u063a\u0635\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0639\u0628\u0651\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0633 \u0645\u0646 \u0628\u0636\u0639\u0629 \u0623\u0633\u0637\u0631 \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0645\u064a\u0632. \u0648\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0648\u0633\u0651\u0639\u062a \u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0643 \u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u063a\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u064f\u0648\u0644\u062f\u0629 \u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0626\u064a\u064b\u0627.<\/span>
\n\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0626\u064a (Procedural Generation) \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u063a\u0630\u0651\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0633\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0648\u060c \u0645\u064f\u0646\u0634\u0626\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0623\u0636\u062e\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0635\u0645\u0651\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631 \u064a\u062f\u0648\u064a\u064b\u0627. \u0641\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0648\u062c\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0644\u0639\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u0627\u064a\u0646\u0643\u0631\u0627\u0641\u062a (Minecraft) \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0645\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0647\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0644\u0639\u0628\u0629 \u0646\u0648 \u0645\u0627\u0646\u0632 \u0633\u0643\u0627\u064a (No Man\u2019s Sky)\u060c \u062a\u064f\u0628\u062f\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0632\u0645\u064a\u0627\u062a \u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0629.<\/span>
\n\u0648\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u0639\u0644\u062a \u0634\u0627\u0634\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0641 (Screensavers) \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0629\u060c \u062a\u064f\u062b\u0628\u062a \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0641\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0645\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u064a\u0648\u0645\u0646\u0627 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646 \u064a\u0632\u062f\u0647\u0631 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0648\u062f\u060c \u0645\u062d\u0648\u0651\u0650\u0644\u0629 \u0642\u064a\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0636\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0645\u0633\u0629 \u2013 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0628\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0645\u064a\u0632 (\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0641\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0645\u062c\u064a\u0629):<\/span><\/strong>
\n\u0647\u0644 \u062a\u062a\u0630\u0643\u0631 \u0642\u0635\u0629 \u0628\u0631\u062c \u0628\u0627\u0628\u0644 (Tower of Babel)\u061f \u0641\u064a \u0632\u0645\u0646\u064d \u0645\u0627\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631 \u064a\u062a\u062d\u062f\u062b\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u064a\u0641\u0647\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0639\u0636\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0639\u0636 \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u064b\u0627. \u062b\u0645 \u062c\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0647\u064a\u060c \u0641\u0641\u0631\u0651\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0633 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636 \u0628\u0623\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u062e\u0644\u0642 \u0636\u062c\u064a\u062c\u0627\u064b \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u0648\u062c\u062f \u0648\u0636\u0648\u062d \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642. \u062a\u0631\u0648\u064a \u0639\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0645\u064a\u0632 \u0642\u0635\u0635 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0628\u0647\u0629 \u0648\u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0630\u0647\u0644. \u0641\u0641\u064a \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u0647 \u064a\u0643\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a (Binary) \u2013 \u201c\u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062f\u0645\u064a\u0629\u201d (Adamic language) \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0645 “1” \u0648”0″ \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0641\u0647\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0633\u0648\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645\u060c \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0644\u063a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0645\u062c\u0629: \u0641\u0646\u062c\u062f “\u0628\u0627\u064a\u062b\u0648\u0646” (Python) \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648”\u062c\u0627\u0641\u0627 \u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0628\u062a” (JavaScript) \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062d\u064a\u064a \u0635\u0641\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u064a\u0628\u060c \u0648”\u062c\u0627\u0641\u0627” (Java) \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0634\u063a\u0644 \u0623\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0648\u060c \u0648\u0639\u0634\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0647 \u0635\u064a\u063a\u062a\u0647 \u0648\u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629.<\/span>
\n\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0641\u062c\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a \u0645\u0639 \u0625\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0627\u0643 (ENIAC)\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0643\u064f\u0634\u0641 \u0639\u0646\u0647 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1946 \u0643\u0623\u062d\u062f \u0623\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629. \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0625\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0627\u0643 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u062d\u062c\u0645 \u063a\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u064a\u0632\u0646 30 \u0637\u0646\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0628\u0631\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0647 \u062a\u062a\u0645 \u0641\u0639\u0644\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0622\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0636\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062d \u064a\u062f\u0648\u064a\u064b\u0627. \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0627\u062a \u064a\u0642\u0636\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u064a\u0627\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0627\u0632 \u0644\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0641\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0623\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0642\u0633\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0633\u0648\u0628 \u0644\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629.<\/span>
\n\u0644\u0642\u062f \u062b\u0628\u062a \u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0645\u0631\u0647\u0642 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u062d\u064a\u0644\u060c \u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0642\u0648\u0628\u0629 (punch cards)\u060c \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0635\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u062a\u064f\u062b\u0642\u0628 \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0637 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0622\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u062a\u0647\u0627. \u0648\u0628\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0628\u0625\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0645\u062c\u064a\u0646 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u062b\u0642\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0628\u062f\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0623\u0643\u0645\u0644\u0647\u0627.<\/span>
\n\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0642\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0638\u0644\u062a \u0628\u062f\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0632\u0639\u062c\u0629. \u062b\u0645 \u062c\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1957 \u0645\u0639 \u0638\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0641\u0648\u0631\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0646 (FORTRAN) \u2013 \u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0628\u0631\u0645\u062c\u0629 \u0633\u0645\u062d\u062a \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0628\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u063a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u062a\u0642\u062a\u0631\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0648\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u062f\u064a. \u0641\u0628\u062f\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0648\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0645\u0636\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0628\u0625\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u0633\u064a\u0637 \u0645\u062b\u0644: “\u0623= \u0628 + \u062c” (A = B + C) \u0648\u0633\u064a\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0633\u0648\u0628 \u0630\u0644\u0643. <\/span><\/p>\n

