{"id":1957,"date":"2019-01-10T21:31:53","date_gmt":"2019-01-10T18:31:53","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/?p=1957"},"modified":"2019-01-10T21:31:53","modified_gmt":"2019-01-10T18:31:53","slug":"%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a5%d9%86%d8%ac%d8%a7%d8%a8-%d9%85%d9%86-%d8%a3%d8%a8%d9%82%d8%b1%d8%a7%d8%b7-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%89-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%aa%d9%84%d9%82%d9%8a%d8%ad-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b5%d9%86%d8%a7%d8%b9%d9%8a","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/?p=1957","title":{"rendered":"\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0628\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0642\u064a\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a – \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u062f\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062c\u064a"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"\"<\/em>\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0644\u0643\u064a\u0641 \u062a\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0626\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u060c<\/span><\/strong>\u0645\u0646 \u0636\u0641\u0627\u0641 \u0646\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u00a0\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0635\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645.<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/em>\u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0661\u0667\u0669\u0669 \u060c \u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0635\u0627\u0645\u0648\u0626\u064a\u0644 \u062a\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0633 \u0633\u0648\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0646\u063a “\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0627\u064f \u0644\u0623\u062c\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0629”: \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0631\u0642\u064a\u0642\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633\u064a\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0648\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0635\u0641\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635\u0648\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629. \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0648\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0628\u064a\u0646 “\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0646\u0629” \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0628\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0628\u0639 \u0639\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u062e\u0637\u0648\u0629. \u064a\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0635\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648 \u060c \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0642\u064a\u062f \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646. \u0639\u0646\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0645\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f\u062c.<\/em><\/p>\n

\"\"\u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0646 \u0663\u0660\u0660\u0660 \u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u064b \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0628 \u064a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0621 “\u0643\u0623\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0629” \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f \u060c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0623\u0633\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a “\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u062f\u0648\u062c\u0629-dual contribution” \u0633\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0628\u0630\u0631\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0648 \u0631\u0648\u062d\u064a\u0646 (\u0646\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0646) – \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u062f\u0629 \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u064a\u062a\u0643\u0627\u062b\u0631 \u0643\u0644 \u0634\u064a\u0621 \u0644\u0642\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u062f\u0645\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u0625\u0646 \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 “\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0644” \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u060c \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0625\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u064a\u0646\u062a\u062c\u0627 \u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 (\u0631\u0648\u062d\u0627\u064b) \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u064f\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0647 “\u0645\u0633\u0628\u0628 (\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631) \u0646\u0634\u0637 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u0648\u0634 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u0627\u062a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0646”. \u064a\u0634\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0627\u0632\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u062e\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062d\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u060c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0634\u0643\u0644\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062f\u064a.<\/p>\n

\u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u060c \u0639\u0632\u0632\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645\u0627\u064b \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b: \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0627\u062b\u0631 (\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0628). \u0648\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0624\u0644\u0641\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f\u0629 \u0623\u0639\u0637\u062a\u0646\u0627 \u062d\u064a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0636\u0627\u062a \u060c \u0648\u062a\u0644\u0642\u064a\u062d “\u0623\u0646\u0628\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631” \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0633\u0645 \u060c \u0648\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0636\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0646\u0639\u064a\u0634\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u060c \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u064a\u0644\u0629 (\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u062c\u0646\u064a\u0646 – \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0629).<\/p>\n

\u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0645\u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0645\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f\u062c \u060c \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0627\u062b\u0631\u00a0Reproduction: Antiquity to the Present Day<\/a><\/em>: \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u0648\u0645\u0646\u0627 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0623\u0648\u0644 \u062a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0641 \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a \u0644\u0639\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0625\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0636\u0645 \u0622\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0627\u062b\u0631 ( \u0623\u0648 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0627\u062b\u0631 ) \u0645\u0646 \u0628\u0634\u0631 \u0648\u062d\u064a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0646\u0628\u0627\u062a\u0627\u062a \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649.<\/p>\n

