{"id":18718,"date":"2022-12-09T08:10:13","date_gmt":"2022-12-09T05:10:13","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/?p=18718"},"modified":"2022-12-09T08:10:13","modified_gmt":"2022-12-09T05:10:13","slug":"%d8%af%d9%84%d9%85%d9%88%d9%86-%d9%88%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a8%d8%ad%d8%ab-%d8%b9%d9%86-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%87%d9%88%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d8%b5%d8%a7%d8%af%d9%82-%d8%b9%d9%84%d9%8a-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%82%d8%b7%d8%b1%d9%8a","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/?p=18718","title":{"rendered":"\u062f\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u064a\u0629 – \u0635\u0627\u062f\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0631\u064a"},"content":{"rendered":"

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\u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0641\u064a (\u0635. 46) \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0646\u0634\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0635\u062d\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e (2010 \u0648 2013) \u064a\u062f\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b “\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646” \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0644\u064a:<\/em><\/p>\n

“\u0641\u064a \u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0633\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0633\u0645 \u062f\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u06cc\u062a\u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0641\u06cc\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0640\u0644 \u062d\u0642\u0628\u0640\u0629 \u0632\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0640\u0623\u0631\u0636 \u0645\u0639\u06cc\u0646\u0640\u0629\u061b \u06be\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0633\u0644\u0645 \u0628\u06be\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631\u06cc\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u06cc\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u0640\u064a\u060c \u0623\u062f\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0640\u0649 \u0628\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u062f\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u062d\u060c “\u0623\u0646\u06be\u0627 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u062f \u0628\u0643\u0648\u0646\u06be\u0640\u0627 \u0625\u0642\u0644\u06cc\u0645\u0640\u0627 \u064b \u0623\u0648 \u0628\u0640\u0644\u0627\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0640\u0639\u0629” (\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u0640\u064a 2008 ,\u0635 107.) \u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0631\u062c\u06cc\u062d \u0623\u0646 \u062f\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0642\u0628\u0640\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0640\u06cc\u0644\u0627\u062f \u062a\u0634\u0640\u0645\u0644 \u062c\u0646\u0640\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0648\u062a\u0645\u062a\u062f \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u06cc\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u06cc\u0629 \u0648\u0631\u0628\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0634\u0640\u0645\u0644 \u0639\u0645\u0640\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627 \u064b\u060c \u0648\u0641\u0640\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0640\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u0640\u062b \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u06cc\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u062f\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062f\u06cc\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u062f\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0646\u06be\u0627\u06cc\u0629 \u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0633\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0623\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0640\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u0640\u062a \u062f\u0644\u0645\u0640\u0648\u0646 \u0642\u0640\u062f \u0627\u0645\u062a\u0640\u062f\u062a \u0634\u0640\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0640\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0636\u0645\u062a \u0625\u0644\u06cc\u06be\u0627 \u062c\u0632\u06cc\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u06cc\u0644\u0643\u0627\u060c \u0648\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0634\u06cc\u0629 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d\u062a \u0641\u06cc\u0644\u0643\u0627 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u062f\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0646\u061b \u0648\u0647\u0643\u0630\u0627 \u0641\u0640\u0625\u0646 \u062f\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u06be\u064a \u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0628\u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0628\u0640\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0638\u0640\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0629.<\/em><\/p>\n

