{"id":20948,"date":"2023-06-25T04:26:19","date_gmt":"2023-06-25T01:26:19","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/?p=20948"},"modified":"2023-06-25T04:26:19","modified_gmt":"2023-06-25T01:26:19","slug":"%d9%84%d9%85%d8%a7%d8%b0%d8%a7-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b3%d9%85%d8%a7%d8%a1-%d9%85%d8%b8%d9%84%d9%85%d8%a9-%d9%84%d9%8a%d9%84%d9%8b%d8%a7%d8%9f-%d8%b3%d8%a4%d8%a7%d9%84-%d8%b9%d9%85%d8%b1%d9%87-200-%d8%b3","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/?p=20948","title":{"rendered":"\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0638\u0644\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u064a\u0644\u064b\u0627\u061f \u0633\u0624\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0645\u0631\u0647 200 \u0633\u0646\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0651\u0631 \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645\u0646\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0646 &#8211; \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u062f\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062c\u064a"},"content":{"rendered":"<h3 style=\"text-align: center;\">Why is the sky dark at night? The 200-year history of a question that transformed our understanding of the Universe<br \/>\n<span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">(\u062c\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062b\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u062a\u0648 \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0645\u0624\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0641\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0633\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u060c \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0633 \u0633\u0627\u0643\u0644\u0627\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0632\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0624\u0647 &#8211;<\/span> <span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">Jonathan Biteau)<\/span><\/h3>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"color: #008000; font-size: 14pt;\"><strong>\u0645\u0639 \u0628\u0632\u0648\u063a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062c\u0631 \u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u0631\u064a\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a 7 \u0645\u0627\u064a\u0648 1823 \u060c \u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0647\u0627\u064a\u0646\u0631\u064a\u0634 \u0623\u0648\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0632<sup>(1)<\/sup> (<a style=\"color: #008000;\" href=\"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/referenceworkentry\/10.1007\/978-1-4419-9917-7_1031\">Heinrich Olbers<\/a>)\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u0631\u0642\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u062e\u0644\u062f\u062a \u0627\u0633\u0645\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e.\u00a0 \u0648\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0648\u0641\u0627\u0629 \u0632\u0648\u062c\u062a\u0647 \u0648\u0627\u0628\u0646\u062a\u0647\u060c \u062a\u062e\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0623\u0648\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0632 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u0647 \u0643\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0639\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u064a\u0643\u0631\u0633 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647 \u0644\u0648\u0644\u0639\u0647 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\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0642\u0629. \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0627 \u0632\u0644\u0646\u0627 \u0646\u0642\u0631\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u0645\u0647 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645. \u062a\u0631\u062f\u062f \u0635\u062f\u0649 \u0644\u063a\u0632 \u0638\u0644\u0645\u0629 \u0633\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0648\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0639\u0631 \u0625\u062f\u063a\u0627\u0631 \u0622\u0644\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0648<sup>(3)<\/sup> (Edgar Allan Poe) \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0643 \u0648\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #800000; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>\u0636\u0648\u0621 \u0645\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0647 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\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0644.<\/span><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_20950\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-20950\" style=\"width: 374px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-20950\" src=\"https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/\u0636\u062b-300x200.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"374\" height=\"249\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/\u0636\u062b-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/\u0636\u062b-150x100.jpg 150w, https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/\u0636\u062b-310x205.jpg 310w, https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/\u0636\u062b.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 374px) 100vw, 374px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-20950\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">\u0641\u064a \u063a\u0627\u0628\u0629 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\u0627\u0644\u0636\u0648\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0639\u064a\u062f\u0629. \u0623\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0646 \u0647\u064a\u0631\u0634\u0644 (John Herschel) \u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d\u064b\u0627 \u060c \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u0623\u064a \u0634\u064a\u0621 \u064a\u0645\u062a\u0635 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0648\u0621 \u0633\u0648\u0641 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u062d\u0627\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u062c\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u064a \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0647\u062c.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">\u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0648\u0641\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0632 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1840\u060c \u0639\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u0631 \u064a\u0646\u0627\u0647\u0632 81 \u0633\u0646\u0629 \u060c \u0628\u0642\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0632\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0646\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0645\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0642\u0629 \u0623\u0648\u0644\u0628\u0631\u060c \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u062d\u0644.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #800000; font-size: 18pt;\"><strong>\u062d\u062f\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0639\u0631 \u0625\u062f\u063a\u0627\u0631<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">\u0628\u0639\u062f \u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u064a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0644\u0633\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0639\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a \u0625\u062f\u063a\u0627\u0631 \u0622\u0644\u0627\u0646\u00a0\u0628\u0648\u00a0<sup>(4)\u00a0<\/sup>\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0648\u062c\u062f \u062c\u0648\u0627\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0642\u0629. \u0641\u064a 3 \u0641\u0628\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0631 1848\u060c \u0623\u0644\u0642\u0649 \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0636\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u062a\u062f\u0648\u0631 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0623\u0641\u0643\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 60 \u0634\u062e\u0635\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0646\u064a\u0648\u064a\u0648\u0631\u0643.