\u0623\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0645\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0645\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f\u062c \u060c \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0627\u064b \u062e\u0628\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0624\u0631\u062e\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0623\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0621 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0643\u0645\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f\u062c \u0648\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u064a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u062a\u062a\u0648\u064a\u062c\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u064a\u0645\u062a\u062f \u0644\u062e\u0645\u0633 \u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0628\u062a\u0645\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0629 \u0648\u064a\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0645 \u062a\u0631\u0633\u062a\u00a0five-year project funded by the Wellcome Trust<\/a>..<\/p>\n

“\u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u0646\u062a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u060c \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u062e \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0647\u062c\u0631\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0631\u0639\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0646\u0627 \u0646\u062a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u062f \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0628: \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u064a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0648\u0643\u064a\u0641 \u064a\u0646\u0628\u063a\u064a \u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062d\u062f\u062b” \u060c \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0633\u0648\u0631 \u0646\u064a\u0643 \u0647\u0648\u0628\u0648\u0648\u062f \u060c \u0645\u0646 \u00a0\u0642\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0648\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u064a\u00a0\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f\u062c.<\/p>\n

” \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0627\u062b\u0631 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0647\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u00a0\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0628\u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629. \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0644 \u0625\u0639\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0631 \u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u062f \u060c \u0623\u0631\u062f\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0646\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629 (\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0644\u064a\u0629) “.<\/p>\n

\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643 \u0647\u0648\u0628\u0648\u0648\u062f Hopwood\u00a0\u0641\u064a \u062a\u0623\u0644\u064a\u0641 \u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0645\u0639 \u0632\u0645\u064a\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0645\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0633\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0643\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0631\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0643\u0627 \u0641\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0646\u063a. \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0664\u0664 \u0641\u0635\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0648 \u0664\u0660 “\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628” \u060c \u064a\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0632 \u0645\u062c\u0644\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0648\u0651\u0631 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0630\u062e \u0628\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0647\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0667\u0660 \u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0631\u0632\u064b\u0627.<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0631\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0643\u0627 \u0641\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0646\u063a \u060c \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0627\u062a Classics\u00a0\u0641\u064a \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0645\u0628\u0631\u062f\u062c \u060c \u062a\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0644\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0623\u062e\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0626 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u060c \u0648\u064a\u062d\u0643\u064a \u0642\u0635\u0629 “\u062e\u0644\u0642 \u062c\u064a\u0644\u00a0invention of generation”.<\/p>\n

\"\"\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0642\u0644\u0629 \u0637\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a \u0644\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0639 \u0645\u0642\u0645\u0637 \u060c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u063a\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0648\u062c\u062f\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0625\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062f. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0642\u064f\u062f\u0645\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 “\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0630\u0648\u0631” \u0644\u062a\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0647\u064a \u0644\u0646\u062c\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0623\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0625\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0644\u0646\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0629. \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0648\u064a\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0645 Wellcome<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0625\u0646 \u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 “\u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0644” \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u062c \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0639\u0637\u0649 \u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0647\u0645\u0629 \u060c \u0625\u0646 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0643\u0646 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u060c \u0644\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u062c\u0627\u0644. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0636 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0631\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0641\u062d\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642 cosmos\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0633\u064a\u0637\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0635\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0646\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0641\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0646\u063a.<\/p>\n

