{"id":27323,"date":"2025-02-04T13:14:38","date_gmt":"2025-02-04T10:14:38","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/?p=27323"},"modified":"2025-02-04T13:14:38","modified_gmt":"2025-02-04T10:14:38","slug":"%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%aa%d8%a7%d8%b1%d9%8a%d8%ae-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d8%b3%d9%8a%d8%ad%d9%8a-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b3%d8%b1%d9%8a%d8%a7%d9%86%d9%8a-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%86%d8%b3%d8%b7%d9%88%d8%b1%d9%8a-%d9%81%d9%8a","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/?p=27323","title":{"rendered":"\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u064a\u062d\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0646\u064a (\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a) \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u064a\u0641 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 &#8211; \u0628\u0642\u0644\u0645 \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0631\u064a"},"content":{"rendered":"<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span 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\u0623\u0634\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637\u0648\u0627 \u0628\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629:<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; color: #800000;\"><strong>1. \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0633 \u0645\u0627\u0631 \u062a\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0633 (\u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0633 \u062a\u0648\u0645\u0627)<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">\u064a\u064f\u0639\u062a\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0633 \u062a\u0648\u0645\u0627\u060c \u0623\u062d\u062f \u062a\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u064a\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0634\u0631\u060c \u0648\u064a\u064f\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u0645 &#8220;\u062a\u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0648\u0644&#8221; \u0623\u0648 &#8220;\u062a\u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0643\u0651\u0627\u0643&#8221; \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0642\u0635\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0647\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u064a\u0644 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0634\u0643\u0651 \u0641\u064a \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u064a\u062d \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0648\u0636\u0639 \u064a\u062f\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0647 (\u064a\u0648\u062d\u0646\u0627 20: 24-29). \u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u064a\u062c\u060c \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u064a\u0641. \u0648\u0641\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u064a\u062d\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0627\u0631 \u062a\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0633 \u0628\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0628\u0634\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0629 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\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 (\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u064a\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0646)\u060c \u0647\u0648 \u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u064a\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0628\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0631\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u064a\u064f\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0647\u062f\u0648\u0627 \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0625\u064a\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u064a\u062d\u064a \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0636\u0637\u0647\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u064a\u062d\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0639\u0627\u0634 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062f\u064a. \u064a\u064f\u0639\u062a\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0628\u0634\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0646\u0634\u0637\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0633\u0627\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u064a\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u064a\u0646.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; color: #800000;\"><strong>4. \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0633 \u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0642\u0631\u062f\u0627\u063a (Mar Qardagh)<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0642\u0631\u062f\u0627\u063a \u0647\u0648 \u0642\u062f\u064a\u0633 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637\u062a \u0633\u064a\u0631\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u064a\u062c. \u064a\u064f\u0639\u062a\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0628\u0634\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u0634\u0647\u064a\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0636\u0637\u0647\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u064a\u062d\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; color: #800000;\"><strong>5. \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0633 \u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a (Mar Mari)<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">\u0647\u0648 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u064a\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a \u0629\u060c \u0648\u064a\u064f\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u0646\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u064a\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u064a\u0637\u0629 \u0628\u0647\u0627. \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629. \u064a\u064f\u0639\u062a\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0633\u0627\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0623\u0633\u064a\u0633 \u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0633\u064a\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; color: #800000;\"><strong>6. \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0633 \u0633\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0633<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">\u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0633 \u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0633\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0633 (Mar Sarkis) \u0647\u0648 \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0623\u0634\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u064a\u064f\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0631\u0645\u0632\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0634\u062c\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u0645\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637\u062a \u0633\u064a\u0631\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0634\u062c\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u0645\u0627\u0646. \u064a\u064f\u0639\u062a\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0628\u062c\u064a\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0645\u062a\u062f \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u064a\u0641.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; color: #800000;\"><strong>7. \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0633 \u0625\u0633\u062d\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0625\u0633\u062d\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u0646\u0648\u064a \u0623\u0648 \u0625\u0633\u062d\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0646\u064a<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">\u0647\u0648 \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0623\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u064a\u062d\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a\u060c \u0648\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u062b\u0648\u0630\u0643\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0642. \u064a\u064f\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u062d\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u064a\u062d\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0631\u0643 \u0625\u0631\u062b\u064b\u0627 \u063a\u0646\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0632\u0647\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0627\u0629.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-27253 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/output-15-300x300.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"680\" height=\"680\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/output-15-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/output-15-150x150.png 150w, https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/output-15.png 640w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 680px) 100vw, 680px\" \/><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">\u0641\u064a \u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0643\u0646\u0627\u0626\u0633 \u0648\u0623\u062f\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u064a\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0646\u0634\u0637\u0629 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u060c \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u064a\u0641\u060c \u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0628\u064a\u0644\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0621. \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u062c\u0632\u0621\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u062a\u064f\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u0645 &#8220;\u0628\u064a\u062a \u0642\u0637\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0647&#8221; (Beth Qatraye) \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0647\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0633\u064a\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u064a\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a.