{"id":25764,"date":"2024-09-19T20:11:08","date_gmt":"2024-09-19T17:11:08","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/?p=25764"},"modified":"2024-09-19T20:11:08","modified_gmt":"2024-09-19T17:11:08","slug":"%d8%aa%d8%b8%d9%86-%d8%a3%d9%86%d9%83-%d8%a3%d9%81%d8%b6%d9%84-%d9%85%d9%86-%d9%85%d8%b9%d8%b8%d9%85-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%86%d8%a7%d8%b3-%d9%81%d9%8a-%d9%82%d9%8a%d8%a7%d8%af%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b3%d9%8a","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/?p=25764","title":{"rendered":"\u062a\u0638\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u0643 \u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0633 \u0641\u064a \u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0629\u061f \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u0633\u0627\u0647\u0645\u062a \u062a\u062d\u064a\u0632\u0627\u062a\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0637\u0631\u0642\u0646\u0627 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0622\u0645\u0646\u0629 – \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u062f\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062c\u064a\u00a0"},"content":{"rendered":"

Think you\u2019re better at driving than most? How psychological biases are keeping our roads unsafe<\/h3>\n

(\u0628\u0642\u0644\u0645 \u062c\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0631\u064a\u062c\u0632\u060c \u0623\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0630 \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062a\u0648\u062d\u0629 – Gemma Briggs, Professor of Applied Cognitive Psychology, The Open University)<\/span><\/h3>\n

\u0644\u0646 \u062a\u0636\u0637\u0631 \u0623\u0628\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0628\u062c\u062f \u0639\u0646 \u062a\u0642\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u062d\u0648\u0627\u062f\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u064a\u062a\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631\u0629. \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u062a\u0642\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0631\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0648\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062b\u0642\u064a\u0641 \u0633\u0627\u0626\u0642\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0647\u0627.<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"
\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0631\u062a\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629:Decision Lab<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0646\u062c\u062d \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0633 \u0623\u0646 \u0631\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u062a\u062e\u0635\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u062a\u0639\u0646\u064a\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0642\u0631\u0631\u0648\u0627 \u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643 \u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645. \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u062b\u0628\u062a\u062a \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0633 \u0644\u062f\u064a\u0647\u0645 \u062b\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0641\u0631\u0637\u0629(<\/sup>1<\/sup>)\u00a0<\/sup>\u0641\u064a \u0642\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0648\u064a\u0639\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0645\u0646 “\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a” \u0623\u0646 \u0628\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0647\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u062e\u0631\u0642 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0631 \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u062a\u0644 \u0623\u0648 \u0623\u0635\u064a\u0628 \u0628\u062c\u0631\u0648\u062d \u062e\u0637\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0644\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0638\u0644 \u062b\u0627\u0628\u062a\u064b\u0627 \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648\u00a0 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u062f \u0645\u0627 \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0639\u0627\u0645 2012. \u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u0642\u062a\u0644 \u062e\u0645\u0633\u0629 \u0623\u0634\u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0648\u064a\u0635\u0627\u0628 \u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a 80 \u0628\u062c\u0631\u0648\u062d \u062e\u0637\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u064a\u0648\u0645\u064a\u064b\u0627(<\/sup>2<\/sup>)<\/sup>. \u062a\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a \u0627\u062d\u062a\u062c\u0627\u062c\u00a0 \u0648\u063a\u0636\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0633 \u0644\u0648 \u0648\u0635\u0644 \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644 \u062c\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062a\u0644 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649. \u064a\u0628\u062f\u0648 \u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0628\u0640 \u062d\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0641\u0627\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0648\u0627\u062f\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0648\u062c\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0642\u064a\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 “\u062e\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629” \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0628\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u064a\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u0648\u0646 \u0646\u0632\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0633 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0647\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u064a \u0648\u0642\u0628\u0648\u0644\u0647\u0627\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a(3)<\/sup> (motonormativity) [\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0644\u0648\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u064a\u0632 \u0644\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0647\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0642\u0628\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629\u064b \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0642\u0628\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0644\u0648 \u062d\u062f\u062b\u062a \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629(4\u060c 5)<\/sup>]. \u064a\u0639\u062f \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u062a\u062d\u064a\u0632\u064b\u0627 \u0636\u0645\u0646\u064a\u064b\u0627 (\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0648\u0639\u064a) \u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0633 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0634\u0637\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649. \u0648\u062c\u062f\u062a \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629(<\/sup>5<\/sup>)<\/sup>\u00a0\u0623\u062c\u0631\u064a\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0644\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645 2023 \u0623\u0646 61% \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0633 \u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642\u0648\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0631 \u0647\u064a “\u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a” \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u0640 31% \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0645\u0645\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u063a\u064f\u064a\u0631\u062a \u0643\u0644\u0645\u0629 “\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629” \u0625\u0644\u0649 “\u0639\u0645\u0644”.