{"id":19784,"date":"2023-03-23T01:14:20","date_gmt":"2023-03-22T22:14:20","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/?p=19784"},"modified":"2023-03-23T01:14:20","modified_gmt":"2023-03-22T22:14:20","slug":"%d9%85%d9%86-%d8%a3%d8%b3%d9%85%d8%a7%d8%a1-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%82%d8%b7%d9%8a%d9%81-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%aa%d8%a7%d8%b1%d9%8a%d8%ae%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%aa%d9%8a-%d8%b1%d8%a8%d9%85%d8%a7-%d9%84%d9%85","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/?p=19784","title":{"rendered":"\u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0631\u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0633\u0645\u0639 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0644….! – \u0628\u0642\u0644\u0645 \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0631\u064a"},"content":{"rendered":"

\u062a\u0639\u062f\u0651\u064f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u064a\u0641 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0637\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642 \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0630\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0623\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u064a\u0639\u0648\u062f \u0625\u0644\u0649 3500 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0631\u0628\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0648\u062f \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0639\u0647\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0647\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633\u064a.<\/span><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"
\u0646\u064f\u0634\u0631\u062a \u062e\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0629 \u0634\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1662 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0637\u0644\u0633 \u0645\u0627\u064a\u0648\u0631 \u0628\u0648\u0627\u0633\u0637\u0629 \u062c\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0644\u0627\u0648 (1598-1673). \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0629 \u062a\u0628\u062f\u0648 \u0645\u0646\u0642\u0648\u0634\u0629 \u062e\u0635\u064a\u0635\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0644\u0633 \u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0628\u0647\u0629 \u0644\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0629 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0646\u0634\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0632 \u0628\u0644\u0627\u0648 (1571-1638) \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1608.<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

\u0627\u062b\u0628\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062b\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u062f\u0621 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 “\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0648\u0639 \u062f\u0631\u064a\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0634\u0633\u0646 – \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0626\u064a” \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u064a\u0641\u060c \u0642\u0628\u0644 17 \u0645\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0633\u0646\u0629. \u0648\u062a\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0642\u064a\u0628 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0637 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u062c\u0645\u0639\u062a \u0644\u0642\u0649 (\u0645\u0639\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a) \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0647\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0638\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062c\u0628\u0644 \u0645\u062f\u0631\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0627\u062a\u0636\u062d \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u062a\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u062d\u064a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062a\u0646\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0641\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0642\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0646\u0627\u0632\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0633\u064a\u062d\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0643\u062f\u0646\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u062a\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0646\u0649 \u0646\u062d\u0648 17 \u0645\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 14 \u0645\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0639\u0635\u0631\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0636\u0631\u060c \u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0639\u0627\u0634 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0623\u0634\u0628\u0647 \u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u0634\u0628\u0647 \u0646\u0648\u0639 “\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0634\u0633\u0646 \u0627\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0626\u064a”.<\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"
\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629: https:\/\/lite.almasryalyoum.com<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