\u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0628 \u062c\u0632\u0621\u0627 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u062c\u0632\u0623 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u062f\u0647\u0631 – “\u0637\u0628 \u0623\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a” – \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0645\u0633 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062f. \u0642\u062f\u0645\u062a “\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0630\u0631\u0629” \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u062b\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0647\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0647\u0645\u0629 \u060c \u0648 “\u0646\u0645\u0649” \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0641\u0644 \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0646\u062a\u0641\u062e \u0639\u062c\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u0632 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0645. \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0645 \u0648\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0645\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0631\u0632\u064b\u0627.<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0641\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0623\u0631\u0633\u0637\u0648 \u0628\u062d\u062b\u0648\u0627 \u00a0\u0639\u0646 “\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 (\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649) coming to be” \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0645\u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0647 \u060c \u062c\u0646\u0628\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0646\u0628 \u0645\u0639 \u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0643\u064a\u0641\u00a0\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0625\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0632 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u060c \u0641\u064a \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0637\u0628\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0639\u0648\u0646 \u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0631\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u062f\u0647\u0631\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u0643\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0628\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u064a\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u060c \u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u062a\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0628\u062a \u0623\u0641\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0644. \u0623\u0641\u0633\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0644\u0631\u0648\u0645\u0627 \u060c \u0648\u0628\u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0646\u063a \u060c “\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u062d\u0627\u0636\u0631\u0629 \u00a0metropolis\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062f\u064a \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u062c\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0633\u00a0Galen\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0630\u0648\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0645 \u0648\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0636 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0631\u062a\u064a\u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0627\u064b”. \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0634\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0628\u0642\u0649 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0628\u0644\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0628\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u062e\u0637\u0637 (mapped) \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u0633\u064a\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0648\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u062c\u0633\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0627\u062b \u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0646\u062c: \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u064a\u0636\u0627\u0646 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u062e\u0635\u064a\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0623\u0629 \u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0645 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0643\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u0646 (\u0643\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0635\u064a\u062a\u064a\u0646) \u00a0deflated scrotum\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0631\u063a deflated \u060c \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a “\u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0629” \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u062b\u0648\u064a\u0629 sperma\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0636\u0639\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u0635\u0645\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0646\u062d\u0628\u0633 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0630\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629. “\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0646 \u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0647\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0628\u062f\u0648 \u0623\u0646\u0647 ” \u062a\u0634\u0648\u0647 \u0623\u0639\u0636\u0627\u0626\u0647\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0644\u064a\u0629 ” \u0648\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u00a0\u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0644.”<\/p>\n

\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0641\u0633\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0643\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0648\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0645\u0628\u0631\u062f\u062c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u00a0\u064a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0649 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u060c \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0648\u0633\u0639\u062a \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a “\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u064a\u0627\u0644” (\u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0661 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641). \u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0635\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0639\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0627\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0647\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u060c \u0648\u0625\u0646\u0636\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0641\u064a\u0627\u062a (\u0623\u0635\u062d\u0627\u0628 \/\u0635\u0627\u062d\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0641 – \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0648\u0646 \/ \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0627\u062a) \u00a0\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0634\u0627\u062a.<\/p>\n

“\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0645\u0646. \u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0646 \u0622\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0645\u0635\u0631 \u0628\u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0635\u064a\u0627\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0630\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062b\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u064a\u0646 – \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0629” \u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0643\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0644.<\/p>\n

\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062e\u0644\u0641\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0639\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0648\u062f Black Death\u060c \u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0647 \u0631\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u064a\u062d\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0631\u0634\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0633 \u0644\u062a\u0634\u062c\u064a\u0639\u0647\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 “\u0627\u0644\u0632\u0648\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0645\u0631 (\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062c\u0628)”. \u00a0\u0645\u062a\u0623\u062b\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u062c\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635\u0648\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u060c\u0641\u0642\u062f \u0623\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u0633\u064a\u00a0\u0625\u0644\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0646 “\u0628\u0625\u062d\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0645 \u00a0\u0631\u063a\u0628\u0629 \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0633\u064a”.<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u063a\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a \u062a\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0647\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0648\u0627\u062a\u064a \u0644\u062f\u064a\u0647\u0646 \u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0648\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0639\u064a \u060c \u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u064a\u062a\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0630\u0644\u0643 – \u0645\u0639 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0631\u064a family resemblance\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u064f\u062a\u0630\u0631\u0639 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628 \u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0632\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647. \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u062e\u0634\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0621 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0632\u0648\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u060c \u062a\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0643\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0644 \u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0627 \u0632\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627 \u0645\u0647\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0628\u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0635\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627.<\/p>\n