\u0644\u0642\u062f \u0623\u062d\u062f\u062b\u062a \u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0641\u0648\u0631\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u0645\u0643\u0651\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0643\u0644 \u0634\u064a\u0621 \u0628\u062f\u0621\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0643\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0628\u0624\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0643\u0631\u0629.<\/span><\/p><\/blockquote>\n

\u064a\u0642\u062f\u0651\u0645 \u0645\u0634\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0645\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u062a\u0646\u0648\u0639\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0630\u0647\u0644\u064b\u0627: \u0644\u063a\u0629 “\u0633\u064a++” (C++) \u0644\u0628\u0631\u0645\u062c\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0627\u064a\u062b\u0648\u0646 (Python) \u0644\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0637\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u060c \u0644\u064a\u0633\u0628 (Lisp) \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0632\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0644 (Perl) \u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635\u0648\u0635. \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0643 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062e\u0627\u0635\u064a\u0629 \u062c\u0648\u0647\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u064f\u0633\u0645\u0651\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0646\u063a\u064a (Turing Completeness) \u2013 \u0623\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u0623\u064a \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0624\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0644\u063a\u0629\u060c \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0624\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627. \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0644\u0639\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u0627\u064a\u0646\u0643\u0631\u0627\u0641\u062a (Minecraft)\u060c \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0644\u0639\u0628\u0629 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0644\u060c \u062a\u0639\u062f \u0644\u0639\u0628\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0646\u063a\u064a\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u0643 \u0644\u0646 \u062a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0642\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0626\u064a.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u062e\u0641\u064a \u0648\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0645\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u064a\u0629. \u0644\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u062f\u0649 \u062a\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0644\u063a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0645\u062c\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0645\u0636\u0629 (Esoteric Languages) \u2013 \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0644\u063a\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0631\u0645\u062c\u0629 \u0623\u064f\u0646\u0634\u0626\u062a \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0641\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0623\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632 \u0641\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629. \u062e\u0630 \u0645\u062b\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u063a\u0629 “\u0634\u064a\u0641” Chef\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0628\u062f\u0648 \u0643\u0644 \u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u062c \u0643\u0648\u0635\u0641\u0629 \u0637\u0628\u062e \u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u2013 \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0648\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0637\u0647\u064a \u2013 \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u064a\u0646\u0641\u0630 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629. \u0623\u0648 \u0644\u063a\u0629 “\u0648\u0627\u064a\u062a \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0633”Whitespace\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647\u0644 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0648\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0641\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0637\u0631. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u062a \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627\u064b \u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0646\u063a\u064a\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0642\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u0645\u062c \u0645\u0635\u0631\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u0642\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0633\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0634\u0628\u0647 \u0628\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062c\u0631\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u0631\u0634\u0627\u0629 \u0637\u0644\u0627\u0621.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u062a\u0643\u0634\u0641 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0639\u0645\u064a\u0642 \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0627. \u0625\u0630 \u062a\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0643\u0644 \u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0628\u0631\u0645\u062c\u0629 \u0639\u062f\u0633\u0629 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0646\u0631\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0646\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0639\u0646 \u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644 \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u2013 \u0641\u0628\u0639\u0636\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u064f\u062d\u0633\u0651\u064e\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0641\u0627\u0621\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0639\u0636\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0644 \u0633\u0647\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0639\u0636\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0648\u064f\u062c\u062f \u0628\u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0644 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629.<\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0636\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062f\u0633\u0629 \u2013 \u0623\u0641\u0642 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f:<\/span><\/strong>
\n\u0646\u062d\u0646 \u0646\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0645\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0642\u0629 \u063a\u0631\u064a\u0628\u0629. \u0641\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0643\u064a\u0641 \u0625\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0646\u0627 \u0648\u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0647\u0646\u0627 \u0645\u0639 \u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0628\u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0644\u064a\u0633\u062a \u062c\u0630\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u0627\u064b \u2013 \u0641\u0646\u062d\u0646 \u0646\u062a\u0635\u0641\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635\u0648\u0635 \u0628\u062f\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u0645\u0642\u060c \u0646\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0645\u0647\u0627\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u0639\u0651\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0646\u062c\u062f \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632\u0646\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0641\u062a\u062a \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0648\u0637\u0623\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0629. \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0622\u0646\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u062a\u0648\u063a\u0651\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0637\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a (Artificial Intelligence) \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0641\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u062d\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u064a\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647 \u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631\u0646\u0627 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0644\u0647\u0645 \u0631\u0624\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u062c\u0630\u0631\u064a\u064b\u0627. \u0641\u0628\u062f\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627 \u0634\u064a\u0626\u064b\u0627 \u064a\u0636\u0639\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0627 \u064a\u0624\u0645\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0645\u062c\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0633\u062a\u064f\u062d\u0648\u0651\u0644 \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0651\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u064a\u0629. \u0641\u0645\u0627\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0646\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0631\u0624\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0645\u061f<\/span>
\n\u0641\u0643\u0651\u0650\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0641\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0641\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u0648\u0634 (Vannevar Bush)\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062a\u062e\u064a\u0651\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1945 \u062c\u0647\u0627\u0632\u064b\u0627 \u064a\u064f\u0633\u0645\u0649 \u201c\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0633\u201d (Memex) \u2013 \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0645\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0643\u064a \u064a\u0633\u062a\u0637\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u062a\u062e\u0632\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0628\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u062c\u0644\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0644\u0627\u062a\u060c \u062b\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0627\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u064f\u062d\u0627\u0643\u064a \u0623\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a. \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0628\u0648\u0644 \u0623\u0648\u062a\u0644\u064a\u0647 (Paul Otlet)\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062b\u0627\u0626\u0642\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0643\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062d\u0644\u0645 \u0628\u0640 \u201c\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0646\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645\u201d (Mundaneum) \u2013 \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u062f\u0639 \u0636\u062e\u0645 \u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0635\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0639\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0631\u0646\u062a.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0644\u0642\u062f \u0623\u062f\u0631\u0643 \u0647\u0624\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0623\u0645\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0645\u064a\u0642\u064b\u0627: \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0645\u0646 \u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0635\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0645\u062a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u062a\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u062c\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u062f\u064a\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a (Dewey Decimal System) \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0647\u0631\u0633\u0629. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u064a\u062f\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0647\u0631\u0633 (Index Card) \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0636\u0639\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0645\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0643\u0631\u0629. \u0641\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0622\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u062a\u0628\u0629 (Typewriter) \u0648\u0628\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0647\u0631\u0633 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0633\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u060c \u0644\u062a\u062e\u0644\u0642 \u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0633\u0628\u0648\u0642\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u062a\u0647\u0627.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0622\u0646 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0637\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a (AI)\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0646\u0645\u0627\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0651\u0650\u0644\u0627\u062a (Transformer Models) \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u064f\u0633\u0645\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u0645\u0651\u0646\u0629 (Embeddings) \u2013 \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0644\u062a\u0645\u062b\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0643\u0646\u0642\u0627\u0637 \u0641\u064a \u0641\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062e\u0644\u0642 \u062e\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0637 \u0645\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u064f\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0631\u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0642\u0648\u0649 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0644\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0628\u062a\u0643\u0631\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0637\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0646\u0627 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u0634\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u0643\u0645\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0647\u0627\u0626\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0624\u0627\u0644 \u0647\u0648: \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u0633\u0646\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0647\u061f<\/span><\/p><\/blockquote>\n

