{"id":30003,"date":"2025-07-19T14:11:10","date_gmt":"2025-07-19T11:11:10","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/?p=30003"},"modified":"2025-07-19T14:13:52","modified_gmt":"2025-07-19T11:13:52","slug":"%d9%87%d9%84-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%82%d8%b7%d9%8a%d9%81-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ad%d8%af%d9%8a%d8%ab%d8%a9-%d9%87%d9%8a-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a7%d9%85%d8%aa%d8%af%d8%a7%d8%af-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b7%d8%a8%d9%8a%d8%b9%d9%8a","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/?p=30003","title":{"rendered":"\u0647\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a \u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0647\u0627\u0621 (\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0629) \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0629 – \u0628\u0642\u0644\u0645 \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0631\u064a"},"content":{"rendered":"

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https:\/\/www.loc.gov\/resource\/gdcwdl.wdl_02923\/?r=0.346,0.186,0.443,0.277,0 \u062e\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 (1720) \u2013 “Arabiae Veteris Typus”<\/span> \u062e\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u062a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0628\u0637\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0648\u0633\u060c \u0648\u062a\u064f\u0638\u0647\u0650\u0631 \u062a\u0642\u0633\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0629 (Felix \u2013 Deserta \u2013 Petraea).<\/span><\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

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\u0648\u0627\u0633\u0645 “\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0647\u0627\u0621”\u060c \u0642\u062f \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0641\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0640”\u062c\u0650\u0631\u0651\u0629” \u0623\u0648 “\u062c\u064e\u0631\u0627\u0631”\u060c \u0643\u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629\u064c \u0633\u064f\u0645\u0651\u064a\u062a \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u064f\u0646\u062a\u062c\u0647 \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u064f\u062e\u0632\u0651\u0646\u0647 \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u064f\u0635\u062f\u0651\u0631\u0647\u060c \u0634\u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0634\u0623\u0646 \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0633\u064f\u0645\u0651\u064a\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0639\u0629: \u0643\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0635\u0631\u0629 (\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0644\u0648\u0621\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629)\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u062e (\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0627\u062c\/\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629)\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0643\u0629 (\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0643). \u0641\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0633\u0645\u0649 \u0635\u062f\u0641\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0642\u062f \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0634\u062a\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0650\u0631\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062e\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u064f\u062e\u062f\u0645\u062a \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0641\u064a:<\/span>
\n\u2022 \u062a\u062e\u0632\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0632\u064a\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0637\u0648\u0631.<\/span>
\n\u2022 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u062a \u0644\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a.<\/span>
\n\u2022 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u062a \u0644\u0644\u0637\u0642\u0648\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0627\u0626\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0629.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0647\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062e\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629<\/strong><\/span>
\n\u062a\u062f\u0644\u0651\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0647\u0627\u0621 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a:<\/span>
\n\u2022 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064b\u0627 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0636\u062e\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u062a\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062e\u0648\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0651 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f.<\/span>
\n\u2022 \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639\u064b\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0644 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0647\u0627 \u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0645\u0635\u0631.<\/span>
\n\u2022 \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0644\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062e\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u064f\u062e\u0632\u0651\u0646 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0636\u0627\u0626\u0639.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u064a\u0641 \u0648\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0650\u0631\u0627\u0631: \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0651<\/strong><\/span>
\n\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u064a\u0641\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0648\u062b\u0651\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0646\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0634\u0647\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062e\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0648\u062e\u0635\u0648\u0635\u064b\u0627:<\/span>
\n\u2022 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062e\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u062d\u0641\u0638 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0631.<\/span>
\n\u2022 \u0623\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0644.<\/span>
\n\u2022 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u064a\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0646\u0651\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062e\u0646.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0631\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0641\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u064a\u064f\u0631\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0627\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0629. \u0641\u0647\u0644 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 “\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u064a\u0641” \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0651 \u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0650\u0631\u0627\u0631\u2026 \u0623\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0647\u0627\u0621\u061f.. \u0648\u0647\u064a \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u062c\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0633\u0648\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0628\u064a\u0648\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0630\u0627\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u062d\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0646\u062e\u0644\u0647\u0627.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062b\u0628\u062a \u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0630\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u062c\u0631\u0647\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0648\u0635\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u063a\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0646: <\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0647\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629:<\/strong><\/span>
\n1. \u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0648 (Strabo) \u2013 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0627 (Geographica):<\/strong> \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0631\u062e \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0648 (64 \u0642.\u0645 \u2013 24 \u0645) \u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0647 “\u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0627” \u0639\u0646 \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u062c\u0631\u0647\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u0629 “\u0641\u064a \u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0634\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0644\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633”. \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0625\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0628\u0639\u062f “\u062e\u0645\u0633\u0629 \u0623\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0644”\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0645 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0631\u0628 \u0637\u064f\u0631\u062f\u0648\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u064a\u0631\u0629. \u0648\u0635\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627: “\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u062d\u062c\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0623\u0647\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062e\u064a\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0632\u0644 \u0645\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0637\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u063a\u0646\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628 \u0628\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0636\u0627\u0626\u0639 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0628\u0627\u0637 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0631\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0646”. \u0648\u0639\u0646\u062f \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0646\u062c\u062f \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0644\u064a:<\/span>
\n\u2022 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0645\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u0644\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u064a\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a (\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u064a\u0641 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0621).<\/span>
\n\u2022 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u062a\u062f\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0631\u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631.<\/span>
\n\u2022 \u063a\u0646\u0627\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a \u064a\u062a\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u0645\u0639 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u064a\u0641 \u0643\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0644\u0644\u0624\u0644\u0624 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629.<\/span>
\n\u2022 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0631 \u062a\u062a\u0641\u0642 \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0644\u0627\u0645\u062d \u0642\u0644\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u064a\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u062d\u0629.<\/span><\/p>\n