\u064a\u0631\u0649 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0631\u062e\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0625\u063a\u0631\u064a\u0642<\/a> \u0627\u0634\u062a\u0642\u0648\u0627 \u0645\u0633\u0645\u0649 “\u0643\u064a\u062a\u0648\u0633” \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u064a\u0641 \u0648\u0630\u0643\u0631\u0648\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062e\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0637\u0647\u0645 “Cateus” \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0631\u0649 \u0622\u062e\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644 \u0645\u064f\u062d\u0631\u0651\u0641 \u0645\u0646 “\u0643\u064a\u062a\u0648\u0633”. \u0641\u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u064a\u0641 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627\u064b “\u0644\u064a\u0646\u064a\u062a\u0627\u064a” “Leanitai” \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0646\u064a “\u0623\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u064a\u0641” \u0628\u0631\u0623\u064a\u00a0\u0634\u0628\u0631\u0646\u0643\u0631<\/a> \u0641\u064a\u0648\u0636\u062d \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u0633\u0645\u0651\u064e\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u064a\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0628 “\u062e\u0644\u064a\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u064a\u0641” \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u064f\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0628\u0623\u064a \u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0648\u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u064a\u0630\u0643\u0631 \u0635\u0627\u062d\u0628 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 “\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629”\u060c \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u064a\u062c \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u0633\u0645\u0651\u064e\u0649 “\u0628\u062d\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u064a\u0641”.<\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"
\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u062e\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 1633 \u0644\u0623\u0637\u0644\u0633 <\/span>(Mercator-Hondius) \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0647\u064a\u0631. \u062a\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f \u0631\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0637 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u062f \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062e\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0629 (Ortelius) \u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 1570 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0645 \u0631\u0633\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062e\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0629 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0633\u064a \u062c\u0627\u0643\u0648\u0628\u0648 \u063a\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a (1500-1566). \u062a\u064f\u0635\u0646\u0650\u0651\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u064a\u062c \u0628\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u201cSinus Arabicus\u201d \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u064a\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0648\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0650\u0651\u0641\u0647 \u0628\u0640 \u201cMare Elcatif\u201d \u060c \u0623\u064a \u0628\u062d\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u064a\u0641. \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u064f\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u201c\u062f\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u201d \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u064a\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a.<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0628\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0631\u0639\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u064a\u0646<\/a> \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u062a\u0633\u0643\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0628\u0631\u0623\u064a \u0643\u0644\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0634\u0628\u0631\u0646\u0643\u0631 \u0648\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0631. \u0648\u0639\u064f\u0631\u0641\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u064a\u0641 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0651. \u0648\u064a\u064f\u0631\u062c\u0650\u0639 \u0628\u0639\u0636\u064f\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0634\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0642\u064e \u0643\u0644\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u064e\u0637\u0651 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0644\u0641\u0638\u0629 “\u0643\u062a\u0646\u064a” “Chateni” \u0623\u0648””Katti” \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0631\u0649 \u0622\u062e\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0642\u0628\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u062a\u0633\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u064a\u0641 \u0630\u0643\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u063a\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u062e\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0637\u0647\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0639\u064f\u0631\u0641\u062a \u0628\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0647\u0631\u062a \u0628\u0647 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0638\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0648\u064a\u064f\u0630\u0643\u0631 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627\u064b \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u0633\u0645\u0651\u0649 \u0628\u062e\u0644\u064a\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u064a\u0641 “Mare Elcatif” \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u064e\u063a\u0644\u0650\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u064e\u0637\u0651. \u064a\u0637\u0644\u0642 \u0645\u0633\u0645\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0645\u062a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u064a\u062a \u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0627\u064b \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0642\u062f \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 “\u0628\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0646\u0627” “bilbana” “bileana” \u0648 “bilana”\u060c \u0625\u062d\u062f\u0649 \u0645\u062f\u0646 “\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a\u064a\u0646”. \u0648\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0637\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u064a\u0644\u062a\u064a “gaulopes” \u0648 “chateni” \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0648\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u062e\u0644\u064a\u062c \u0633\u0645\u0627\u0647 “\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0646\u0648\u0633” “sinus gaulopes” \u0623\u064a “\u062e\u0644\u064a\u062c \u0643\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0648\u0633” \u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u0631\u0649 \u0634\u0628\u0631\u0646\u0643\u0631 \u0623\u0646\u0647 “\u062e\u0644\u064a\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u064a\u0641”. \u0648\u064a\u0630\u0643\u0631\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u0645 “chateni” “\u062e\u0637\u064a\u0646\u064a” \u0628\u0627\u0633\u0645 “\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637”\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0637\u0644\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0646\u064a \u0643\u0644\u0647. \u0648\u0631\u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 “\u0643\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0648\u0633”\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0633\u064f\u0645\u0651\u064a\u064e \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u064a\u062c \u0628\u0647\u060c \u0647\u0648 \u062a\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0641 “cateus” \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u0643\u0644 \u0648\u0636\u0648\u062d \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0633\u0645 “\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u064a\u0641”.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u064a\u0639\u0648\u062f \u0623\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0630\u0643\u0631 \u0644\u0645\u0633\u0645\u0651\u064e\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u064a\u0641 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062f\u060c \u0639\u064f\u062b\u0650\u0631\u064e \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0635 \u0623\u062b\u0631\u064a\u060c \u062c\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0634\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0647\u0631\u0639\u0634 \u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u063a\u0632\u0648 “\u0623\u0631\u0636 \u0645\u0644\u0643” \u0623\u0648 “\u0627\u0631\u0636 \u0645\u0627\u0644\u0643”\u060c “\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0623\u0633\u062f”\u060c \u0641\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645\u062a \u0646\u062d\u0648\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0647\u062a \u0646\u062d\u0648 “\u0623\u0631\u0636 \u0642\u0637\u0648\u0641” \u0623\u064a “\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u064a\u0641”.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0639\u064f\u0631\u0650\u0641\u064e\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0640\u00ab\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0647\u062c\u0631\u00bb\u060c \u0648\u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627\u064b \u062f\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0639\u064f\u0631\u0650\u0641\u064e\u062a \u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0628\u0644\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0633\u060c \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0643\u062f \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u064c \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0628\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u064a\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u064f\u062f\u0639\u0649 \u0628\u062d\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u064a\u0641\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u062e\u0644\u064a\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u064a\u0641 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u064a\u0641 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0623\u062b\u0628\u062a\u0648\u0627 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u062e\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0637\u0647\u0645 \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0627\u064b. \u0648\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0651\u064e\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0645\u0651\u064e\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0641\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0641\u064a \u0639\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0648\u0646\u064a\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0645\u062a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0635\u0641\u0648\u0649 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0647\u0631\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0648\u0631\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0639\u0631 \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0628:<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637 \u0645\u0646 \u0635\u0641\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u062d\u0627\u0632\u0648\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u0645\u0627\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u0623\u0628\u0642\u0648\u0627 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0634\u0628\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0647\u0631\u0627\u0646\u0650<\/span><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u064a\u0641 \u0647\u064a \u0643\u0644\u0645\u0647 \u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0646\u0649 \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0633\u0645\u0627\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u063a\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0628\u0640 \u0643\u064a\u062a\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0648\u0633 \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u064a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0633\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0648\u0644\u0639\u0644 \u0644\u0641\u0638 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u062a\u062e\u0630 \u0635\u064a\u063a\u062a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0623\u0646 \u0646\u0632\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0641\u0637\u0648\u0631\u062a\u0647 \u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0644\u063a\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u060c \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0630\u0647\u0628 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u0642\u0648\u0644\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0645\u062c\u0647\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0644. \u0641\u0645\u0646 \u062b\u0645 \u0646\u062c\u062f \u0627\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0627\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u062c\u0647\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0646\u0649 \u0643\u0633\u064a\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0634 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0628\u064a \u0648\u062a\u0627\u0631\u0648\u062a \u0648\u0633\u0646\u0627\u0628\u0633.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u064a\u0644\u0629 (Chatent, katti) \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062f\u0643\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u063a\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0642\u062f \u0627\u0639\u0637\u062a \u0627\u0633\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0647\u0646\u0627 \u0646\u062c\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0628 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0641\u0638\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u064a\u0641 \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0647\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u0637\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u0631\u0647\u0627.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0644\u064a\u0646\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u062a\u064a “leanitai” \u0641\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0633\u0645\u0649 \u0644 “\u0627\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u064a\u0641” \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0643\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0631 \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0642\u0628\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u062a\u0633\u0643\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0630\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0647\u0627\u0628 \u0639\u0632\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0643\u0645\u0644\u0647 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u0633\u0645\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u064a\u0641 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0646 \u064a\u0637\u0644\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0640\u0637 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0645\u0633\u0645\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637 \u0639\u0631\u0641\u062a \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u064a\u0641 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0631\u062f\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0628\u0643 (226-241\u0645) \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0647\u0631\u062a \u0628\u0647 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0638\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0648\u0639\u0631\u0641\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u064a\u0636\u0627 \u0628\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0651 \u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0633\u0645 \u062e\u0627\u0644\u062f \u0648\u062d\u0627\u0636\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0639\u0631 \u0639\u0646\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0646 \u0634\u062f\u0627\u062f \u060c \u0648\u0637\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0628\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u062f \u060c \u0648\u0628\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u0646 \u0628\u0631\u062f (\u0641\u064a \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0647 “\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0639\u064a” \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0647\u064a\u0631 \u060c \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0645). \u0641\u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d\u062a \u0643\u0644\u0645\u0629 “\u062e\u0627\u062a\u064a” \u0627\u0648 “\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u064a” \u0647\u064a “kenning” \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0644\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0629 “\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u062d” \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0641\u062c\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0636 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0645\u0634\u0647\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u062d \u060c \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 “\u0645\u0647\u0646\u062f” “\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f” \u0647\u0648 \u0641\u0636\u0644 (kenning) \u0644 “\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0641”. \u064a\u0628\u0642\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0626\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641\u0629 “\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u064a” \u060c \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0628\u0623\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0629.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u064a\u0641 \u0644\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0642\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u064a\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633\u064a \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u064a\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627. \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u060c \u0623\u0637\u0644\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u063a\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0643\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0641 \u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0625\u0646 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0635\u0641\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u064a\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0628\u0623\u0643\u0645\u0644\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0628\u062d\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u064a\u0641 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u064a\u0641.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631:<\/strong><\/p>\n