\u0644\u0642\u062f \u0648\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0633\u062a\u064a\u0641 \u062c\u0648\u0628\u0632 (Steve Jobs)\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643 \u0644\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0623\u0628\u0644 (Apple)\u060c \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u201c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0644\u201d \u2013 \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u062a\u0636\u0627\u0639\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a \u0628\u062f\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0644\u0647. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u062c\u0648\u0647\u0631 “\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0645\u064a\u0632” (\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0641\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0645\u062c\u064a\u0629) \u0641\u0639\u0644\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0637\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0635\u0628\u062d\u0647. \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0624\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0645\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0633\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631\u0646\u0627\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0645\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0646\u0627 \u0633\u0646\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644\u060c \u0623\u0639\u0645\u0642\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0625\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0623\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0647\u0634\u0629 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0648\u0644\u0646\u0627.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629:<\/span><\/strong><\/span>
\n\u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0636\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645\u062a \u0623\u0646 “\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0645\u064a\u0632” (\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0641\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0645\u062c\u064a\u0629) \u062a\u064f\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u062a\u064a\u062d \u0625\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a\u062f (Abstraction) \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646\u064a. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631\u062a \u0644\u063a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0645\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0634\u064a\u0641\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 (binary machine code) \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0646\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0633\u0648\u0628.<\/span>
\n\u0648\u0646\u062d\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u062e\u064a\u0627\u0631: \u0625\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0646\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0637\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0630\u0643\u0627\u0626\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0646\u0633\u0645\u062d \u0644\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0644 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u062a\u0646\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0647\u0634\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0639.<\/span><\/p>\n

*\u062a\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u062a\u0635\u0631\u0641.<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n

**<\/strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631: \u0645\u0646\u0635\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0636 (Blinkist) \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0635\u0629 \u062a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u062a\u0644\u062e\u064a\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u060c \u0648\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0648\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0622\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0648\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0635\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621.<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n

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