2. \u0628\u0644\u064a\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 (Pliny the Elder) \u2013 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a (Naturalis Historia):<\/strong> \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0628\u0644\u064a\u0646\u064a (23\u201379 \u0645) \u0639\u0646 \u062c\u0631\u0647\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0648\u0639\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0630\u0643\u0631 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627: “\u062a\u0642\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u064f\u0639\u062f \u0633\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0623\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0644\u060c \u0645\u0634\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0643\u062a\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0632\u0648\u062c \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0637\u060c \u0648\u063a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062e\u0648\u0631\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0651.” \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u062f\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a:<\/span><\/p>\n

    \n
  • \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0633\u0627\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631.<\/span><\/li>\n
  • \u062b\u0631\u0627\u0624\u0647\u0627 \u064a\u0623\u062a\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0643\u0648\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u062d\u0637\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062e\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644.<\/span><\/li>\n
  • \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 “\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u062d” \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0642\u062f \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0641\u064b\u0627 \u0631\u0645\u0632\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0623\u0648 \u0633\u0648\u0621 \u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0644\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0623\u062d\u062c\u0627\u0631 \u0643\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u062c\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0628\u064a\u0648\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

    3. \u0628\u0637\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0648\u0633 (Ptolemy) \u2013 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0627 (Geographia):<\/strong> \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0646\u062f\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0637\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0648\u0633 (100\u2013170 \u0645) \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0633\u0631\u062f\u064a\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0623\u0648\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0633\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062e\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0637\u0647 \u0645\u0639 \u0625\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629. \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0647\u0627\u0621 (Gerrha) \u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0644\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633\u060c \u0642\u0631\u0628 \u0645\u0627 \u0633\u0645\u0627\u0647 “\u0633\u064a\u0646\u0648\u0633 \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0633\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0633” (\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u064a\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a). \u0648\u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0630\u0643\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649 \u0645\u062b\u0644: \u0643\u0627\u062a\u0627\u0631\u0627 (\u0642\u0637\u0631)\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0631\u062a\u0645\u064a\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0633\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627. \u0648\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0646\u0627 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u064a:<\/span><\/p>\n

