{"id":2674,"date":"2019-05-24T14:06:57","date_gmt":"2019-05-24T11:06:57","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/?p=2674"},"modified":"2019-05-24T14:06:57","modified_gmt":"2019-05-24T11:06:57","slug":"%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%aa%d8%b7%d9%88%d8%b1-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%aa%d8%a7%d8%b1%d9%8a%d8%ae%d9%8a-%d9%84%d9%81%d9%8a%d8%b2%d9%8a%d8%a7%d8%a1-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ac%d8%b3%d9%8a%d9%85%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a3","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/?p=2674","title":{"rendered":"\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a \u0644\u0641\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0633\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 – \u062f. \u062c\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u064a"},"content":{"rendered":"

\u064a\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a. \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u0644\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0631\u0627\u0648\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0628\u0644 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u062d\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0641\u0629 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627. \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u0631\u0633\u0637\u0648 \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0628\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0631. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u062a\u062a\u0635\u0641 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a\u060c \u0641\u062a\u0642\u0637\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0632\u064a\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0627 \u0644\u0627 \u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0646\u0635\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u062f \u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0633\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u064a. \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0634\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a \u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0633 \u0645\u0630\u0647\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0625\u0646\u0641\u0635\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0623\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0630\u0631\u0627\u062a \u064a\u0641\u0635\u0644 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0631\u0627\u062a \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0642\u0633\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u064a. \u0648\u0644\u0642\u062f \u0623\u062b\u0628\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062f\u0639\u0648 \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0634\u0643 \u0635\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0631\u064a\u0629.<\/span><\/p>\n

\"\" \"\" \"\"<\/p>\n

\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 1897 \u0625\u0643\u062a\u0634\u0641 \u0637\u0645\u0633\u0646 J.J Thomson \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646 (–<\/sup>e) \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0625\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0643\u0634\u0641 \u0639\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0633\u064a\u0645 \u0623\u0646\u0628\u0648\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0647 \u0634\u0639\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u0646\u0628\u0639\u062b \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a. \u0648\u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062d\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0634\u0627\u0634\u0629 \u0641\u0633\u0641\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062d\u0638\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0635\u0637\u062f\u0645 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646. \u0644\u0642\u062f \u0623\u062f\u0631\u0643 \u0631\u0630\u0631\u0641\u0648\u0631\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0646\u0628\u0639\u062b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0631\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 1911 \u0623\u062b\u0628\u062a \u0628\u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0641\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u062a\u0648\u062c\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0629 \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0634\u062d\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u062a\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u062a\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u062f\u0648\u0631 \u062d\u0648\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0633\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062d\u0646\u0629. \u0644\u0642\u062f \u0625\u0642\u062a\u0631\u062d \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0633\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0630\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0625\u0646\u062d\u0631\u0641\u062a \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0634\u0639\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0647\u064a \u062c\u0633\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062d\u0646\u0629\u060c \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u0633\u0644\u0637\u0647\u0627 \u0631\u0630\u0631\u0641\u0648\u0631\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0631\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0647\u0628. \u0648\u0638\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u062a\u0642\u0627\u062f \u0628\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0648\u0627\u0629 \u0628\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u062c\u0633\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a \u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0634\u062d\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0628\u0629 \u062a\u0633\u0645\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a (p) \u0633\u0627\u0626\u062f\u0627 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 1932 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u0625\u0643\u062a\u0634\u0641 \u062c\u064a\u0645\u0633 \u0634\u0627\u062f\u0648\u064a\u0643 James Chadwick \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0629 \u062a\u0636\u0645 \u062c\u0633\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628\u0627 \u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0643\u062a\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0634\u062d\u0646\u0629 \u0633\u0645\u064a\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u0648\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a (n).<\/p>\n