\u00a0 \u0645\u062a\u0646\u0642\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u060c \u0632\u0639\u0645 \u0628\u0648 \u0628\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0646\u0634\u0623 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 (Oness) \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0634\u0638\u062a \u0648\u062a\u0634\u062a\u062a \u0628\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0631.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u063a\u0644\u0627\u0641\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0647\u064d \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629. \u0641\u0644\u0648 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0623\u0647\u0648\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u062c\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u060c \u0641\u0644\u0646 \u062a\u0633\u062a\u0637\u064a\u0639 \u0631\u0624\u064a\u0629 \u0646\u062c\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0644 \u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062a. \u0648\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0642\u062f \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0633\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0638\u0644\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">\u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0644\u0648 \u0627\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0636\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u0627 \u0645\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0647\u064d \u060c \u0641\u0644\u0648 \u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0648\u0621 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u064a 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\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0631\u0624\u064a\u0629.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062d\u0636\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639 \u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0636\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0648 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0646\u064a\u0648\u064a\u0648\u0631\u0643 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0648 \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u0623\u0645\u0644. \u0641\u064a \u0648\u0642\u062a \u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u060c \u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0635\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062b\u0631 \u064a\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0643\u0627 (Eureka) \u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0645 \u062a\u062f\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0636\u0639\u064a\u0641<sup>(6)<\/sup>.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0641\u064a 7 \u0623\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0628\u0631 1849\u060c \u062a\u0648\u0641\u064a \u0628\u0648 \u0639\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u0631 \u0646\u0627\u0647\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0633\u0646\u0629. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0645\u0631 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062b\u0628\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u062d\u062f\u0633\u0647 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0639\u0636\u0644\u0629 \u0633\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0638\u0644\u0645.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 18pt; color: #800000;\"><strong>\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0646\u0635\u0641<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0638\u0647\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0645\u062f\u0641\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0628\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u064a\u0646\u0634\u062a\u0627\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0641\u0633\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0630\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0637\u0631\u0642 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629. \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0635\u062f.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">\u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1963\u060c \u0632\u0639\u0645 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0628\u064a\u062a\u0631 \u0634\u0648\u064a\u0631 (<a href=\"https:\/\/articles.adsabs.harvard.edu\/pdf\/1993QJRAS..34..157L\">Peter Scheuer<\/a>) \u0628\u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0639\u0644\u0649 &#8220;\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0646\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u062a\u064a\u0646&#8221;:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 1:\u00a0 \u0633\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0638\u0644\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0632\u0645\u0646 \u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 2: \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0628\u062a\u0639\u062f \u0639\u0646 \u0628\u0639\u0636\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u062b\u0628\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0647\u0627\u0628\u0644<sup>(8)<\/sup>\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1929.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 2.5: \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0644 \u0623\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u064a\u0646\u0634\u0623 \u0648\u064a\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0646\u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0646\u064a.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062a\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062e\u0635 \u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 2 \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 2.5 \u0628\u0644\u0628\u0644\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0645\u0633\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0636\u064a. \u0647\u0644 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u062b\u0627\u0628\u062a\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0623\u0645 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0628\u0627\u0646\u0641\u062c\u0627\u0631 \u0647\u0627\u0626\u0644 &#8211; \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0641\u062c\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0638\u064a\u0645\u061f \u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642 \u0623\u0646\u0635\u0627\u0631 \u0643\u0644\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u060c \u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u060c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0628\u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631 \u0638\u0644\u0645\u0629 \u0633\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u0644.