    \u2022 \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u062c\u0631\u0647\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u062e\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0637 \u0628\u0637\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0648\u0633 \u064a\u062a\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u064a\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0628\u064a\u0644.<\/span>
    \n\u2022 \u0648\u0631\u0648\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062e\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0627\u062a \u064a\u062f\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0635\u0631\u0647.<\/span>
    \n\u2022 \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 “\u0643\u0627\u062a\u0627\u0631\u0627” \u064a\u0639\u0632\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u064a\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a.<\/span><\/p>\n

    \u062c\u0631\u0647\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0631\u062e\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u064a\u0646<\/strong><\/span>
    \n4. \u062c\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0644\u062f \u062f\u064a \u0643\u0631\u0627\u064a (Gerald de Gaury):<\/strong> \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0623\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0629 “”Arabia Phoenix \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a: “\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u064a\u0641 \u0647\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0623\u0647\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u064a\u062c\u060c \u0648\u064a\u064f\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0631\u064a\u062b\u0629 \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0647\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0629” \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649:<\/span><\/p>\n

    \u2022 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0637\u064a\u0641.<\/span>
    \n\u2022 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u062a\u062f \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f \u0648\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633.<\/span>
    \n\u2022 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u064a\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631.<\/span><\/p>\n

    \u0648\u062f\u064a \u0643\u0631\u0627\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0643\u062f\u0628\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u064a\u062c\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0637\u0644\u0639\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u064a\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0631\u0624\u064a\u062a\u0647 \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0651\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u064a\u0641 \u0643\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0623\u0648 \u0648\u0631\u064a\u062b\u0629 \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0647\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0646\u0627\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a.<\/span><\/p>\n

    5. \u0644\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0645\u0631 (J.G. Lorimer) \u2013 \u062f\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u064a\u062c (Gazetteer of the Persian Gulf): <\/strong>\u0641\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0648\u0639\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0647\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u0644\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0627\u0628\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u064a\u0641 \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627: “\u0648\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0623\u0647\u0648\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0646\u0634\u0627\u0637 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0628\u062d\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629” \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0631\u0628\u0637\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0647\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647:<\/span><\/p>\n

    \u2022 \u0623\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u062f\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0643\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0623\u0647\u0648\u0644\u0629.<\/span>
    \n\u2022 \u0648\u0635\u0641 \u0623\u0633\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0648\u0641\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0630\u0628\u0629 (\u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0648\u0646)\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0639.<\/span>
    \n\u2022 \u0648\u0636\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062e\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0629 \u0645\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u064a\u062c \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629.<\/span><\/p>\n

    \u0648\u062a\u0624\u0643\u062f \u0631\u0624\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0645\u0631 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u064a\u0641 \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0623\u0647\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0642\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u0639\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0631\u0634\u062d\u0629 \u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0639\u0627\u0628 \u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0647\u0627\u0621.<\/span><\/p>\n

    \"\"
    \u062e\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0629 \u062a\u0648\u0636\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0641\u064a \u0632\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0637\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 300 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062f \u0648 \u062a\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u062f\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u062c\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629. \u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629: https:\/\/www.worldhistory.org\/image\/326\/map-of-the-ptolemaic-world\/<\/span><\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

    \u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638\u0627\u062a \u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u062b\u0631\u064a\u0629:<\/strong><\/span>
    \n\u2022 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0645 “\u062c\u0631\u0647\u0627\u0621” \u0642\u062f \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0650\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062e\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0634\u062a\u0647\u0631\u062a \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u064a\u0641.<\/span>
    \n\u2022 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0631\u0647\u0627\u0621 \u0625\u0644\u0649 “\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u064a\u0641” \u0645\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u0645\u0639 \u062f\u062e\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u062a\u0628\u062f\u0651\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0637\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0646\u064a.<\/span>
    \n\u2022 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u064a\u0641 \u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a \u0628\u0642\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0623\u062b\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0633\u062c\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0646\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0645\u062a\u062f \u0644\u0623\u0644\u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0632\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0629.<\/span><\/p>\n