\"\"\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 1928 \u062f\u0645\u062c \u0628\u0648\u0644 \u062f\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0643 Pual Dirac \u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0627\u0646\u062a\u064a\u0629 Quantum Theory \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 Special Relativity \u0648 \u062c\u0627\u0621\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0645\u062c\u0629 \u0628\u062e\u0627\u0635\u064a\u0629 \u063a\u0631\u064a\u0628\u0629. \u0644\u0642\u062f \u0625\u0633\u062a\u0637\u0627\u0639 \u062f\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0643 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0628\u0631\u0647\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0633\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0643\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u0647 \u0643\u062a\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u064a\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0634\u062d\u0646\u0629 \u0633\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u064a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u062d\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u060c \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0628\u0625\u0633\u062a\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0625\u0633\u062a\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0628\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u062c\u0633\u064a\u0645 \u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0644\u0647 \u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0643\u062a\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0634\u062d\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0628\u0629. \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u062f\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u062a\u0646\u0628\u0623 \u0628\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u062c\u0633\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u062d\u062a\u0647. \u0625\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0643\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0641 \u064a\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0636 \u0623\u0646 \u0643\u0644 \u062c\u0633\u064a\u0645 \u0644\u0647 \u0646\u0642\u064a\u0636\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u062a\u0641\u0642 \u0645\u0639\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u064a\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0645\u0639\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062d\u0646\u0629. \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 1932 \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0625\u0643\u062a\u0634\u0641 \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u0648\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0625\u0633\u062a\u0637\u0627\u0639 \u0623\u0646\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0648\u0646 Anderson \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 Cloud Chamber \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0633\u0644\u0643\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0633\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0648\u0627\u0633\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u062a\u0648\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0647. \u0648\u064a\u0648\u062c\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u063a\u0646\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0633 \u0642\u0648\u064a \u064a\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0633\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a. \u0641\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0633\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0634\u062d\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0628\u0629 \u064a\u062a\u062d\u0631\u0643 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0641\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0633\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0634\u062d\u0646\u0629 \u0633\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u064a\u062a\u062d\u0631\u0643 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u0644\u0649. \u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638 \u0623\u0646\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062c\u0633\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a \u062a\u062a\u062d\u0631\u0643 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0641\u0644 \u0648 \u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u064a\u0633\u062a \u0628\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0631\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u064a\u0634\u0628\u0647 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0628\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0623\u062b\u0628\u062a \u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0633\u064a\u0645 \u0645\u0636\u0627\u062f \u0644\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646 anti electron \u0648\u0633\u0645\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0640 (\u0628\u0648\u0632\u0648\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646 +<\/sup>positron\u00a0 e). \u0648\u0628\u0639\u062f \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b \u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0625\u0643\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0632\u0648\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0625\u0643\u062a\u0634\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0628\u0627\u062a\u0631\u064a\u0643 \u0628\u0644\u0627\u0643\u064a\u062a Patrick Blackitt \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0632\u0648\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u062e\u062a\u0641\u064a \u0623\u0634\u0639\u0629 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0627 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0631\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0635\u0627\u0635\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0628\u0631\u0647\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u062a\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0641\u0642\u0627 \u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644\u0629 \u0623\u064a\u0646\u0634\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0647\u064a\u0631\u0629:<\/p>\n