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 18pt; color: #800000;\"><strong>\u0639\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0648\u0645<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">\u062d\u0633\u0645 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0625\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0647\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0633\u0648\u0646 (Edward Harrison) \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641<sup>(9)<\/sup>\u00a0\u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1964. \u0648\u0623\u062b\u0628\u062a \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u062d\u062f\u062f \u0633\u0637\u0648\u0639 \u0633\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0647\u0648 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0644\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0648\u0645.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0626\u064a \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0647\u0627\u0626\u0644 [\u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064b\u0627 10<sup>22\u00a0<\/sup>\u0625\u0644\u0649\u00a010<sup>24<\/sup> \u0625\u0644\u0649 1024 \u0646\u062c\u0645\u064b\u0627<sup>(10)<\/sup>] \u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f. \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u060c \u0643\u0644 \u0646\u062c\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u064a\u062d\u062a\u0631\u0642 \u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u060c \u064a\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0648\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0647\u0627\u0626\u0644\u0629 \u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u064a\u062d \u0644\u0644\u0638\u0644\u0645\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u064f\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0648\u0645.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">\u0623\u062f\u0631\u0643 \u0647\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0633\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u064b\u0627<sup>(11)<\/sup> \u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644 \u0642\u062f \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0631\u062d\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0625\u062f\u063a\u0627\u0631 \u0622\u0644\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0648 \u060c \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0648\u0631\u062f \u0643\u0644\u06a4\u0646 (Lord Kelvin) \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1901.\u00a0 \u0623\u0643\u062f\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0631\u062d\u0647 \u0628\u0648 \u0648\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0646 \u0648\u0647\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0633\u0648\u0646. \u062b\u0645 \u0648\u064f\u0636\u0639\u00a0 \u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u062d\u062f \u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0642\u0629 \u0623\u0648\u0644\u0628\u0631<sup>(12)<\/sup>.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 18pt; color: #800000;\"><strong>\u0636\u0648\u0621 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0629<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">\u0623\u0648 \u0631\u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u064b\u0627. \u0644\u0648 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u0646\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0632\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629\u060c \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u062d\u0644 \u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0644\u0647\u0627: \u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0633\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0644\u064a\u0633\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0645\u0638\u0644\u0645\u0629 \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u064b\u0627.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0643\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0641 \u062a\u0648\u0633\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0627\u062e\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0636\u064a\u060c \u0623\u062f\u0631\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0631\u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0628\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u0645\u0636\u063a\u0648\u0637\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0634\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 . \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0641\u062c\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0638\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0631&#8221;<sup>(13)<\/sup>\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0646\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">\u0623\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0628\u0624\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0647\u0648 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f &#8220;\u0636\u0648\u0621 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0629 (gisdil light)&#8221; \u0645\u0646\u0628\u063a\u062b \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062c\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0646\u064a<sup>(14)<\/sup>. \u0644\u0627\u0628\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0648\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u0645\u0631\u0626\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645 &#8211; \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f\u0629 \u060c \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0645\u062f\u062f \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0634\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0623\u0646 \u0633\u064a\u0632\u064a\u062d\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0637\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0637\u0648\u0644.<\/span><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_20951\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-20951\" style=\"width: 411px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-20951\" src=\"https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/\u0636\u062b1-300x162.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"411\" height=\"222\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/\u0636\u062b1-300x162.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/\u0636\u062b1-150x81.jpg 150w, https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/\u0636\u062b1.jpg 399w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 411px) 100vw, 411px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-20951\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><span style=\"color: #0000ff; font-size: 10pt;\">\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629: \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u064f\u0631\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0628\u0648\u0627\u0633\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0639\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0643\u0631\u0648\u064a \u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0627 \u0646\u0631\u0627\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0647\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0631\u062a\u0646\u0627 \u062f\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0646\u0629. \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0628\u0625\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0646\u0631\u0649 \u0648\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0647\u062c\u064b\u0627 \u062e\u0627\u0641\u062a\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0643\u0631\u0648\u064a\u0629(15).<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0643\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0641 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0639\u0627\u0639 &#8211; \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0643\u0631\u0648\u064a\u0629<sup>(15)<\/sup>\u00a0&#8211; \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1964. \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0646 \u0642\u064a\u0633 \u0625\u0634\u0639\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u062f\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0648\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0646.