\u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0648\u0625\u0646 \u0635\u062d\u062a \u06be\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u0646\u0640\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0636\u0640\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u062d\u0640\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0640\u0629 \u0648\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u06be\u0648\u06cc\u0629\u061b \u0628\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u06be\u0648\u06cc\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0623\u0633\u0633\u062a \u0641\u0640\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0640\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0640\u064a \u0639\u0631\u0641\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0633\u0645 “\u0625\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u062f\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0646” \u062a\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0639\u0646 \u0628\u0639\u0636\u0640\u06be\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0640\u0628\u0639\u0636, \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0640\u0644 \u062d\u0636\u0640\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0635\u0640\u0645\u0629 \u062a\u0645\u06cc\u0632\u06be\u0640\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u0631\u0649\u061b \u0648\u06cc\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062e\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0628\u0629 “\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0635\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u06cc\u0632\u0629” \u0644\u06be\u0648\u06cc\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0648\u06be\u0648 \u0628\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0628\u0640\u0629 “\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0635\u0640\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u06cc\u0646\u06cc\u0640\u0629” \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0645\u064a\u0632 \u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u06cc\u0646\u0629\u061b \u0628\u0642\u0648\u0644 ” \u0628\u06cc\u0628\u064a “\u0641\u0640\u064a \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0640\u0647 (\u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0640\u062b \u0639\u0640\u0646 \u062f\u0644\u0645\u0640\u0648\u0646) “\u0644\u0642\u0640\u062f \u0623\u064f\u0637\u0644\u0640\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u0640\u0649 \u0643\u0633\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062e\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0623\u0628\u062c\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062b\u0627\u0631… \u0641\u0645\u0646\u0630 6000 \u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631 \u0628\u062d\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062e\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0630\u0644\u0640\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0648\u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0646 \u0641\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u064a\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0644\u0645 \u06cc\u0642\u0645 \u0628\u0635\u0646\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062e\u0627\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0635\u0640\u0646\u0639\u0647 \u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0622\u062e\u0631”. (\u0628\u06cc\u0628\u064a 1985 :\u0635 104)<\/em><\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u062f\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u06be\u0627 “\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0646\u06cc\u0648\u0646” \u0648\u0628\u062f\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0646\u0639\u064a\u062f \u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u06cc\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0646\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0630\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u06be\u0648\u06cc\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0646\u06cc\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u0633\u0628\u06cc\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0628\u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u0631\u0634\u0640\u06cc\u0641 \u0628\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062e\u0635\u0635\u0629 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u062f\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0648\u062d\u0628\u0630\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0628\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0631\u0634\u06cc\u0641 \u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a \u0645\u062a\u0640\u0627\u062d \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0640\u0627\u062d\u062b\u06cc\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u06be\u062a\u0645\u06cc\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u06cc\u06cc\u0646\u061b \u0648\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0644\u062a\u0646\u0634\u0637 \u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631\u06cc\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645.”<\/em><\/p>\n

\u0648\u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 “\u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0639\u0646 \u0647\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u062f\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0646” (\u0635. 41-42) \u064a\u062f\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b \u0627\u0646:<\/em><\/p>\n