“\u0623\u0633\u0626\u0644\u0629 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0639\u0631\u0651\u0641\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0643\u0631\u0629. \u0643\u0634\u0641\u062a \u062f\u0641\u0627\u062a\u0631 \u062d\u0641\u0638 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a casebooks\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0648\u062f \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u062e\u064a\u0635\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062e\u0635\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u062b\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0647\u064a \u0645\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0641\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0633\u0637\u062d\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0623\u0629 \u0648\u0641\u062d\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0644\u00a0\u060c \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629 (\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u0642\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629) \u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0648\u0645 “.<\/p>\n

\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0631 \u060c \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0635\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0645\u0633\u0624\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u062f \u0633\u0648\u0627\u0621. \u00a0\u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0632\u0648\u0627\u062c \u064a\u064f\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0645\u062b \u0644\u0632\u0648\u062c\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645. \u064a\u062d\u062a\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0642\u0633\u0627\u0645 \u064a\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0643\u062a\u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641 \u062c\u0648\u0646 \u062f\u064a John Dee\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0633\u062c\u0644 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0645\u062b \u0644\u0632\u0648\u062c\u062a\u0647 \u062c\u064a\u0646\u00a0Jane\u00a0\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0639 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0632\u0627\u0628\u064a\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649\u00a0Elizabeth I.<\/p>\n

\"\"\u0646\u0642\u0634 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u062a\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u064a\u0631\u0648\u062c \u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0641\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u00a0\u0641\u064a \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0644\u0646\u062f\u0646. \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u062a\u0623\u0633\u064a\u0633\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0661\u0667\u0665\u0660 \u060c \u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0632\u0648\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u062a\u0645 \u062a\u062e\u0641\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0661\u0669\u0660\u0660. \u00a0\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0635\u0628 \u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0631\u0636\u0639 \u0631\u0636\u064a\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0631\u0636\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0631\u0645\u0632\u064a\u0627. \u00a0\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0641\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0647\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0644\u0625\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0635\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u0635\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0636\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0632\u062f\u0647\u0627\u0631.\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u061b \u00a0\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u064a\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0645 <\/em>Wellcome\u060c \u0644\u0646\u062f\u0646.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u064a\u0648\u062c\u0647 \u0647\u0648\u0628\u0648\u0648\u062f Hopwood \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0635\u0631 “\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0627\u062b\u0631”: \u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627 \u060c \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062a. \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0629 \u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0625\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b \u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u062c\u062f\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u060c \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u0642\u062f\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0628 \u0644\u062a\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f \u062d\u064a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0630\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0642\u0637\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0648 \u063a\u0631\u0628\u0644\u062a\u0647\u0627\u00a0\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0627\u062b\u0631 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0645.<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u060c \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0643\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0625\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0636\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062e\u0635\u0627\u0628 \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0628\u0639\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0639\u0634\u0631. (\u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0661\u0668\u0662\u0667 \u060c \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0627\u0643\u062a\u0634\u0641 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0648\u064a\u0636\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u062f\u064a\u064a\u0627\u062a \u060c \u0633\u0645\u0627\u0647\u0627\u00a0\u0623\u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0646\u0629 \u060c \u0643\u0627\u0631\u0644 \u0625\u064a\u0631\u0646\u0633\u062a \u06a4\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u064a\u0631 \u060c \u00a0“\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0637\u0627\u0641\u00a0spermatozoa” \u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0643\u0637\u0641\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a).<\/p>\n

\u064a\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0647\u0648\u0628\u0648\u0648\u062f: “\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0627\u0636 \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627 \u060c \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0628 \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0644\u0642 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u060c \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631\u064a”. \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0634\u0623\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0633\u0641\u0631 \u0639\u0646 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0638\u0644\u0645\u0629 darkest\u00a0\u0644\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n