E=mc2<\/sup><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\u062d\u064a\u062b E \u00a0\u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0633\u0645 \u060c \u0648 m \u00a0\u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0643\u062a\u0644\u062a\u0647 \u0648 c \u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0648\u0621. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0644\u062a\u0642\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0632\u0648\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u064a\u0641\u0646\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u064a\u0646\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u0634\u0639\u0629 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0643\u0633\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u0644\u0642\u062f \u0625\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0623\u064a\u0646\u0634\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0644\u0629 ” \u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0643\u062b\u0641\u0629 ” \u060c \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0644\u0629\u00a0 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u064a\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u062c\u0647\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0638\u0647\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629. \u0641\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0636\u0648\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0635\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0644\u0642\u060c \u0641\u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u0639\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0627\u0628\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0646\u0633\u0628\u064a\u0627. \u0641\u0643\u062a\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u062a\u0632\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0628\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u062d\u0631\u0643\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0633\u0645 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u062a\u062d\u0631\u0643 \u0628\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0637\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0643\u062a\u0644\u062a\u0647\u060c \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0647\u064a “\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0643\u062b\u0641\u0629”. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0623\u062b\u0628\u062a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0628 \u0635\u062d\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0634\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0646\u0648\u0627\u0629 \u0630\u0631\u0629 \u062b\u0642\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 235 \u0644\u0642\u0630\u0627\u0626\u0641 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u0648\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0646\u0642\u0633\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u062b\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639 \u0643\u062a\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0643\u062a\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u064a\u0639\u0637\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0644\u0629 \u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u0647\u0627 200 \u0645\u064a\u063a\u0627\u0641\u0648\u0644\u062a \u0644\u0643\u0644 \u062d\u0627\u062f\u062b\u0629 \u0625\u0646\u0634\u0637\u0627\u0631. \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0643\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0641 \u0623\u062b\u0631\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0639\u062f\u0629.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0627\u0646\u062a\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u062b\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0633\u0627\u0645 \u064a\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u0648\u062a\u064a\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0648\u0636\u0639\u062a \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629. \u0641\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0627\u0646\u062a\u064a \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u062c\u0633\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a \u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u062b\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0646. \u0648\u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0631\u0628\u0637 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062a\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629. \u0641\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0644\u0629 \u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0643\u0633 \u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d. \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u062f\u0627\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0627 \u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0627 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0643\u062a\u0644\u0629. \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0648\u0645\u063a\u0646\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0645\u062a\u062f \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0627\u0644\u0627 \u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0644\u0630\u0627 \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u062a\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0648\u0626\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0644\u0647 \u0643\u062a\u0644\u0629. \u0648\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062a\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641\u0627 \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0644\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0647. \u0648\u0628\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u062a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0647\u0627\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0643\u064a \u064a\u0648\u0643\u0627\u0648\u0627 Hideki Yukawa \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 1932 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0648\u064a\u0629 strong force \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a ( \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u0648\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a)\u060c \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0648\u062c\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0633\u0628\u0639 \u0643\u062a\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0628\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0633\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0633\u0645\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0633\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0640 (\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0648\u0646 pion\u00a0 \u03c0). \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 1950 \u0625\u0643\u062a\u0634\u0641 \u0633\u064a\u0633\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0648\u0644 Cecil Powell \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u062d\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644 \u0648 \u0628\u0646\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0644 \u0630\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0646\u0628\u0623 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u064a\u0648\u0643\u0627\u0648\u0627.<\/p>\n

\u0641\u064a \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0625\u0643\u062a\u0634\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0641\u0629 \u062c\u0633\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u0644\u0647 \u062a\u0633\u0639 \u0643\u062a\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0648\u0646! \u060c \u0648\u064a\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0633\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0640 (\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0648\u0646 muon\u00a0 \u00b5). \u0648\u064a\u0623\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0628 \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0628\u060c \u0648 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u064a\u0646\u062d\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0648\u0646.<\/p>\n

\"\" \"\"<\/p>\n

\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u0625\u0646\u062d\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0634\u0639\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u062a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0636 \u0645\u0639 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 “\u062d\u0641\u0638 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629” \u0648 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 “\u0643\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629”. \u0641\u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0646\u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u0648\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a\u062c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0633\u0627\u0648\u064a \u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u0648\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062d\u0644 \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u062d\u0641\u0638 \u0643\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u064a\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0636 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u062a\u0648\u0646 \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0643\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u062b\u0628\u062a\u062a \u0623\u0646 \u062d\u0631\u0643\u062a\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0644\u064a\u0633\u062a \u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643. \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u062e\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0635\u0639\u0628 \u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u0625\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u062e\u0644\u0648\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u062d\u0641\u0638 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0648 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u062d\u0641\u0638 \u0643\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0642\u0628\u0644\u0648\u0627 \u0641\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0648\u0644\u0641\u063a\u0627\u0646\u063a \u0628\u0627\u0648\u0644\u064a Wolfgang Pauli \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0636 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u062c\u0633\u064a\u0645 \u0644\u0647 \u0643\u062a\u0644\u0629 \u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u0627 \u0623\u0648 \u0631\u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0644\u0647 \u0643\u062a\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0633\u062a\u0637\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0627\u0634\u0641 detectors \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0637\u0647 \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0631\u0628\u0629. \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u062a\u0645 \u0625\u0643\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0641 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0633\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0633\u0645\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0640( \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u0648\u062a\u0631\u064a\u0646\u0648 neutrino \u03bd) \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 1956 \u0648\u062a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0633\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644\u0629.<\/p>\n

