{"id":30111,"date":"2025-07-24T11:08:24","date_gmt":"2025-07-24T08:08:24","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/?p=30111"},"modified":"2025-07-24T11:10:29","modified_gmt":"2025-07-24T08:10:29","slug":"%d9%84%d9%8a%d8%a7%d9%86%d9%8a%d8%aa%d9%8a-leaniti-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d8%af%d9%8a%d9%86%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d9%86%d8%b3%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d8%b9%d9%84%d9%89-%d9%87%d8%a7%d9%85%d8%b4-%d8%a7%d9%84","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/?p=30111","title":{"rendered":"\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u062a\u064a “Leaniti” \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0627\u0645\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0637\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0627 – \u0628\u0642\u0644\u0645 \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0631\u064a"},"content":{"rendered":"

\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b \u0639\u0646 \u0645\u0644\u0627\u0645\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0641\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0631\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u064a\u062c\u2026<\/span><\/strong><\/span>
\n\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u064a\u0624\u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0643\u0644 \u062d\u062c\u0631 \u0635\u0627\u0645\u062a \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0642\u0644\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0646\u0627\u0628\u0636\u064b\u0627\u2026<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"
https:\/\/www.loc.gov\/resource\/gdcwdl.wdl_02923\/?r=0.346,0.186,0.443,0.277,0 \u062e\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 (1720) \u2013 “Arabiae Veteris Typus” \u062e\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u062a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0628\u0637\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0648\u0633\u060c \u0648\u062a\u064f\u0638\u0647\u0650\u0631 \u062a\u0642\u0633\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0629 (Felix \u2013 Deserta \u2013 Petraea).<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

\u0645\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0637\u0648\u0631\u0629<\/strong><\/span>
\n\u0641\u064a \u062e\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0637\u064d \u0623\u0643\u0644\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0648\u0631\u060c \u0648\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0637\u064d \u0628\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0631\u0633\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0644\u0648\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0644\u062f\u060c \u062a\u062a\u0643\u0631\u0651\u0631 \u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u062f\u0646\u064d \u0648\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0626 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0639\u062f \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062e\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0637\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629. \u0645\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0621\u060c \u064a\u0633\u0637\u0639 \u0646\u062c\u0645 \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0639\u064d \u063a\u0627\u0645\u0636 \u064a\u064f\u062f\u0639\u0649 “\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u062a\u064a” (Leaniti \u0623\u0648 Leanitai)\u060c \u0648\u0631\u062f \u0630\u0643\u0631\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u062c\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u063a\u0631\u064a\u0642\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0628\u0637\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0648\u0633 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0624\u0644\u0641\u0647 “\u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0627”\u060c \u0628\u0648\u0635\u0641\u0647 \u0645\u0631\u0641\u0623\u064b \u0647\u0627\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u0639 \u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0634\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0636\u0641\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0644\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u064a\u064f\u0631\u062c\u0651\u064e\u062d \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u064a\u0641 \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0627 \u062c\u0627\u0648\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649: \u0647\u0644 \u062a\u0643\u0634\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0623\u0633\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636\u061f<\/strong><\/span>
\n\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0645 “Leanitai” \u0628\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 (\u039b\u03b5\u03b1\u03bd\u1fd6\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9) \u0642\u062f \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u062a\u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0634\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0630\u0631 \u064a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0634\u0639\u0628 \u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a. \u064a\u0631\u0649 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0631\u0628\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637 \u0628\u062c\u0630\u0648\u0631 \u0633\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0627 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0633\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0629\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u064f\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0644 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u064f\u0639\u0631\u0651\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0642\u0628\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0637\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u0644\u0651\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0623\u064f\u0639\u064a\u062f\u062a \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u063a\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629. <\/span><\/p>\n