    \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629:<\/strong><\/span>
    \n\u062a\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0634\u0647\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0631\u062e\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0643\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0631\u0633\u0645 \u0645\u0644\u0627\u0645\u062d \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0634\u0631\u0642 \u062c\u0632\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628:<\/span>
    \n\u2022 \u0641\u0627\u062d\u0634\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0631\u0627\u0621.<\/span>
    \n\u2022 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629.<\/span>
    \n\u2022 \u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0644.<\/span>
    \n\u2022 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631.<\/span>
    \n\u2022 \u0634\u0647\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649.<\/span><\/p>\n

    \u0648\u0643\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0645\u062d \u062a\u0646\u0637\u0628\u0642 \u0628\u062f\u0642\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u064a\u0641\u060c \u0633\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0628\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627:<\/strong><\/span>
    \n\u2022 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0647\u0627\u0621 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u063a\u064a\u0651\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u064a\u0641 \u0628\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0645\u0646.<\/span>
    \n\u2022 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0627\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0647\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0631\u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u062f\u062b\u0631\u062a \u0648\u0628\u0642\u064a\u062a \u0631\u0648\u062d\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u062e\u0644.<\/span><\/p>\n

    \u0648\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u0644 \u0630\u0643\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629 \u0648 \u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0646\u0648\u0635\u064a \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u062a\u064a:<\/strong><\/span>
    \n\u2022 \u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u062a\u0646\u0642\u064a\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0623\u062b\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u0645\u0642\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u064a\u0641 \u0648\u0645\u062d\u064a\u0637\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a.<\/span>
    \n\u2022 \u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0648\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0648\u0634 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0642\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062e\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0629.<\/span>
    \n\u2022 \u0625\u0635\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0643\u0631\u0629.<\/span>
    \n\u2022 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0633\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0631\u0628\u0637 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0647\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629.<\/span><\/p>\n

    \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0645:<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

    \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0647\u0627\u0621 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0633\u0627\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0638\u0647\u0631\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u063a\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0643\u0631\u0645\u0632 \u0644\u0644\u062b\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u064a\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0621 \u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0623\u0642\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0647\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0630\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0623\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0641\u062a\u0648\u062d\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629 \u062a\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0647\u0627\u0621 \u0625\u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u064a\u0641 \u0623\u0648 \u0625\u062d\u062f\u0649 \u0645\u062f\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0648\u0631\u062b\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u064a.<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

    \"\"
    \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633 \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0631\u064a<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

    1. \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629
    \n<\/strong>\u2022 \u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0648 (STRABO \u2013 GEOGRAPHICA 16.4.19\u201320) \u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u0635\u0641 \u062c\u0631\u0647\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0633\u0627\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0632\u062f\u0647\u0631\u0629\u060c \u064a\u0633\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0628\u0644\u060c \u0645\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u062d \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u0628\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u2013 \u062a\u0635\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0635\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u062d
    \n\u2022 \u0628\u0644\u064a\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 (PLINY THE ELDER \u2013 NATURALIS HISTORIA 6.32) \u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u0630\u0643\u0631 \u0623\u0646 \u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u062e\u0645\u0633\u0629 \u0623\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0645\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0643\u062a\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u062d \u0648\u063a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u062e\u0648\u0631 .<\/p>\n

    \u2022 \u0628\u0637\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0648\u0633 (PTOLEMY \u2013 GEOGRAPHIA 6.7) \u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u064f\u062f\u0631\u062c \u062c\u0631\u0647\u0627\u0621 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u0645\u202fG\u00c9RRHA \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0637\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0643\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0636\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u064a\u062c\u060c \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062f\u0646 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0643\u0627\u062a\u0627\u0631\u0627 \u0648\u0623\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627 .<\/p>\n