“\u062f\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u06cc\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u06be\u0648\u06cc\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0637\u0627\u0639\u062a “\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0640\u0629 \u062f\u0644\u0645\u0640\u0648\u0646” \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0640\u064a \u0628\u0640\u062f\u0623\u062a \u0628\u0640\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0640\u0648\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0640\u0649 \u0623\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0640\u0631\u06cc\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u06be\u0627 \u06be\u0648\u06cc\u0629 \u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0644 \u06be\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u06be\u0648\u06cc\u0629 \u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u06cc\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u06cc\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062c\u0632\u06cc\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u06cc\u0644\u0643\u0627 \u0641\u0640\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u06cc\u062a. \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0645\u0640\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0640\u0627\u062d\u062b\u06cc\u0646 \u06cc\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0640\u0631 \u062f\u0644\u0645\u0640\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u0640\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0640\u0631\u0629 2500 \u2013 2200 \u0642. \u0645.\u060c \u06be\u0640\u064a \u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u06cc\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u06cc\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u0648\u062a\u0633 \u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062f\u0639\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u062f\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0646\u0634\u0623\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0640\u0630 \u0639\u0635\u0640\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0643\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u06cc\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u06cc\u0629 \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u062a\u0645\u062a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0623\u0628\u0642\u0628\u0642 \u062d\u062a\u0640\u0649 \u062c\u0632\u06cc\u0640\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u0640\u0627\u0631\u0648\u062a \u0648\u0628\u0639\u062f\u06be\u0627 \u0623\u0643\u0645\u0644\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0644\u062a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u062c\u0632\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631\u06cc\u0646 \u0648\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0644 \u0623\u062e\u06cc\u0631\u0627\u064b \u062d\u062a\u0640\u0649 \u062c\u0632\u06cc\u0640\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u06cc\u0644\u0643\u0640\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u06cc\u062a (1983 Potts)\u00a0 \u060c \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u0632\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u06cc\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u06cc\u0646 \u06cc\u0631\u062c\u062d\u0648\u0646 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u06cc\u0629 \u0628\u0648\u062a\u0633.<\/em><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u0628\u0646\u0649 \u0628\u0648\u062a\u0633 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u062a\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0623\u0646 \u06be\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u062a\u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644 \u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0641\u0640\u064a \u0634\u0640\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u06cc\u0640\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u06cc\u0629 \u0623\u0642\u0640\u062f\u0645 \u0645\u0640\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0640\u0631\u06cc\u0646. \u0641\u0641\u0640\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0642\u0640\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0640\u0631\u060c \u06be\u0646\u0640\u0627\u0643 \u0641\u062a\u0631\u062a\u0640\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u0641\u0640\u064a \u0634\u0640\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u06cc\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u06cc\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u06cc\u0646 3300 \u0642. \u0645. \u2013 2400 \u0642.\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u0629 \u0645\u0640\u0627 \u0628\u0640\u06cc\u0646 2100 \u0642. \u0645. \u2013 1800 \u0642. \u0645. (\u0635 467 – 1983 Piesinger) \u060c (\u0648\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637\u062a \u0643\u0644 \u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u06be\u0648\u06cc\u0640\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0640\u0629. \u0641\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062d\u06cc\u062f \u0628\u0640\u06cc\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0640\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0634\u0640\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u06cc\u0640\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u06cc\u0640\u0629 \u06be\u0640\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062e\u0640\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0640\u062a\u0648\u0631\u062f (\u0635 464 – 1983 Piesinger) \u061b \u0628\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0640\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0640\u0647 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0648\u062c\u0640\u062f \u06be\u0648\u06cc\u0640\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u0640\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u06cc\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u06cc\u0640\u0629 \u062d\u062a\u0640\u0649 \u0648\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0636\u0640\u0646\u0627 \u0635\u0640\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0637\u06be\u0640\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u0640\u0645 \u062f\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0646].<\/em><\/p>\n