\"\"\u064a\u0648\u062c\u062f \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u0648\u062a\u0631\u064a\u0646\u0648\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646 – \u0646\u064a\u0648\u062a\u0631\u064a\u0646\u0648 ( \u03bde<\/sub> )\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0648\u0646 – \u0646\u064a\u0648\u062a\u0631\u064a\u0646\u0648 (\u03bd\u00b5<\/sub> )\u060c \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0648 – \u0646\u064a\u0648\u062a\u0631\u064a\u0646\u0648 (VZ<\/sub>) \u062c\u0633\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0648 tau \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0642\u062f \u062a\u0645 \u0625\u0643\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0641\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 1975 \u0648\u0644\u0647 \u0643\u062a\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u064a\u0623\u062a\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0628. \u0648\u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0648 \u0644\u0647\u0645 \u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0645\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0628\u0647\u0629 \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0648\u0636\u0639\u0648\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u0648\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u0643\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u0633\u0645\u0649 \u0644\u0628\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0632 Leptons.<\/p>\n

\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u0648\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0646 \u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062c\u0633\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062c\u0633\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0646\u0642\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u064a \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a. \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646\u062a \u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0639\u0636\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0639 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u062b\u0628\u062a\u062a \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0633\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u0627 \u0633\u0645\u064a\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0640 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0643 quarks. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0645\u0646\u062d \u063a\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0627\u0646 Gullmann \u062c\u0627\u0626\u0632\u0629 \u0646\u0648\u0628\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 1969 \u0644\u0623\u0628\u062d\u0627\u062b\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0625\u0633\u062a\u0637\u0627\u0639 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0628\u0646\u064a \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645\u0627 \u062e\u0627\u0635\u0627 \u0628\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a quark model \u064a\u0641\u0633\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0633\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a. \u064a\u0648\u062c\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0633\u062a\u0629 \u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 flavors \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0643 (up(u) \u060c down(d) \u060c strange(s) \u060c charm(c) \u060c bottom(b) \u060c top(t. \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0643\u062a\u0634\u0641\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0628\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0643\u062a\u0634\u0641\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645 1974\u060c 1977\u060c 1995 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u062a\u064a\u0628. \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0643 u \u064a\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0628\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u062f \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0643 c \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0643 t \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0643\u062a\u0644\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631. \u0648\u064a\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0643 d \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0640 s \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0640 b. \u0648\u062a\u0635\u0646\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0639\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0623\u0648 \u0623\u062c\u064a\u0627\u0644. \u0648\u064a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0633\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0646\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0633\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0646\u0633\u062e\u0629 \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0635\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0644\u0629. \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0626\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646 (u, d, e–<\/sup>, \u03bde<\/sub>) \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0626\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646 (c,s,\u00b5–<\/sup>,\u03bd\u00b5<\/sub>) \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0626\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646 (t,b, \u1fd0 , VZ<\/sub> ).<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

\u0625\u0630\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u0648\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0644\u064a\u0633\u062a \u062c\u0633\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629. \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0648\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b \u0643\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0625\u062b\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0639 u \u0648\u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0639 d (\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0648\u0646 uud) \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u0648\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0643\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0625\u062b\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0639 d \u0648\u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0639 u ( \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u0648\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646 udd ). \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0633\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a particle accelerators \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0646\u062d\u0635\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0633\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u062a\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0643 (strange, charm, bottom top) \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0633\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0643\u062a\u0644 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u062d\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u0648\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a.<\/p>\n