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">\u0646\u062d\u0646 \u0646\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0636\u0648\u0621 \u062e\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u062b\u0627\u0646\u064d \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062e\u0641\u0648\u062a\u064b\u0627 \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u062a\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631\u0647\u0627<sup>(16)<\/sup>. \u064a\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0648\u0621 \u0628\u0636\u0648\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0641\u0633\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0621.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">\u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0642\u0629 \u0623\u0648\u0644\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0644\u064a\u0633\u062a \u0645\u0638\u0644\u0645\u0629 \u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0636\u064a\u0621 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u062e\u0627\u0641\u062a \u0628\u0625\u0634\u0639\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0643\u0631\u0648\u064a\u0629<sup>(15\u060c 17)<\/sup>\u00a0\u0644\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0644\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0646.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 18pt; color: #800000;\"><strong>\u0625\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u0633\u0626\u0644\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">\u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 2023 \u060c \u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631\u062a \u0645\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0642\u0629 \u0623\u0648\u0644\u0628\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u062b\u0631\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u062d\u0627\u062b. \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a\u0646\u0627\u060c \u0646\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062f\u0642\u0629 \u0644\u0633\u0637\u0648\u0639 \u0633\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0643\u064a \u0646\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0645\u0628\u064a\u0648\u062a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629. \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0628\u062f\u0642\u0629 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629<sup>(18)<\/sup>.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">\u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u060c \u062a\u0628\u0642\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0627\u062c\u064a \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0644\u0627 \u062d\u0644. \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0636\u064a \u060c \u0648\u062c\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0646\u064a\u0648 \u0647\u0648\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0632\u0648\u0646\u0632 \u060c \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c \u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u0644\u0648\u062a\u0648 \u0648\u0628\u0639\u064a\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u063a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0633\u064a\u0629<sup>(19)<\/sup>\u060c \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0633\u0637\u0648\u0639\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0645\u0631\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0646\u0627 \u0646\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0639<sup>(20)<\/sup>.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; color: #800080;\">\u0648\u0647\u0643\u0630\u0627 \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u0623\u0644\u0629 \u0638\u0644\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u060c \u0639\u0627\u0628\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a.<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<h5><strong>\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0646:<\/strong><br \/>\n\u062c\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062b\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u062a\u0648 \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0645\u0624\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0641\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0633\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0633 \u0633\u0627\u0643\u0644\u0627\u064a<br \/>\n\u0623\u0644\u0628\u0631\u062a\u0648 \u062f\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0646\u062c\u064a\u0632 \u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0643\u0648\u0645\u0628\u0644\u0648\u062a\u0646\u0633\u064a \u0628\u0645\u062f\u0631\u064a\u062f<br \/>\n\u062f\u064a\u0641\u064a\u062f \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0633 \u062c\u0627\u0628\u0648\u062f \u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b \u0641\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u062d\u0627\u062b \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0648\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u060c \u0645\u0631\u0635\u062f \u0628\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0633<br \/>\n\u0647\u064a\u0631\u0641\u064a \u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u060c \u0623\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0630 \u0648\u0646\u0627\u0626\u0628 \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u060c \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0633 \u0633\u0627\u0643\u0644\u0627\u064a<br \/>\n\u062e\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0647 \u0641\u0648\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0643\u0627 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u060c \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0628\u0648\u0631\u062a\u0648<br \/>\n\u062e\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u062c\u0627\u0631\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u0628\u064a\u0644\u064a\u062f\u0648 \u0623\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u060c \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u062f\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0629<br \/>\n\u0633\u064a\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0641\u0631 &#8211; \u0628\u0631\u0641\u0633\u0648\u0631\u00a0 \u0623\u0628\u062d\u0627\u062b \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0644\u0623\u0628\u062d\u0627\u062b \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0648\u064a \u060c \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u063a\u0631\u0628 \u0623\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627.