{"id":20358,"date":"2023-05-15T17:52:05","date_gmt":"2023-05-15T14:52:05","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/?p=20358"},"modified":"2023-05-15T23:45:23","modified_gmt":"2023-05-15T20:45:23","slug":"%d8%af%d8%ad%d8%b6-%d8%aa%d8%a3%d8%ab%d9%8a%d8%b1-%d8%af%d8%a7%d9%86%d9%8a%d9%86%d8%ba-%d9%83%d8%b1%d9%88%d8%ba%d8%b1-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a3%d9%83%d8%ab%d8%b1-%d8%ac%d9%87%d9%84%d9%8b%d8%a7-%d9%8a%d8%b9","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/?p=20358","title":{"rendered":"\u062f\u062d\u0636 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646\u063a [\u0643\u0631\u0648\u063a\u0631] \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062c\u0647\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0645\u062f\u0649 \u062c\u0647\u0644\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0643\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637 &#8211; \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u062f\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062c\u064a"},"content":{"rendered":"<h3 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">Debunking the Dunning-Kruger effect \u2013 the least skilled people know how much they don\u2019t know, but everyone thinks they are better than average<\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">(\u0628\u0642\u0644\u0645: \u0625\u0631\u064a\u0643 \u0633\u064a \u063a\u064a\u0632 \u060c \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0630 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0627\u062a \u060c \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0648\u062f\u0648\u064a\u0646 &#8211; Eric C. Gaze)<\/span><\/h3>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; color: #008000;\">\u0630\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u062e\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0645\u064a\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0646 \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0632 (John Cleese) \u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646\u063a &#8211; \u0643\u0631\u0648\u063a\u0631<sup>(1)<\/sup> (Dunning-Kruger) (\u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0645\u0642\u0637\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0648 \u0623\u062f\u0646\u0627\u0647) \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a \u060c &#8220;\u0644\u0648 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0645\u0631\u0621\u064b\u0627 \u063a\u0628\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u062c\u062f\u0650\u0627 \u062c\u062f\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0641\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062d\u064a\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u063a\u0628\u064a \u062c\u062f\u064b\u0627\u00a0 \u062c\u062f\u064b\u0627&#8221;. \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0631\u0646\u062a \u0642\u062f \u064a\u0623\u062a\u064a\u0643 \u0628\u0639\u0634\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0631\u0628\u0637 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646\u063a &#8211; \u0643\u0631\u0648\u063a\u0631 \u0628\u0643\u0644 \u0634\u064a\u0621 \u0628\u062f\u0621\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0638\u0627\u0626\u0641<sup>(2)<\/sup>\u00a0\u0648\u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u062a\u0647\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0637\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062c\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a<sup>(3)<\/sup>\u00a0\u0628\u0644 \u0648\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u064f\u062e\u0628 \u062f\u0648\u0646\u0627\u0644\u062f \u062a\u0631\u0627\u0645\u0628 \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064b\u0627<sup>(4)<\/sup>.<\/span><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_20359\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-20359\" style=\"width: 421px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-20359\" src=\"https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/\u0639\u062f-300x146.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"421\" height=\"205\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/\u0639\u062f-300x146.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/\u0639\u062f-150x73.jpg 150w, https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/\u0639\u062f.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 421px) 100vw, 421px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-20359\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><span style=\"color: #0000ff; font-size: 10pt;\">\u0642\u0627\u0645 \u062f\u064a\u0641\u064a\u062f \u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646\u063a \u0648\u062c\u0633\u062a\u0646 \u0643\u0631\u0648\u063a\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0637\u0644\u0627\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062c\u0647\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u0647\u0645 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062c\u0647\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645.<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">\u0628\u0635\u0641\u062a\u064a \u0628\u0631\u0641\u0633\u0648\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0627\u062a [\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0644\u0640 \u0625\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0643 \u063a\u064a\u0632 Eric Gaze] \u0623\u062f\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0628 \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0627\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0630 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0646\u064a\u0631\u0629<sup>(5)<\/sup>\u060c \u0641\u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0626\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0631\u062a\u0643\u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0633 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0645. \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u062f\u0627\u0646\u0646\u064a\u063a &#8211; \u0643\u0631\u0648\u063a\u0631 \u0647\u0648 \u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0646 [\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0644 \u062e\u0628\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0643\u0641\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0635\u0627\u0641] \u064a\u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a \u0623\u064a \u0634\u062e\u0635 \u0622\u062e\u0631<sup>(4)<\/sup>. \u0644\u0643\u0646\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0632\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0623\u0642\u062a\u0631\u062d\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0629 \/ \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u062a \u0644\u0625\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0642\u062f \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d\u0629<sup>(7)<\/sup>.