\"\"\u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0648\u064a \u0647\u064a\u0631\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0643\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0633 \u0628\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u062a\u0642\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0645 (\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629) \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0647\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0625\u062d\u0635\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0635\u064a\u063a\u0629 \u0644\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0628\u0627\u0636\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0623\u0628\u062d\u0627\u062b\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u063a\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0645\u0627\u0621. \u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0643\u0646\u0648\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0645 \u0623\u0648 “\u0623\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u062a\u0631” \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062c\u0645\u0647\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u0627\u064a\u0645\u0627\u0631\u00a0<\/em>Weimar\u00a0<\/em>\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0632\u064a \u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0639\u0637\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0645 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0647\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u062a\u0634\u062c\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0628 \u060c \u0648\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u062b\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629.<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0633 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0627 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u062a\u0632\u0627\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0623\u0633\u0631\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u060c \u0641\u064a \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u062d\u0627\u0631\u0628\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u0636 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629. \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0639\u0636 \u064a\u0634\u0639\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0644\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0633\u064a\u0637\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0628 \u0633\u062a\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0628\u0627\u0621 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062e\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u0634\u0631 “\u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0627\u062b\u0631 (\u064a\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0646) \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u0631\u0639\u0648\u0646 \u062d\u064a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645”. \u0622\u062e\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0627 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0642\u0644\u0642\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644 \u0648\u0641\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0642\u064a \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0639\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0645\u0627\u062d\u0643.<\/p>\n

\u0645\u0639 \u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0648\u0644\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u060c \u0623\u062e\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062f\u0629 (\u0627\u0644\u0622\u0646 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0646\u0627\u064b) \u060c \u0648\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0639 \u00a0\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0644 (\u0627\u0644\u0622\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u062a\u0631\u0645\u0629) \u060c \u0648\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0641\u064a\u0641 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0645. \u0642\u0627\u0645\u062a \u0646\u0634\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0646\u0633\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0636\u062f “\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0644 battery birth (\u062a\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0628\u0648\u062a\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0633\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0629)\u00a0” \u0648 “\u062d\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0623\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631”. \u0631\u0648\u062c \u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646.<\/p>\n

\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643 \u0647\u0648\u0628\u0648\u0648\u062f \u00a0Hopwood \u0628\u0641\u0635\u0644 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u064a\u0628 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0637\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a \u060c \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0633\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0648\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062e\u064a\u0648\u0644 \u060c \u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u062a\u062c\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0646\u0641\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0625\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0647\u062c\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0629 (\u0642\u0631\u062f \u064a\u0634\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631) \u060c \u0648\u0632\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0635\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0639\u062f \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u064a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0634\u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0641\u0648\u0632 \u0628\u062c\u0627\u0626\u0632\u0629 \u0646\u0648\u0628\u0644. \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0631\u0648\u062a\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u060c \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0645\u0633\u0629 \u0645\u0644\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0637\u0641\u0644 \u0645\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062f \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0642\u064a\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0637\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a \u00a0(\u0637\u0641\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628) \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0648\u0644\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0623\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u060c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0642\u064a\u062d \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0648\u0641\u0631\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0642 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629.<\/p>\n

\"\"\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0646\u0628\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u060c \u063a\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0644\u0643\u062a\u064a\u0628 \u0646\u0634\u0631\u0647 \u0635\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0642 \u0647\u064a\u0648 \u0645\u0648\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u064a\u0648\u064a\u0648\u0631\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0661\u0669\u0665\u0664. \u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0648\u0631 \u060c \u0645\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0631 \u062f\u064a\u0643\u0633\u064a \u0643\u0648\u0628\u00a0<\/em>Dixie-Cup<\/em>\u060c \u0628\u062a\u0634\u062c\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u0639\u064a \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u062f\u0647 \u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u062c\u0627 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0629\u00a0<\/em>Malthusian <\/em>\u00a0<\/em>internationalism\u00a0<\/em>\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0631\u062f\u0629. \u064a\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0642 \u0625\u0644\u0649 “\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0627\u0638 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a \u060c \u0648\u0635\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u060c \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0633 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0638\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646”<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n