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0631 \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u064a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0631. \u062a\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0625\u062d\u0635\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0644\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 2022 \u0623\u0646 50\u066a \u0645\u0646 \u0633\u0627\u0626\u0642\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632\u0648\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0635\u0649 \u0644\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629 (30 \u0645\u064a\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0623\u064a \u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a 50 \u0643\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0639\u0629) \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0642(<\/sup>6<\/sup>)<\/sup>. \u0623\u0641\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0648\u064a \u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 2023 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0639\u0646 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0637\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0642 (RAC) \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 2023 \u0628\u0623\u0646 25% \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0642\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0631\u0641\u0648\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627\u062a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0645\u0648\u0644 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u062a\u0638\u0645 \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0627\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0636 \u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0627\u062f\u062b \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0642\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0645\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0631 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0641\u0627\u062f \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0623\u0646 95% \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0642\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u062a\u0641\u0642\u0648\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0648\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u062a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0645\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u064a\u0639\u0631\u0636\u0648\u0646 \u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0631.<\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"
\u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0642\u0630\u0641\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0634\u064a\u0626\u064b\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0646\u062a \u0645\u0645\u0646 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0647\u0648\u0627\u062a\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0645\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629.<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

\u0642\u062f \u064a\u0641\u0633\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u064a\u0632 \u0644\u0640 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0647\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0634\u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0628\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0636\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u062d\u0648\u0627\u062f\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u0628\u0644\u0648\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0648 \u062d\u062f\u062b\u062a \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0634\u0639\u0648\u0631 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0633 \u0628\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0647\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u062c\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a \u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0633 (\u0639\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u062a\u0633\u062c\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0631\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0636\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u064a\u062e\u062a\u0631\u0642 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0631) \u060c \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0627\u062f\u062b.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0635\u0649 \u0644\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u062f\u0626\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a 20 \u0645\u064a\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0639\u0629 (\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a 32 \u0643\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0639\u0629) \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0631\u062d \u0641\u064a \u0648\u064a\u0644\u0632 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 2023 \u062a\u0645\u062a \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0636\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0648\u064a\u0623\u062a\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0635\u0649 \u0644\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0642\u062f \u0623\u062f\u0649 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629(<\/sup>7<\/sup>)<\/sup>\u00a0\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0627\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0627\u062f\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0628\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 17\u066a \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631. \u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u062d\u0632\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1983 \u0623\u062b\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0636\u0629 \u0645\u0645\u0627\u062b\u0644\u0629.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u062a\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u064a\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0642\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645\u060c \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0642\u064a\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0645 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u064a\u0645\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637(<\/sup>8<\/sup>)<\/sup> . \u062b\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0642\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0636\u062e\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0645\u062f\u0651\u064e\u0639\u0627\u0629 \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637\u00a0\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0648 \u062e\u0628\u0631\u0629 \u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649(<\/sup>9<\/sup>)<\/sup> \u060c \u064a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u064a\u0632 \u0644\u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0627\u062a [\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0648\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0636\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0627\u062a(<\/sup>10<\/sup>)<\/sup>] \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0642\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u062a\u062f\u0626\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0648 \u0641\u064a \u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u0644\u0644 \u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0642\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0631\u0635 \u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636\u0647\u0645 \u0644\u062d\u0648\u0627\u062f\u062b \u0645\u0631\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629(<\/sup>11<\/sup>)<\/sup> \u060c \u0648\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0642\u062f \u0627\u0643\u062a\u0633\u0628\u0648\u0627 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649\u064b \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0631\u0629 \u064a\u062e\u0627\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0631 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u064a \u0639\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0628 \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0647 \u0628\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u064a\u0624\u0643\u062f \u0648\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u0647 \u0628\u0623\u0646 \u0645\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u062a\u0647 \u0644\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d\u062a \u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0648\u0623\u0646 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0631 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062e\u0631\u0642\u0647\u0627 “\u0628\u0623\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u0648 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u0639\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0628”. \u064a\u064f\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0643\u064a\u062f\u064a [\u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u062f\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0622\u062e\u0631 \u064a\u0639\u0632\u0632 \u0648\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649](<\/sup>12<\/sup>)<\/sup>.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u064a\u0632\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0633\u0628\u0628 \u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0633\u0627\u0626\u0642\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0631\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0631\u0642\u0647\u0645 \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646(<\/sup>13<\/sup>)<\/sup>. \u0648\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0637\u0628\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0642\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u062a\u062f\u0626\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a. \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0639\u064a\u0641 \u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0633\u0627\u0626\u0642\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0642\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u0631\u062a\u0643\u0628\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0631\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u064a\u064f\u0635\u0646\u0641\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0642\u0644\u0642 \u0644\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0642\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0644\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u062d\u0627\u062b \u062a\u062b\u0628\u062a \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u0641\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0627\u062a\u064a \u0628\u0634\u0623\u0646 \u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0636\u0639\u064a\u0641\u0629.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u064a\u0632\u0627\u062a \u064a\u062a\u0631\u0643\u0646\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0641 \u0635\u0639\u0628. \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644\u0627\u062a \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0642\u0628\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0627\u062f\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0636\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0631\u0637\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0634\u062a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0647 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u062a\u0639\u0627\u0637\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062a. \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0642\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643\u0647\u0645 \u062c\u0632\u0621 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629. \u0648\u064a\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u062b\u0628\u062a\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u062d\u0627\u062b(<\/sup>14<\/sup>)<\/sup> \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0628\u064a\u0651\u064e\u0646\u062a \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0642\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0648 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0647\u0648\u0627\u062a\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062f\u0631\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0636\u0639\u0641 \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a(<\/sup>15<\/sup>)<\/sup>.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0643\u064a\u0641 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0646\u0627 \u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0642\u061f<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u062a\u062d\u064a\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0642\u064a\u0646. \u062d\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0648\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0637\u0639 \u0641\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0648(<\/sup>16<\/sup>)<\/sup>\u00a0\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0627\u062f\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0642\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0625\u062b\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0635\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0623\u0648 \u0644\u0625\u062b\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0634\u0639\u0648\u0631 \u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0645 \u0643\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0648\u0641\u060c \u062a\u0641\u062a\u0642\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0642\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0635\u062f\u0642\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0633\u064a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0644\u0647\u0645.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0639\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0636\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0642\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0647\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u062a\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 (\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u060c “\u0633\u0648\u0641 \u064a\u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0623\u0635\u062f\u0642\u0627\u0624\u0643 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0626\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632\u0643\u0645 \u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629”) \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u062c\u062d \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 “\u0644\u064a\u0633\u062a \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629” \u0644\u0623\u0646 “\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644 \u064a\u0631\u062a\u0643\u0628\u0647\u0627”.