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><strong><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">\u0634\u0627\u0647\u062f \u0645\u0642\u0637\u0639 \u0641\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0648: \u062c\u0648\u0646 \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0632 \u064a\u062a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0639\u0646 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u062f\u0627\u0646\u0646\u064a\u063a &#8211; \u0643\u0631\u0648\u063a\u0631:<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-4805 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/clipart-arrow-256x256-fec9.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"26\" height=\"25\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/clipart-arrow-256x256-fec9.png 256w, https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/clipart-arrow-256x256-fec9-150x142.png 150w, https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/clipart-arrow-256x256-fec9-79x75.png 79w, https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/clipart-arrow-256x256-fec9-175x165.png 175w, https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/clipart-arrow-256x256-fec9-217x205.png 217w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 26px) 100vw, 26px\" \/><\/p>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"John Cleese on Stupidity\" width=\"618\" height=\"348\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/wvVPdyYeaQU?start=9&#038;feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; color: #800000;\"><strong>\u0645\u0627\u0630\u0627 \u0623\u062b\u0628\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a \u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646\u063a \u0648\u0643\u0631\u0648\u063a\u0631\u00a0<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0639\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0636\u064a\u060c\u00a0 \u0623\u0631\u0627\u062f \u062f\u064a\u0641\u064a\u062f \u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646\u063a (<a href=\"https:\/\/scholar.google.com\/citations?user=d5TrVQMAAAAJ&amp;hl=en&amp;oi=ao\">David Dunning<\/a>) \u0628\u0631\u0641\u0633\u0648\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0643\u0648\u0631\u0646\u064a\u0644\u00a0 \u0648\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0647 \u062c\u0648\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0643\u0631\u0648\u063a\u0631 (<a href=\"https:\/\/scholar.google.com\/citations?user=ZU-_cC0AAAAJ&amp;hl=en&amp;oi=ao\">Justin Kruger<\/a>)\u00a0\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062a\u062f\u0631\u0628\u0646 [\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0646]<sup>(1)<\/sup>\u00a0\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062f\u0631\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0642\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0647\u0645 \/ \u062c\u0647\u0644\u0647\u0645.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0639\u0637\u0648\u0627 45 \u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 20 \u0633\u0624\u0627\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u062b\u0645 \u0637\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0627 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645 \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0647\u0645 \u0628\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u062a\u064a\u0646.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0637\u0644\u0628 \u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646\u063a \u0648\u0643\u0631\u0648\u063a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0628 \u062a\u062e\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0626\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0648\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d\u0629 &#8211; \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u062a\u062e\u0645\u064a\u0646\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0633\u064a\u0637\u064b\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u062f \u0645\u0627. \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0637\u0644\u0628 \u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646\u063a \u0648\u0643\u0631\u0648\u063a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0628 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0628 \u0622\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u062e\u0630\u0648\u0627 \u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631. \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0627\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0628 \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u062a\u062e\u0645\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0646 \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u062c\u0639\u0644\u0647\u0645 \u0639\u0631\u0636\u0647 \u0644\u0623\u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0630\u0647\u0646\u064a\u0629 \/ \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0634\u0627\u0626\u0639\u0629 <em>[\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645: \u064a\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0640 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0648\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u064a (2)]<\/em> &#8211; \u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 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\u0628\u0646\u062d\u0648 20 \u0646\u0642\u0637\u0629 \u0645\u0626\u0648\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0642\u062f \u0642\u0644\u0644\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0633\u062a\u062d\u0635\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0646\u062d\u0648 15 \u0646\u0642\u0637\u0629 \u0645\u0626\u0648\u064a\u0629.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">\u062a\u0628\u062f\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0644\u0627\u0641\u062a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0644\u0648 \u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638\u0646\u0627 \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u0635\u0646\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0628 \u0623\u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 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id=\"attachment_20360\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-20360\" style=\"width: 464px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-20360\" src=\"https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/\u0639\u062f1-300x101.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"464\" height=\"156\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/\u0639\u062f1-300x101.