    2. \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062b\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629
    \n\u2022 BROWN UNIVERSITY \/ JOUKOWSKY INSTITUTE \u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u0624\u0643\u062f \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0623\u0646 \u062c\u0631\u0647\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0631\u062f\u062a \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u064f\u0630\u0643\u0631 \u0643\u0623\u062d\u062f \u0623\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0645\u0644\u0643\u0629 \u062f\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062d \u0631\u0628\u0637\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0645\u062b\u0644 THAJ \u0623\u0648 UQAIR
    \n\u2022 OXFORD CLASSICAL DICTIONARY \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0630\u0643\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0647\u0627\u0621 GERRHA \u0643\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0631\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a \u0644\u0640\u202fHAGAR (\u0627\u0644\u062d\u064f\u0641\u064e\u064a\u0641) \u0623\u0648 \u062d\u0648\u0627\u0636\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0621.
    \n\u2022 JATLAND WIKI (\u062a\u0641\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0644\u062e\u0635 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629) \u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u062a\u0623\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u0648\u0635\u0641 \u0628\u0644\u064a\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0648\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0637\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0648\u0633\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0642\u062a\u0631\u062d \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0646\u062f UQAIR \u0623\u0648 HOFUF (\u0627\u0644\u062d\u064f\u0641\u0651\u064a\u0641\/\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0641\u0648\u0641)
    \n\u2022 WIKIPEDIA \u2013 GERRHA + EASTERN ARABIA + PRE-ISLAMIC ARABIA \u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0644\u062e\u0635\u064b\u0627 \u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629\u060c \u062a\u0633\u0644\u0651\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0648\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u0649:
    \no \u0648\u0635\u0641 \u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0648 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0648\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0651\u0629\u060c
    \no \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0642\u0631\u0628 UQAIR\/HOFUF\u060c
    \no \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u062e\u0648\u0631\u060c
    \n3. \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062b\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629
    \n\u2022 POTTS (1984) \u2013 THAJ AND THE LOCATION OF GERRHA (PROCEEDINGS OF THE SEMINAR FOR ARABIAN STUDIES) \u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u064f\u062d\u0644\u0651\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0648\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064e\u0633\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u064a\u0624\u0643\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0628\u062b\u0627\u062c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0629 .
    \n\u2022 KURDISH STUDIES (2023) \u2013 THE PERIOD OF PROSPERITY\u2026 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u062c\u0631\u0647\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0646 (SELEUCIDS)\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0648\u062b\u0642 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062b\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0645\u062b\u0644 THAJ<\/p>\n

    \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0641\u064a\u062f\u0629
    \n\u2022 EXPEDITION MAGAZINE \u2013 PENN MUSEUM: \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0645\u064a\u0642 \u0644\u0645\u0633\u0623\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u062c\u0631\u0647\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u062b\u0627\u062c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u064a\u0637\u0629
    \n\u2022 SAUDIPEDIA: \u062a\u0644\u062e\u064a\u0635 \u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b \u0644\u0623\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062b\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u064a\u0646 HALF MOON BAY \u0648UQAIR
    \n\u2022 WIKIPEDIA \u2013 INCENSE TRADE ROUTE: \u062a\u0630\u0643\u0631 GERRHA \u0643\u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0642\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062e\u0648\u0631<\/p>\n

    \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0644\u0641 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627\u0621:
    \n\u2022 HTTPS:\/\/WWW.QATIFSCIENCE.COM\/?P=21787
    \n\u2022 HTTPS:\/\/WWW.QATIFSCIENCE.COM\/?P=27113<\/p>\n

     <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u062a\u0641\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u064a\u063a\u0648\u0635\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0637\u0628\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0627\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0627 \u0628\u062d\u062b\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u062c\u0630\u0648\u0631\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629\u2026 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u064a\u0633\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0646: \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u062d\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0643\u0646\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0623\u0646 \u0646\u064f\u062f\u0639\u0649 \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0646\u062d\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0646\u061f \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0634\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u0644\u062a\u0642\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0633 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u062d\u060c \u0648\u062a\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0632\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062e\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631\u060c \u062a\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u064a\u0641\u060c \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0632\u0627\u0644 …<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":13,"featured_media":30004,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_exactmetrics_skip_tracking":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_active":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_note":"","_exactmetrics_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[15,16],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-30003","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","","category-15","category-16"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/30003","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/13"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=30003"}],"version-history":[{"count":10,"href":"https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/30003\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":30035,"href":"https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/30003\/revisions\/30035"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/30004"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=30003"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=30003"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=30003"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}