\u064a\u062e\u062a\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0638\u0648\u0627\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0629 \u060c \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u062c\u0645\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0636 \u0648 “\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0642\u064a\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0641\u064a \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f – \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0642\u064a\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0637\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a repro-travel” \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0630\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0648\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644 \u060c \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0634\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0641 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647\u0647\u0645. \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0647\u0648\u0628\u0648\u0648\u062f: “\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u060c \u064a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0634\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u063a\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0638\u0627\u0626\u0631”.<\/p>\n

\u064a\u0623\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0645\u0646\u064a \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0631\u0624\u0649 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0648\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062c \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u064a\u0648\u0636\u062d \u0647\u0648\u0628\u0648\u0648\u062f \u0642\u0627\u0626\u0644\u0627\u064b: “\u0625\u0646 \u0648\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u0643\u0634\u0641 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0646\u0641\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0623\u0648 \u0642\u0631\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u062d\u0633\u0628 \u060c \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0648\u062c\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0628\u0647 \u0630\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0648\u062c\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631”.<\/p>\n

\"\"\u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0633\u0627\u0644\u0627 \u062f\u064a \u0641\u064a\u0648\u0643\u0634\u064a\u00a0<\/em>Sala dei Fiocchi<\/em>\u00a0(“\u063a\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0637 “) \u060c \u0641\u064a \u0636\u0631\u064a\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0633 \u062c\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0645\u0627\u062c\u064a\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0631\u062f\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0646\u064a \u060c \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0642\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0642\u0639 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0627\u0628\u0648\u0644\u064a \u060c \u0645\u0632\u062f\u062d\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u0631\u0636\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0647\u0627\u062a. \u0645\u0639\u0648\u0644\u0645 \u00a0\u0648\u0639\u0635\u0631\u064a \u060c\u00a0\u062c\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0647\u0648 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u062b\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u060c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0631\u0646\u062a \u0648\u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0636\u0631\u062d\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0626\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u0633\u0639\u0648\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0623\u0645\u0627\u0646. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u062a\u0645 \u0625\u0633\u062a\u0637\u0628\u0627\u0628 ( \u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0637\u0628\u064a)\u00a0<\/em>medicalized<\/em>\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0627\u0628 \u060c \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643<\/em> \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0644\u0625\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0637\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0627 \u060c \u0628\u0637\u0631\u0642 \u062a\u062f\u0639\u0648 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631. \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631\u061b \u062c\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0643\u0627 \u0647\u064a\u0648\u0632.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u00a0\u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635:\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0661- https:\/\/ar.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629_\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u064a\u0627\u0644<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629:<\/strong><\/p>\n

Reproduction, from Hippocrates to IVF
\nDecember 7, 2018
\nUniversity of Cambridge
\nhttps:\/\/www.cam.ac.uk\/reproduction<\/h5>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0644\u0643\u064a\u0641 \u062a\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0626\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u060c\u0645\u0646 \u0636\u0641\u0627\u0641 \u0646\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u00a0\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0635\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645. \u00a0\u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0661\u0667\u0669\u0669 \u060c \u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0635\u0627\u0645\u0648\u0626\u064a\u0644 \u062a\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0633 \u0633\u0648\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0646\u063a “\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0627\u064f \u0644\u0623\u062c\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0629”: \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0631\u0642\u064a\u0642\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633\u064a\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0648\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0635\u0641\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635\u0648\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629. \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0648\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0628\u064a\u0646 …<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":1263,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_exactmetrics_skip_tracking":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_active":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_note":"","_exactmetrics_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[19],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1957","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","","category-19"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1957","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/4"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=1957"}],"version-history":[{"count":6,"href":"https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1957\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1970,"href":"https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1957\/revisions\/1970"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/1263"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=1957"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=1957"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=1957"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}