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/\u0639\u062f1-150x51.jpg 150w, https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/\u0639\u062f1.jpg 639w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 464px) 100vw, 464px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-20360\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><span style=\"color: #0000ff; font-size: 8pt;\">\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0643\u0644: \u0645\u0627 \u0648\u062c\u062f\u0647 \u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646\u062c \u0648\u0643\u0631\u0648\u062c\u0631\u061b\u00a0 \u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641 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12.5\u066a \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0628.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">\u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621\u064b \u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u062d\u0642\u0642\u0647 62\u066a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0646\u0647\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0633\u062c\u0644 \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0645\u0646 12.5\u066a \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0645\u060c \u064a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 49.5 \u0646\u0642\u0637\u0629 \u0645\u0626\u0648\u064a\u0629.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0628 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14pt;\">\u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0623\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u062a\u062c\u0639\u0644 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646\u063a \u0648\u0643\u0631\u0648\u063a\u0631 \u0645\u0636\u0644\u0650\u0644\u064b\u0627.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">\u0623\u0633\u0648\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0633\u064a\u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0647\u0645 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u063a\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0645 \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0628\u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637\u0629 \u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0649 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631. 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style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">\u0644\u0625\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646\u063a &#8211; \u0643\u0631\u0648\u063a\u0631 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0644\u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0642\u062f \u0628\u064a\u0646\u062a \u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0648\u0632\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0625\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646\u063a \u0643\u0631\u0648\u063a\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0642\u0629 (\u0635\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629) \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0639\u0634\u0648\u0627\u0626\u064a.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064b \u060c \u0623\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0642\u0646\u0627 1154 \u0634\u062e\u0635\u064b\u0627 \u062e\u064a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u064b\u0627 (\u0635\u0648\u0631\u064a\u064b\u0627) \u0648\u0648\u0636\u0639\u0646\u0627 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0639\u0634\u0648\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0644\u0647\u0645 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645 \u0630\u0627\u062a\u064a \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u0623\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0646\u0647\u0645.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u060c \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u0639\u0644 \u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646\u063a \u0648\u0643\u0631\u0648\u063a\u0631\u060c \u0642\u0645\u0646\u0627 \u0628\u062a\u0642\u0633\u064a\u0645 \u0647\u0624\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0631\u064a\u064a\u0646 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\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0646\u0649 \u0639\u0644\u0649 12.5\u066a \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u060c \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0648\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0644\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u00a0\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0627\u062a\u064a \u0641\u0633\u064a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0645 \u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0645\u0646 50\u066a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631. \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0637\u064a \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0628\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 37.5 \u0646\u0642\u0637\u0629 \u0645\u0626\u0648\u064a\u0629 [\u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u062d\u0635\u0644\u0646\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0643 \u0623\u064a \u0634\u062e\u0635 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629].<\/span><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_20361\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-20361\" style=\"width: 386px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-20361\" src=\"https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/\u0639\u062f2-300x200.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"386\" height=\"257\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/\u0639\u062f2-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/\u0639\u062f2-150x100.jpg 150w, https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/\u0639\u062f2-310x205.jpg 310w, https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/\u0639\u062f2.jpg 400w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 386px) 100vw, 386px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-20361\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\"><span style=\"font-size: 8pt;\">\u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u0637\u064f\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0628 \u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0628\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0624\u0647\u0645 \u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0628 <\/span><span style=\"font-size: 8pt;\">\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645\u0647\u0645 \u0644\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0645 \u0628\u0623\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0646\u0647\u0645.