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u062e\u0628\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644 “\u0645\u0642\u062a\u0644 \u0631\u062c\u0644 \u0628\u0634\u0627\u062d\u0646\u0629 \u062d\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u0642\u0637\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0639(<\/sup>17<\/sup>)<\/sup>” \u062a\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0621\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0627\u062f\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0645\u0631 \u062d\u062a\u0645\u064a. \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0644\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0643\u0644\u0645\u0629 “\u062d\u0627\u062f\u062b” \u0644\u0648\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0627\u062f\u062b \u064a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u062c\u0646\u0628\u0647. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062a [\u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0645]\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627\u062a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0645\u0648\u0644 \u0648\u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0631\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u062d\u0632\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0627\u0646 – \u0648\u0643\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0645\u0648\u0631 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u062c\u0646\u0628\u0647\u0627 – \u0647\u064a \u0623\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0644\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0627\u062f\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629(<\/sup>18<\/sup>)<\/sup>.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0646\u062d\u0646 \u0628\u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062b\u0642\u064a\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0630 \u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643(<\/sup>19<\/sup>)<\/sup>.<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0639\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631(<\/sup>20<\/sup>)<\/sup>\u00a0\u062a\u062d\u064a\u0632 \u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0642\u060c \u0648\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0625\u062e\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0633 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0642\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0647\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0642\u062f \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0648 \u064a\u0631\u062a\u0643\u0628\u0648\u0646 \u062d\u0648\u0627\u062f\u062b \u0645\u0631\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0631\u0641\u0636 \u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0623\u0636\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u062d\u0648\u0627\u062f\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0631\u00a0\u0644\u0627 \u0645\u0641\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627\u060c \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u062f \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u062d\u0648\u0627\u062f\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0631.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0648\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635:<\/strong>
\n1- https:\/\/fass.open.ac.uk\/school-psychology-counselling\/news\/are-you-better-average-driver<\/a>
\n2- https:\/\/www.gov.uk\/government\/statistics\/reported-road-casualties-great-britain-annual-report-2022\/reported-road-casualties-great-britain-annual-report-2022<\/a>
\n3- https:\/\/www.rwkgoodman.com\/info-hub\/is-motonormativity-the-roadblock-to-active-travel\/<\/a>
\n4- https:\/\/www.inderscience.com\/offers.php?id=135446<\/a>
\n5- https:\/\/www.inderscienceonline.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1504\/IJENVH.2023.135446<\/a>
\n6- https:\/\/www.gov.uk\/government\/statistics\/vehicle-speed-compliance-statistics-for-great-britain-2022\/vehicle-speed-compliance-statistics-for-great-britain-2022<\/a>
\n7- https:\/\/www.gov.wales\/police-recorded-road-collisions-january-march-2024-provisional-html<\/a>
\n8- https:\/\/psycnet.apa.org\/record\/2007-15150-012<\/a>
\n9- https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1111\/j.1559-1816.2004.tb02543.x<\/a>
\n10- https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/\u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632_\u0630\u0627\u062a\u064a<\/a>
\n11- https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/abs\/pii\/S1369847821000371?via=ihub<\/a>
\n12- https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/\u0627\u0646\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0632_\u062a\u0623\u0643\u064a\u062f\u064a<\/a>
\n13- https:\/\/sites.tufts.edu\/appliedcognition\/files\/2015\/10\/Why-drivers-use-cell-phones-and-support-legislation-to-restrict-this-practice.pdf<\/a>
\n14- https:\/\/rosap.ntl.bts.gov\/view\/dot\/61886<\/a>
\n15- https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.3758\/s13423-015-0922-4<\/a>
\n16- https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/abs\/pii\/S0001457515300269?via=ihub<\/a>
\n17- https:\/\/www.bbc.co.uk\/news\/articles\/c17gq5dgj4do<\/a>
\n18- https:\/\/news.npcc.police.uk\/releases\/fatal-4-behaviours-drive-up-road-collisions-by-20-percent-in-july<\/a>
\n19- https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/35588589\/<\/a>
\n20- https:\/\/www.open.edu\/openlearn\/health-sports-psychology\/psychology\/are-you-focused-driver<\/a><\/h5>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633:<\/strong>
\nhttps:\/\/theconversation.com\/think-youre-better-at-driving-than-most-how-psychological-biases-are-keeping-our-roads-unsafe-237402<\/a><\/p>\n

\"\"
\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0630 \u0639\u062f\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062c\u064a<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Think you\u2019re better at driving than most? How psychological biases are keeping our roads unsafe (\u0628\u0642\u0644\u0645 \u062c\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0631\u064a\u062c\u0632\u060c \u0623\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0630 \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062a\u0648\u062d\u0629 – Gemma Briggs, Professor of Applied Cognitive Psychology, The Open University) \u0644\u0646 \u062a\u0636\u0637\u0631 \u0623\u0628\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0628\u062c\u062f \u0639\u0646 \u062a\u0642\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u062d\u0648\u0627\u062f\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u064a\u062a\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0647\u064a \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631\u0629. \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0631\u0643\u0632 …<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":25767,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_exactmetrics_skip_tracking":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_active":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_note":"","_exactmetrics_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[19],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-25764","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","","category-19"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/25764","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/4"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=25764"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/25764\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":25770,"href":"https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/25764\/revisions\/25770"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/25767"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=25764"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=25764"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=25764"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}