<\/h5>\n<h5><strong>\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0648\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635:<\/strong><br \/>\n1- <a href=\"https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B4_%D8%A3%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%B2\">https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0646\u0631\u064a\u0634_\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0632<\/a><br \/>\n2- &#8220;\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0643 \u064a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062e\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0645\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0627\u0643\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0645\u0636\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u063a\u0631\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0633. \u00a0\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0636\u0648\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0645\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0647\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u0644\u064a \u0648\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646. \u062a\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0638\u0648\u0627\u0647\u0631 \u0628\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0628\u064a&#8221; \u060c \u0645\u0642\u062a\u0628\u0633 \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0635 \u0648\u0631\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646: <a href=\"https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D8%B3%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%A1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%84\">https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0621_\u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u0644<\/a><br \/>\n3-\u00a0 <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikisource.org\/wiki\/Popular_Science_Monthly\/Volume_27\/July_1885\/Some_Self-Made_Astronomers\">https:\/\/en.wikisource.org\/wiki\/Popular_Science_Monthly\/Volume_27\/July_1885\/Some_Self-Made_Astronomers<\/a><br \/>\n4- <a href=\"https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D8%A5%D8%AF%D8%BA%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%A2%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A8%D9%88\">https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/\u0625\u062f\u063a\u0627\u0631_\u0622\u0644\u0627\u0646_\u0628\u0648<\/a><br \/>\n5- <a href=\"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/book\/32357\">https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/book\/32357<\/a><br \/>\n6- <a href=\"https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D9%86%D8%AB%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A9\">https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/\u0646\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0629<\/a><br \/>\n7- <a href=\"https:\/\/articles.adsabs.harvard.edu\/pdf\/1993QJRAS..34..157L\">https:\/\/articles.adsabs.harvard.edu\/pdf\/1993QJRAS..34..157L<\/a><br \/>\n8- &#8220;\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0647\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0643 (Hubble&#8217;s law) \u0647\u0648 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u064a\u0646\u0635 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0628\u062a\u0639\u062f \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u062c\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0646\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u062a\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0637\u0631\u062f\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0646\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0633\u064a\u0633 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u062c\u0648\u0631\u062c \u0644\u0648\u0645\u062a\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u062d\u0644\u0647 \u0644\u0640 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0640 \u0623\u0646\u0634\u062a\u0627\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1927. \u062b\u0645 \u062a\u0628\u0639\u0647 \u0625\u062f\u0648\u064a\u0646 \u0647\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1929 \u0648\u0635\u0627\u063a \u0645\u062b\u064a\u0644\u0627 \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a \u0644\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0633\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u0645\u0647 \u00ab\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0647\u0627\u0628\u0644\u00bb \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0635\u062f \u0648\u062a\u0633\u062c\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062a\u062c\u062a \u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0628\u062a\u0639\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0646\u0627 \u0628\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0645\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0632\u064a\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0645\u0631 (red shift) \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0623\u0637\u064a\u0627\u0641 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0631\u0627\u062a. \u0648\u0647\u064a \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0647\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0635\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0648\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u062b\u0628\u062a\u062a \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u0645\u062f\u062f \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0648\u0642\u062a\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0636\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0641\u062c\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0638\u064a\u0645 \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0646\u062d\u0648 13.7 \u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u0646\u0634\u0623\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0646&#8221; \u060c \u0645\u0642\u062a\u0628\u0633 \u0628\u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0631\u0641 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0635 \u0648\u0631\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646: <a href=\"https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D9%86_%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%84\">https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646_\u0647\u0627\u0628\u0644<\/a><br \/>\n9- <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/204271b0\">https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/204271b0<\/a><br \/>\n10- <a href=\"https:\/\/www.esa.int\/Science_Exploration\/Space_Science\/Herschel\/How_many_stars_are_there_in_the_Universe\">https:\/\/www.esa.int\/Science_Exploration\/Space_Science\/Herschel\/How_many_stars_are_there_in_the_Universe<\/a><br \/>\n11- <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/322417a0\">https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/322417a0<\/a><br \/>\n12- <a href=\"https:\/\/articles.adsabs.harvard.edu\/pdf\/1986SSRv...44..169W\">https:\/\/articles.adsabs.harvard.edu\/pdf\/1986SSRv&#8230;44..169W<\/a><br \/>\n13- <a href=\"https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%81%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B8%D9%8A%D9%85\">https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0641\u062c\u0627\u0631_\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0638\u064a\u0645<\/a><br \/>\n14-<br \/>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/nasainarabic.net\/education\/articles\/view\/after-our-universes-cosmic-dawn-what-happened-to-all-its-original-hydrogen\">https:\/\/nasainarabic.net\/education\/articles\/view\/after-our-universes-cosmic-dawn-what-happened-to-all-its-original-hydrogen<\/a><br \/>\n15- &#8220;\u0625\u0634\u0639\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0643\u0631\u0648\u064a \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0631\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0625\u0634\u0639\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0643\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0648 \u0628\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0631 \u0625\u0634\u0639\u0627\u0639 \u062e\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0646 (cosmic microwave background radiation) \u0647\u064a \u0623\u0634\u0639\u0629 \u0643\u0647\u0631\u0648\u0645\u063a\u0646\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0623\u0631\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0647\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 2.725 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0643\u0644\u0641\u0646.