    \n
  1. https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/?p=17182<\/strong><\/a><\/span><\/li>\n
  2. https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/?p=18813<\/strong><\/a><\/span><\/li>\n
  3. https:\/\/www.wikiwand.com\/en\/Qatif<\/strong><\/a><\/span><\/li>\n
  4. https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/?p=18718<\/strong><\/a><\/span><\/li>\n
  5. https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AE_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%B7%D9%8A%D9%81<\/strong><\/a><\/span><\/li>\n
  6. https:\/\/www.marefa.org\/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%B7%D9%8A%D9%81<\/strong><\/a><\/span><\/li>\n
  7. https:\/\/www.marefa.org\/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%B7%D9%8A%D9%81<\/strong><\/a><\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n
    \"\"
    \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633 \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0631\u064a<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

    \u062a\u0639\u062f\u0651\u064f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u064a\u0641 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0637\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642 \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0630\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0623\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u064a\u0639\u0648\u062f \u0625\u0644\u0649 3500 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0631\u0628\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0648\u062f \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0639\u0647\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0647\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633\u064a. \u0627\u062b\u0628\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062b\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u062f\u0621 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 “\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0648\u0639 \u062f\u0631\u064a\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0634\u0633\u0646 – \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0626\u064a” \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u064a\u0641\u060c \u0642\u0628\u0644 17 \u0645\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0633\u0646\u0629. \u0648\u062a\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 …<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":19789,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_exactmetrics_skip_tracking":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_active":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_note":"","_exactmetrics_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[16],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-19784","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","","category-16"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/19784","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/4"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=19784"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/19784\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":19790,"href":"https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/19784\/revisions\/19790"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/19789"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=19784"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=19784"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=19784"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}