\u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642\u060c \u062a\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 “\u0644\u064a\u0646\u064a\u062a\u0627\u064a ” \u0648\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0637\u0646\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u062a\u0646\u0634\u0637 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062e\u0648\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0624\u0644\u0624\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u064f\u0639\u0632\u0651\u0632 \u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u0631\u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u064a\u0641 \u0623\u0648 \u0633\u0648\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u062c\u0632\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0627\u0632\u062f\u0647\u0631\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0626 \u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644 “\u062c\u0631\u0647\u0627\u0621”\u060c \u0648”\u062b\u0627\u0631\u0648”\u060c \u0648”\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0645\u064a\u062f\u0648\u0633”.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0637\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0627: \u0623\u064a\u0646 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0644\u064a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u062a\u064a\u061f<\/strong><\/span>
\n\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u063a\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0636\u0639 “\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u062a\u064a” \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u064a\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a (\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u064a\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633\u064a) \u0648\u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f \u0648\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0648\u0631\u062f \u0630\u0643\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u064f\u0645\u062b\u0651\u0644 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0626 \u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628 (\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f) \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644 (\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0648\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0641\u062f\u064a\u0646).<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 “\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u062a\u064a” \u062a\u0634\u0645\u0644:<\/strong><\/span>
\n\u2022 \u062c\u0632\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u0648\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629.<\/span>
\n\u2022 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641\u0629 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u064a\u0641\u060c \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0628\u0642\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0645\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0621\u064d \u0623\u062b\u0631\u064a \u0648\u0639\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0629.<\/span>
\n\u2022 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u0631\u0628\u0637\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0628\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0626 \u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u062a\u0642\u0639 \u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0621.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u064a<\/strong><\/span>
\n\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0651\u062d \u0623\u0646 “\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u062a\u064a” \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0643\u0646 \u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u0646\u0642\u0637\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062e\u0627\u0631\u0637\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0645\u0631\u0641\u0623\u064b \u0646\u0634\u0637\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062a\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0644\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062e\u0648\u0631\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u062c\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0624\u0644\u0624\u060c \u0648\u062a\u064f\u0639\u064a\u062f \u062a\u0635\u062f\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0626 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649 \u0645\u062b\u0644 “\u0623\u0648\u0628\u0627\u0631”\u060c \u0648”\u0633\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0641”\u060c \u0648”\u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0627\u0631”\u060c \u0648\u062d\u062a\u0649 “\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u064a\u0633” \u0648”\u0631\u0648\u062f\u0633”.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0633\u0645 “\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u062a\u064a” \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0645\u062f\u0646 \u0634\u0647\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062f\u0648\u0651\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u063a\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u064a\u062f\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u0648\u0623\u0646 \u062e\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0637 \u0628\u0637\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0648\u0633 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u064f\u062f\u0631\u062c \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0626 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a. \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u0627 \u064a\u064f\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0646 \u0644\u064a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u062a\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0635\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0635\u0644\u064d \u0628\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064d \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629\u060c \u062a\u0631\u0643\u062a \u0623\u062b\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u064a\u062c \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0644\u0648 \u0627\u0646\u062f\u062b\u0631\u062a \u0622\u062b\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627.<\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u063a\u064a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0645\u0636: \u0644\u0645\u0627\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0641\u062a \u0644\u064a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u062a\u064a\u061f<\/strong><\/span>
\n\u0643\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0631\u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0641\u062a “\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u062a\u064a” \u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u062c\u064a\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0646\u0647\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0634\u0628\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u062c\u062a\u064a\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0631\u0628\u0645\u0627 \u063a\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u062d\u062f\u062b \u0645\u0639 \u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0646 “\u0623\u0648\u0631”\u060c \u0648”\u062f\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0646”\u060c \u0648”\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0647\u0627\u0621”, \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u061b \u0641\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0622\u062b\u0627\u0631 “\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u062a\u064a” \u0628\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0642\u0648\u0634 \u0635\u0627\u0645\u062a\u0629\u060c \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0631\u0628\u0629\u064d \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u064f\u062d\u0641\u064e\u0631 \u0628\u0639\u062f\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0627\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0646\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0645: \u0646\u062f\u0627\u0621\u064c \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u064a\u0646<\/strong><\/span>
\n“\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u062a\u064a” \u0644\u064a\u0633\u062a \u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u0644\u063a\u0632\u064d \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0645\u0631\u0622\u0629 \u0644\u062d\u0642\u0628\u0629\u064d \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u0648\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u062c\u0651\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0642 \u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0644\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a. \u0646\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0645\u064a\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u062b\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0651\u0642\u0629\u060c \u062a\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062b\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0644\u062a\u064f\u0632\u064a\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0627\u0628 \u0639\u0646 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0642\u062f \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u062a\u0631\u0642\u062f \u0628\u0635\u0645\u062a\u064d \u062a\u062d\u062a \u062a\u0631\u0627\u0628\u064d \u064a\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629.<\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"
\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633 \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0631\u064a<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0645\u0642\u062a\u0631\u062d\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0642:<\/strong>
\n\u2022 \u0628\u0637\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0648\u0633\u060c “\u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0627” (Ptolemy\u2019s Geographia)
\n\u2022 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 “\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u0627\u0641 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0631\u064a\u062a\u0631\u064a” (Periplus of the Erythraean Sea)
\n\u2022 Wilhelm Tomaschek: Historical Topography of Arabia
\n\u2022 H. W. Vincent: Commerce and Navigation in the Ancient Arabian Gulf
\n\u2022 J. Innes Miller: The Spice Trade of the Roman Empire
\n\u2022 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0644\u0646\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062c\u0632\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0645\u0639\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0634\u064a\u0643\u0627\u063a\u0648.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b \u0639\u0646 \u0645\u0644\u0627\u0645\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0641\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0631\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u064a\u062c\u2026 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u064a\u0624\u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0643\u0644 \u062d\u062c\u0631 \u0635\u0627\u0645\u062a \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0642\u0644\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0646\u0627\u0628\u0636\u064b\u0627\u2026 \u0645\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0637\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062e\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0637\u064d \u0623\u0643\u0644\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0648\u0631\u060c \u0648\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0637\u064d \u0628\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0631\u0633\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0644\u0648\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0644\u062f\u060c \u062a\u062a\u0643\u0631\u0651\u0631 \u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u062f\u0646\u064d \u0648\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0626 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0639\u062f \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062e\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0637\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629. \u0645\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0621\u060c \u064a\u0633\u0637\u0639 \u0646\u062c\u0645 \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0639\u064d …<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":13,"featured_media":30113,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_exactmetrics_skip_tracking":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_active":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_note":"","_exactmetrics_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[15,16],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-30111","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","","category-15","category-16"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/30111","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/13"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=30111"}],"version-history":[{"count":7,"href":"https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/30111\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":30149,"href":"https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/30111\/revisions\/30149"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/30113"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=30111"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=30111"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=30111"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}