<strong> \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0643 \u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u0627\u0626\u0633 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062b\u0631\u064a\u0629:<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; color: #800000;\"><strong><strong>1. \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u064a\u0641<\/strong><\/strong><\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">\u2022 <strong>\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u064a\u0641:<\/strong> \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u064a\u0641 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0633\u064a\u062d\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0647\u0645\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062b\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629.<\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">\u2022 <strong>\u0623\u062f\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u064a\u0641:<\/strong> \u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0648\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0622\u062b\u0627\u0631 \u0644\u0623\u062f\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u064a\u062d\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062d\u0648\u062a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; color: #800000;\"><strong>2. \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0628\u064a\u0644<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">\u2022 <strong>\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0628\u064a\u0644: <\/strong>\u062a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0643\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062b\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0628\u064a\u0644\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u062c\u0632\u0621\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 &#8220;\u0628\u064a\u062a \u0642\u0637\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0647&#8221;.<\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">\u2022 <strong>\u0622\u062b\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0633\u064a\u062d\u064a\u0629:<\/strong> \u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0648\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u062d\u0648\u062a\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0633\u064a\u062d\u064a\u0629.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; color: #800000;\"><strong>3. \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0646<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">\u2022 <strong>\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0633\u0645\u0627\u0647\u064a\u062c: <\/strong>\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0633\u0645\u0627\u0647\u064a\u062c (Samahij) \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0634\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0642\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0623\u0633\u0642\u0641\u064a\u0629.<\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">\u2022 <strong>\u0643\u0646\u0627\u0626\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0646: <\/strong>\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0643\u0646\u0627\u0626\u0633 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0633\u064a\u062d\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0647\u0645\u064b\u0627.<\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><strong><br \/>\n<span style=\"color: #800000;\"><strong>4. \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0621<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\n\u2022 <strong>\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0621:<\/strong> \u062a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u062c\u0632\u0621\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 &#8220;\u0628\u064a\u062a \u0642\u0637\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0647&#8221;.<br \/>\n\u2022 <strong>\u0623\u062f\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0621:<\/strong> \u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0648\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0622\u062b\u0627\u0631 \u0644\u0623\u062f\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u064a\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629.<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; color: #800000;\"><strong>5. \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0646 (\u062c\u0632\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u0648\u062a)<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">\u2022 <strong>\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0646:<\/strong> \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u062c\u0632\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u0648\u062a (\u062f\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0646) \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0633\u064a\u062d\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0647\u0645\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; color: #800000;\"><strong>6. \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u064a\u0631<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">\u2022 <strong>\u0622\u062b\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0633\u064a\u062d\u064a\u0629: <\/strong>\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0648\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0622\u062b\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0633\u064a\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u064a\u0631\u060c \u062a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0643\u0646\u0627\u0626\u0633 \u0623\u0648 \u0623\u062f\u064a\u0631\u0629.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; color: #800000;\"><strong>7. \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u062c\u0648\u0627\u062b\u0627 (\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0621)<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">\u2022 <strong>\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u062c\u0648\u0627\u062b\u0627:<\/strong> \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u062c\u0648\u0627\u062b\u0627 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0633\u064a\u062d\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0647\u0645\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; color: #800000;\"><strong>8. \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637 (\u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0646)<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">\u2022 <strong>\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637: <\/strong>\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0634\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0646.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; color: #800000;\"><strong>9. \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0629 (\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0621)<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">\u2022 <strong>\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0629: <\/strong>\u062a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0629.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; color: #800000;\"><strong>10. \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0623\u0648\u0627\u0644 (\u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0646)<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">\u2022 <strong>\u0643\u0646\u0627\u0626\u0633 \u0623\u0648\u0627\u0644:<\/strong> \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u062c\u0632\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0648\u0627\u0644 (\u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a\u064b\u0627) \u0645\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0643\u0646\u0627\u0626\u0633 \u0648\u0623\u062f\u064a\u0631\u0629.<\/span><\/p>\n<blockquote><p><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; color: #008080;\">\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638\u0629: \u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u0627\u0626\u0633 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0641\u062a \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644\u062a \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062f\u064a. \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0643\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062b\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629 \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0634\u0641 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u064a\u062d\u064a \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0646\u064a.<\/span><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><strong>\u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0643\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a:<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">\u062a\u064f\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0643\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0646 \u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u064a\u0641\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0647\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0633\u064a\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645. \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u062a\u0639\u0643\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u062a\u062a\u0645\u062a\u0639 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0629.