<\/span><\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">\u0644\u0625\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631\u0629 &#8211; \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 [\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062c\u0647\u0644\u064b\u0627] \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a \u0641\u064a\u0647 &#8211; \u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646\u0627 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">\u0623\u0639\u0637\u0649 \u0632\u0645\u064a\u0644\u064a \u0625\u062f \u0646\u0648\u0641\u0631 (Ed Nuhfer) \u0648\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0628 25 \u0633\u0624\u0627\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u064e\u0646\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a<sup>(12)<\/sup>. \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u0644 \u0633\u0624\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0633\u064a\u0635\u0646\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0628 \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0644 \u0633\u0624\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0625\u0645\u0627 &#8220;\u0645\u062a\u0623\u0643\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0629&#8221; \u0623\u0648 &#8220;\u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0645\u062a\u0623\u0643\u062f\u064b\u0627&#8221; \u0623\u0648 &#8220;\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062f\u0631\u064a&#8221;.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">\u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u0646\u0627 \u0645\u0639 \u0646\u0648\u0641\u0631\u060c \u0648\u062c\u062f\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u0641\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 (\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0646) \u0643\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0627 \u062c\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u062c\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645. \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u062c\u0631\u064a\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0633\u062c\u0644\u062a \u0623\u062f\u0646\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a 16.5\u066a \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631. \u0648\u0627\u062a\u0636\u062d \u0623\u0646 3.9\u066a \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0642\u062f \u0642\u0644\u0644\u0648\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0645 \u0644\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631. \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u0631\u0628 \u0645\u0646 80\u066a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0627 \u062c\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u062f \u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629 &#8211; \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0628\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0637\u0631\u062d\u0647\u0627 \u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646\u063a \u0648\u0643\u0631\u0648\u063a\u0631 \u0628\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; color: #800000;\"><strong>\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646\u063a \u0643\u0631\u0648\u062c\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0646<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">\u062a\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0646\u0634\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646\u063a \u0648\u0643\u0631\u0648\u063a\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0633: &#8220;\u0625\u062d\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0635\u0648\u0631 (\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0641\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629) \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0623\u062b\u0631 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0642\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0642\u0627\u062f\u0631&#8221;. \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0631\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0629 (\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0631\u0648\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0628\u064a) \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u062f \u0633\u0648\u0627\u0621. \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0648\u0641\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0639\u0645\u0644\u062a \u0623\u0646\u0627 \u0648\u0632\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u0642\u0644\u0629 \u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0633 \u064a\u0641\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643 [\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645: \u064a\u0628\u062f\u0648 \u0622\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0645\u0635\u062f\u0627\u0642 \u0644\u0640 &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628: \u0623\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0631\u0641&#8221;].<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">\u0648\u062c\u062f\u062a \u062a\u062c\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646\u063a &#8211; \u0643\u0631\u0648\u063a\u0631 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a\u064b\u0627 &#8211; \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0642\u062f \u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0633 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637. \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0648\u0641\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u062c\u0631\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0639 \u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a \u060c \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0627 \u0623\u062b\u0628\u062a\u0647 \u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646\u063a \u0648\u0643\u0631\u0648\u063a\u0631. \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0633 \u0644\u062f\u064a\u0647\u0645 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u062a\u0647\u0645. \u0648\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062f\u0639\u0627\u0621 \u0628\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0630\u0644\u0643<sup>(13)\u00a0<\/sup>\u064a\u0648\u062d\u064a \u060c \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d\u060c \u0628\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0633 \u064a\u062c\u0647\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0645\u00a0 \u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643.