\u0644\u0643\u0644 \u062c\u0633\u064a\u0645 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u063a\u0632\u0644\u064a \u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u2013 \u0643\u0648\u0627\u0646\u062a\u064a quantized \u2013 \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u062b\u0628\u062a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0643\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0627\u0646\u062a\u064a\u0629 quantum mechanics \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0648\u0628\u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u062a\u0635\u0646\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0633\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u062a\u064a\u0646 ( \u0648\u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u0644\u0627 \u0646\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0632\u0644\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u064a\u0643\u062a\u0646\u0641\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0645\u0648\u0636. \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a \u064a\u062d\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0633\u0645 360 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0627\u0646\u062a\u064a\u0629 quantum physics \u0643\u0644 \u0634\u064a \u064a\u0628\u062f\u0648 \u063a\u0631\u064a\u0628\u0627 \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642 \u0645\u0639 \u0628\u062f\u064a\u0647\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0641\u0643\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0627 \u0641\u0642\u062f \u064a\u062d\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u062d\u0631\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0633\u0645 270 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0623\u0648 180 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0623\u0648 90 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 ) \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0633\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0632\u0644\u064a \u0623\u0646\u0635\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d\u0629 ( 1\/2, 3\/2, 5\/2,\u2026 ) \u0648\u062a\u0633\u0645\u0649 \u0628\u0640 \u0641\u064a\u0631\u0645\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0632 fermions \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0633\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0632\u0644\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0636\u0627\u0639\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d\u0629 (0,1,2,\u2026 ) \u0648\u062a\u0633\u0645\u0649 \u0628\u0640 \u0628\u0648\u0632\u0648\u0646\u0632 bosons. \u0625\u0646 \u062c\u0633\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0632\u0648\u0646\u0632 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0627\u0646\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0631\u0645\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0632 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0633\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0624\u0644\u0641 \u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0646.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0646\u062a\u064a\u0629 quantum theory \u062a\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0631\u0624\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u064a\u0646\u0634\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062d\u0642\u0642\u062a \u0646\u062c\u0627\u062d\u0627 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0627\u0643\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u062e\u0641\u0642\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0633\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629. \u0648\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0627\u0646\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0631\u0624\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u062f\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0634\u0645\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0649 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0628\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u062d\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 grand unification theory. \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0649 \u0628\u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u062a\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0644 \u0643\u0645\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u062a\u0633\u0645\u0649 \u0643\u0648\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0627. \u0648\u062a\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0649 \u0628\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0639\u064a\u0641\u0629 weak force \u0633\u0628\u0628\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0644 \u0646\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0627 \u0647\u064a \u062c\u0633\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a w \u0648 z \u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0648\u064a\u0629 strong force \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0631\u0628\u0637 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u0648\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u062a\u062a\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0644 \u0646\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0644\u0627\u0648\u0648\u0646 gluons \u0648\u064a\u0645\u062a\u062f \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0644\u0627\u0648\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u064a\u062d\u0641\u0638 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u0648\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0636\u062f \u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0641\u062a\u062a\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0644 \u062c\u0633\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0630\u0643\u0631\u0646\u0627 \u0622\u0646\u0641\u0627. \u0623\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0648\u0645\u063a\u0646\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062d\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u062a\u062a\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u062a\u0648\u0646. \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0634\u0641 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u062a\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0625\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0633\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0644 \u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0630\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0633\u0627\u0645.<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a \u0646\u0639\u0648\u062f \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0624\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0645\u0627 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0633\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629\u061f<\/span><\/strong> \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0639 \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0633\u062a\u0637\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0646\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0624\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u062a\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0648\u0626\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0642\u0639 \u062a\u0631\u062f\u062f\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0624\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u0627 \u0646\u0633\u062a\u0637\u064a\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0631\u0629. \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633 \u0628\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0647 \u0628\u0645\u0639\u0632\u0644 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0644 \u0648\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0642\u0648\u062f\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0648 \u0623\u0633\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627. \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633 \u0645\u0639\u0627 \u062f\u0644\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u062d\u0627\u062b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u062c\u0633\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0646\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0640 up \u0643\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0643 \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0640 down \u0643\u0648\u0627\u0631\u0643. \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0647\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0647\u064a \u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0623\u062e\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0647\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0641\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0639\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0631\u0636! \u0647\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0633\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0630\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0646\u0645\u0648 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0648 \u062a\u062a\u0634\u0643\u0644\u061f \u0647\u0644 \u0647\u064a \u0630\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0642\u0633\u0627\u0645 \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0642\u0628\u0644 2500 \u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0623\u0645 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627 \u0648\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0644\u062d \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0642 \u0628\u0639\u062f\u061f<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0639 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0643\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u0627\u0628 \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0626\u0644\u0629 \u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0642\u0627\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0625\u0646 \u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0646\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062e\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0627\u0621\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629.<\/em><\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u064a\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a. \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u0644\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0631\u0627\u0648\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0628\u0644 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u062d\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0641\u0629 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627. \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u0631\u0633\u0637\u0648 \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0628\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0631. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u062a\u062a\u0635\u0641 …<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":2143,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_exactmetrics_skip_tracking":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_active":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_note":"","_exactmetrics_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[15],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-2674","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","","category-15"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2674","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/4"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=2674"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2674\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2687,"href":"https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2674\/revisions\/2687"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/2143"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=2674"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=2674"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=2674"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}