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-27245 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/output-5-300x300.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"700\" height=\"300\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0629:<\/strong> \u0634\u0647\u062f\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u064a\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0648\u062a\u0627\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0647\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0633\u064a\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 (\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0642) \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062f. \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u060c \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064b\u0627 \u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0646\u0634\u0637\u064b\u0627. \u062a\u0645\u064a\u0632\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u064a\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u064a\u062d\u060c \u0648\u0648\u062c\u062f\u062a \u0623\u0631\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u062e\u0635\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">\u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u064a\u0641 (\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637 \u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u064b\u0627)\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0645\u0642\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0623\u0633\u0642\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0647\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0628\u064a\u0644 (\u0628\u064a\u062a \u0642\u0637\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0647)\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0627\u0631\u0648\u062a\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0643\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0641 \u0628\u0642\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0643\u0646\u0627\u0626\u0633 \u0648\u0623\u062f\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u0648\u062f \u0644\u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629. \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0643\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062b\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0648\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0630\u0627\u0628\u062d\u060c \u062a\u0624\u0643\u062f \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0633\u064a\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0646\u0634\u0637\u0629 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645. \u0628\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u062c\u0632\u0621\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u064a\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0632\u062f\u0647\u0631\u0629\u060c \u062a\u0631\u0643\u062a \u0625\u0631\u062b\u064b\u0627 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0647\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629.<\/span><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_23308\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-23308\" style=\"width: 189px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-23308\" src=\"https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/tinywow_change_bg_photo_21112712-4-289x300.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"189\" height=\"196\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/tinywow_change_bg_photo_21112712-4-289x300.png 289w, https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/tinywow_change_bg_photo_21112712-4-145x150.png 145w, https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/tinywow_change_bg_photo_21112712-4.png 517w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 189px) 100vw, 189px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-23308\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633 \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0631\u064a<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631:<\/strong><br \/>\n1. \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0628:<br \/>\n\u2022 &#8220;Christianity in the Arabian Gulf&#8221; by J. Spencer Trimingham \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u064a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u0629 \u0634\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u064a\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u064a\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u060c \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629.<br \/>\n\u2022 &#8220;The Eastern Christians in Arabia: A Study in Medieval Geography&#8221; by Irfan Shahid \u064a\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u064a\u062d\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062b\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629.<br \/>\n\u2022 &#8220;The Nestorian Church: A Concise History&#8221; by Wilhelm Baum and Dietmar W. Winkler \u064a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0632\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0642 (\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629) \u0648\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629.<br \/>\n\u2022 &#8220;Arabia and the Arabs: From the Bronze Age to the Coming of Islam&#8221; by Robert G. Hoyland \u064a\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0634\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>2. \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u062d\u0627\u062b \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629:<br \/>\n\u2022 &#8220;The Christian Presence in the Arabian Gulf&#8221; by Jean-Fran\u00e7ois Salles<br \/>\n\u2022 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u064a\u062d\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u064a\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0643\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062b\u0631\u064a\u0629.<br \/>\n\u2022 &#8220;The Archaeology of Christianity in the Arabian Gulf&#8221; by Robert Carter<br \/>\n\u2022 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0643\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062b\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u064a\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u064a\u062c.<br \/>\n\u2022 3. \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0623\u0628\u062d\u0627\u062b \u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629<br \/>\n\u2022 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0643\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629: \u062a\u0648\u062c\u062f \u0623\u0628\u062d\u0627\u062b \u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u064a\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629. \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0639\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062b\u0644 JSTOR \u0623\u0648 Google Scholar \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0643\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0641\u062a\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644:<br \/>\n\u2022 &#8220;Christianity in Eastern Arabia&#8221;<br \/>\n\u2022 &#8220;Beth Qatraye&#8221;<br \/>\n\u2022 &#8220;Pre-Islamic Christianity in Saudi Arabia&#8221;<br \/>\n\u2022 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u062a \u0642\u0637\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0647: \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0623\u0628\u062d\u0627\u062b \u062a\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 &#8220;\u0628\u064a\u062a \u0642\u0637\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0647&#8221; \u0648\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u064a\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a\u0647<\/p>\n<p>3. \u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0648\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0643\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629:<br \/>\n\u2022 &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0646&#8221;: \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0647\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u0627\u0626\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u064a\u0641 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629.<br \/>\n\u2022 &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0634\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629&#8221;: \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u062a\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0644\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u064a\u062d\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u064a\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u064f\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u062f\u0648\u0631 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\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0639\u062b\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062b\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0639\u0645\u0644\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629.<br \/>\n\u2022 &#8220;The Excavations at Al-Qatif&#8221; by various archaeologists<br \/>\n\u2022 \u062a\u0642\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062b\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u064a\u0641\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0643\u0634\u0641\u062a \u0639\u0646 \u0628\u0642\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0643\u0646\u0627\u0626\u0633 \u0648\u0623\u062f\u064a\u0631\u0629.<br \/>\n\u2022 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