<\/span><\/p>\n<h5><strong>\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0648\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635:<\/strong><br \/>\n1- <a href=\"https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D8%AA%D8%A3%D8%AB%D9%8A%D8%B1_%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%BA-%D9%83%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AC%D8%B1\">https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631_\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646\u063a-\u0643\u0631\u0648\u062c\u0631<\/a><br \/>\n2- <a href=\"https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D8%AA%D8%B4%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%87_%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%B1%D9%81%D9%8A\">https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/\u062a\u0634\u0648\u064a\u0647_\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u064a<\/a><br \/>\n3-<a href=\"https:\/\/www.sltrib.com\/opinion\/commentary\/2023\/04\/27\/steve-cuno-dunning-kruger-effect\/\">https:\/\/www.sltrib.com\/opinion\/commentary\/2023\/04\/27\/steve-cuno-dunning-kruger-effect\/\u00a0<\/a><br \/>\n4- <a href=\"https:\/\/www.sltrib.com\/opinion\/commentary\/2023\/04\/27\/steve-cuno-dunning-kruger-effect\/\">https:\/\/www.sltrib.com\/opinion\/commentary\/2023\/04\/27\/steve-cuno-dunning-kruger-effect\/<\/a><br \/>\n5- <a href=\"https:\/\/www.psychologytoday.com\/us\/blog\/mind-in-the-machine\/201808\/the-dunning-kruger-effect-may-help-explain-trumps-support\">https:\/\/www.psychologytoday.com\/us\/blog\/mind-in-the-machine\/201808\/the-dunning-kruger-effect-may-help-explain-trumps-support<\/a><br \/>\n6- <a href=\"https:\/\/www.bowdoin.edu\/profiles\/faculty\/egaze\/\">https:\/\/www.bowdoin.edu\/profiles\/faculty\/egaze\/<\/a><br \/>\n7- <a href=\"https:\/\/psycnet.apa.org\/doiLanding?doi=10.1037%2F0022-3514.77.6.1121\">https:\/\/psycnet.apa.org\/doiLanding?doi=10.1037%2F0022-3514.77.6.1121<\/a><br \/>\n8- <a href=\"https:\/\/digitalcommons.usf.edu\/numeracy\/vol9\/iss1\/art4\/\">https:\/\/digitalcommons.usf.edu\/numeracy\/vol9\/iss1\/art4\/<\/a><br \/>\n9- <a href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/abs\/pii\/0001691881900056?via%3Dihub\">https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/abs\/pii\/0001691881900056?via%3Dihub<\/a><br \/>\n10- <a href=\"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/he.36919771703\">https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/he.36919771703<\/a><br \/>\n11- <a href=\"https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/10.1128\/jmbe.v17i1.1036\">https:\/\/journals.asm.org\/doi\/10.1128\/jmbe.v17i1.1036<\/a><br \/>\n12- <a href=\"https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85%D9%8A\">https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0648\u0631_\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a<\/a><br \/>\n13- <a href=\"https:\/\/3starlearningexperiences.wordpress.com\/2016\/09\/06\/de-dunning-kruger-effect-a-poisonous-paradox\/\">https:\/\/3starlearningexperiences.wordpress.com\/2016\/09\/06\/de-dunning-kruger-effect-a-poisonous-paradox\/<\/a><\/h5>\n<p><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633:<\/strong><br \/>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/debunking-the-dunning-kruger-effect-the-least-skilled-people-know-how-much-they-dont-know-but-everyone-thinks-they-are-better-than-average-195527\">https:\/\/theconversation.com\/debunking-the-dunning-kruger-effect-the-least-skilled-people-know-how-much-they-dont-know-but-everyone-thinks-they-are-better-than-average-195527<\/a><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_15540\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-15540\" style=\"width: 154px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-15540\" src=\"https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/\u0639\u062f\u0646\u0627\u0646-\u062d\u0627\u062c\u064a-281x300.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"154\" height=\"164\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/\u0639\u062f\u0646\u0627\u0646-\u062d\u0627\u062c\u064a-281x300.jpg 281w, https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/\u0639\u062f\u0646\u0627\u0646-\u062d\u0627\u062c\u064a-140x150.jpg 140w, https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/\u0639\u062f\u0646\u0627\u0646-\u062d\u0627\u062c\u064a-70x75.jpg 70w, https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/\u0639\u062f\u0646\u0627\u0646-\u062d\u0627\u062c\u064a-155x165.jpg 155w, https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/\u0639\u062f\u0646\u0627\u0646-\u062d\u0627\u062c\u064a-192x205.jpg 192w, https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/\u0639\u062f\u0646\u0627\u0646-\u062d\u0627\u062c\u064a.jpg 309w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 154px) 100vw, 154px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-15540\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><span style=\"color: #0000ff; font-size: 10pt;\">\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0630 \u0639\u062f\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062c\u064a<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Debunking the Dunning-Kruger effect \u2013 the least skilled people know how much they don\u2019t know, but everyone thinks they are better than average (\u0628\u0642\u0644\u0645: \u0625\u0631\u064a\u0643 \u0633\u064a \u063a\u064a\u0632 \u060c \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0630 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0627\u062a \u060c \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0648\u062f\u0648\u064a\u0646 &#8211; Eric C. Gaze) \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u062e\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0645\u064a\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a \u062c\u0648\u0646 \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0632 (John Cleese) \u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646\u063a &#8211; \u0643\u0631\u0648\u063a\u0631(1) (Dunning-Kruger) &hellip;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":20362,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_exactmetrics_skip_tracking":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_active":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_note":"","_exactmetrics_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[19],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-20358","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","","category-19"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/20358","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/4"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=20358"}],"version-history":[{"count":6,"href":"https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/20358\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":20368,"href":"https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/20358\/revisions\/20368"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/20362"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=20358"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=20358"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=20358"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}