\u00a0 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0647\u064a \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0639\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0629\u00bb \u0648\u062a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0639\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0648\u0645\u063a\u0646\u0637\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062b\u0628\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u0645\u064a\u064a\u0632 \u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0633 \u0644\u0647\u0627. \u0648\u062a\u0633\u0645\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0639\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0642\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0643\u0631\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0640 \u00ab\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0639\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629\u00bb \u0648\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0638\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0633\u0645\u0649 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627 \u00ab\u0625\u0634\u0639\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a 3 \u0643\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0646\u00bb \u0648\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0623\u0648 \u0643\u062b\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627. \u0648\u062a\u0633\u0645\u0649 (CMB Cosmic Microwave Background)&#8221; \u060c \u0645\u0642\u062a\u0628\u0633 \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0635 \u0648\u0631\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646: <a href=\"https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D8%A5%D8%B4%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%B9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AE%D9%84%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%83%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%8A\">https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/\u0625\u0634\u0639\u0627\u0639_\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0629_\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629_\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0643\u0631\u0648\u064a<\/a><br \/>\n16- <a href=\"https:\/\/ui.adsabs.harvard.edu\/abs\/1967ApJ...148..377P\">https:\/\/ui.adsabs.harvard.edu\/abs\/1967ApJ&#8230;148..377P<\/a><br \/>\n17- <a href=\"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/0003702818767133\">https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/0003702818767133<\/a><br \/>\n18- <a href=\"https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/mnras\/article\/503\/2\/2033\/6152275\">https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/mnras\/article\/503\/2\/2033\/6152275<\/a><br \/>\n19- <a href=\"https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AC%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B9%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D9%85%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A9\">https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629_\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0633\u064a\u0629<\/a><br \/>\n20- <a href=\"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.3847\/2041-8213\/ac573d\/pdf\">https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.3847\/2041-8213\/ac573d\/pdf<\/a><\/h5>\n<p><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633:<\/strong><br \/>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/why-is-the-sky-dark-at-night-the-200-year-history-of-a-question-that-transformed-our-understanding-of-the-universe-206575\">https:\/\/theconversation.com\/why-is-the-sky-dark-at-night-the-200-year-history-of-a-question-that-transformed-our-understanding-of-the-universe-206575<\/a><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_15540\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-15540\" style=\"width: 164px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-15540\" src=\"https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/\u0639\u062f\u0646\u0627\u0646-\u062d\u0627\u062c\u064a-281x300.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"164\" height=\"175\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/\u0639\u062f\u0646\u0627\u0646-\u062d\u0627\u062c\u064a-281x300.jpg 281w, https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/\u0639\u062f\u0646\u0627\u0646-\u062d\u0627\u062c\u064a-140x150.jpg 140w, https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/\u0639\u062f\u0646\u0627\u0646-\u062d\u0627\u062c\u064a-70x75.jpg 70w, https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/\u0639\u062f\u0646\u0627\u0646-\u062d\u0627\u062c\u064a-155x165.jpg 155w, https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/\u0639\u062f\u0646\u0627\u0646-\u062d\u0627\u062c\u064a-192x205.jpg 192w, https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/\u0639\u062f\u0646\u0627\u0646-\u062d\u0627\u062c\u064a.jpg 309w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 164px) 100vw, 164px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-15540\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><span style=\"color: #0000ff; font-size: 10pt;\">\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0630 \u0639\u062f\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062c\u064a<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Why is the sky dark at night? The 200-year history of a question that transformed our understanding of the Universe (\u062c\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062b\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u062a\u0648 \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0645\u0624\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0641\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0633\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u060c \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0633 \u0633\u0627\u0643\u0644\u0627\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0632\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0624\u0647 &#8211; Jonathan Biteau) \u0645\u0639 \u0628\u0632\u0648\u063a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062c\u0631 \u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u0631\u064a\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a 7 \u0645\u0627\u064a\u0648 1823 \u060c \u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0647\u0627\u064a\u0646\u0631\u064a\u0634 \u0623\u0648\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0632(1) (Heinrich Olbers)\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u0631\u0642\u0629 &hellip;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":20953,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_exactmetrics_skip_tracking":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_active":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_note":"","_exactmetrics_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[19],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-20948","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","","category-19"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/20948","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/4"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=20948"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/20948\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":20955,"href":"https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/20948\/revisions\/20955"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/20953"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=20948"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=20948"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=20948"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}