\u0646\u0639\u0645 \u06be\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062d\u0644\u06cc\u0629 \u0643\u0648\u0646\u062a \u0644\u06be\u0627 \u06be\u0648\u06cc\u0640\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062d\u0644\u06cc\u0640\u0629 \u0641\u0640\u064a \u0634\u0640\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u06cc\u0640\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u06cc\u0640\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0645 \u06cc\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u06be\u0627 \u0630\u0644\u0640\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062c\u0640\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0640\u0630\u064a \u06cc\u0643\u0640\u0648\u0646 \u06be\u0648\u06cc\u0640\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u0640\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0648\u062d\u0640\u062f\u0629 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0642\u0640\u0648\u0629 \u0628\u062d\u06cc\u0640\u062b \u062a\u0635\u0640\u062f\u0631 \u06be\u0648\u06cc\u062a\u06be\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c. \u0648\u06be\u0630\u0627 \u0644\u0627 \u06cc\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0636 \u0643\u0648\u0646 \u062c\u0632\u06cc\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u0648\u062a \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0623\u06be\u0645\u06cc\u0640\u0629 \u0643\u0628\u0640\u0631\u0649 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0640\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0637\u0640\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u06cc\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0624\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0631\u0648\u062d: \u0645\u0627 \u06be\u0640\u064a \u06be\u0648\u06cc\u062a\u06be\u0640\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0640\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u0629\u061f \u0648\u06be\u0640\u0644 \u0635\u0640\u062f\u0631\u062a \u062a\u0644\u0640\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u06be\u0648\u06cc\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u061f<\/span> \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0643\u0633 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0646\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u062f\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0632\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631\u06cc\u0646 \u06be\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0643\u0648\u0646\u062a \u0644\u0646\u0641\u0633\u0640\u06be\u0627 \u06be\u0648\u06cc\u0640\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0636\u0640\u062d\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0640\u062a\u0637\u0627\u0639\u062a \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0640\u0631 \u062d\u06cc\u0640\u062b \u0627\u0645\u062a\u0640\u062f\u062a \u0644\u0634\u0640\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u06cc\u0640\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u06cc\u0629 \u0648\u062c\u0632\u06cc\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u06cc\u0644\u0643\u0627.<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0635\u0629\u060c<\/strong> \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0644\u0627 \u06cc\u0646\u0643\u0631 \u0623\u062d\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0640\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0640\u0627\u062d\u062b\u06cc\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u06be\u0646\u0640\u0627\u0643 \u06be\u0648\u06cc\u0640\u0629 \u062d\u0636\u0640\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u0629 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0640\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0640\u0649 \u0623\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0640\u0631\u06cc\u0646 \u0648\u0634\u0640\u0643\u0644\u062a “\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0640\u0629” \u0641\u0640\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0640\u0631\u0629 2200 \u2013 1700 \u0642. \u0645.\u060c \u0633\u0640\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u0640\u062a \u06be\u0640\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u062f\u0644\u0645\u0640\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0648 \u0623\u064a \u0623\u0633\u0640\u0645 \u0622\u062e\u0640\u0631\u061b \u0641\u0627\u0644\u06be\u0648\u06cc\u0640\u0629 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0640\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u06cc\u0640\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0638\u0627\u06be\u0631 \u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u0629 \u0648\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u06cc\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d\u0629\u061b \u0628\u06cc\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u0645 \u062f\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u06cc\u0633 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0648 \u0628\u06be\u0648\u06cc\u0640\u0629 \u062d\u0636\u0640\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u06cc\u0646\u0640\u0629\u060c \u0641\u06be\u0640\u0648 \u0627\u0633\u0640\u0645 \u0645\u062a\u0646\u0642\u0640\u0644 \u0648\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0640\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0640\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0640\u0648 \u0644\u0640\u0645 \u06cc\u0640\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u06be\u0648\u06cc\u0640\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0646\u0634\u0623\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631\u06cc\u0646 \u0644\u0628\u0642\u064a \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u06be\u0648\u06cc\u0629 \u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u0629. \u0648\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u060c \u06cc\u062c\u0640\u062f\u0631 \u0628\u0646\u0640\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0646\u062a\u0623\u0645\u0640\u0644 \u0648\u0646\u062d\u0646 \u0646\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u062e\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u06cc\u0645\u060c \u0641\u06be\u0640\u0644 \u0646\u0628\u062d\u0640\u062b \u0639\u0640\u0646 \u06be\u0648\u06cc\u062a\u0646\u0640\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0640\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u0629\u061f, \u0623\u0645 \u0623\u0646\u0646\u0640\u0627 \u0646\u0628\u062d\u0640\u062b \u0639\u0640\u0646 \u06be\u0648\u06cc\u0629 \u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u06cc\u0629 \u0646\u0631\u0628\u0637\u06be\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u0645 “\u062f\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0646”\u061f, \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u06cc\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u06be\u0640\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0641\u0640\u0632\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0640\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0644\u060c \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u06cc\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u06cc\u0646 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0627 \u06cc\u0628\u062d\u062b\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0646 \u062f\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0644\u06cc\u0633 \u0639\u0646 “\u06be\u0648\u06cc\u0629 \u0634\u0639\u0628 \u062f\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0646”.<\/p>\n

\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631:<\/strong><\/p>\n

    \n
  1. https:\/\/www.ootlah.com\/ar\/blog\/dilmun-civilization-the-ancient-civilization-of-the-gulf-ar.html<\/li>\n
  2. https:\/\/mawdoo3.com\/%D8%AA%D9%82%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B1_%D8%B9%D9%86_%D8%AD%D8%B6%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D8%AF%D9%84%D9%85%D9%88%D9%86<\/li>\n
  3. https:\/\/www.alayam.com\/Article\/economic-article\/78433\/Index.html<\/li>\n
  4. https:\/\/www.marefa.org\/%D8%AF%D9%84%D9%85%D9%88%D9%86<\/li>\n
  5. https:\/\/hadaarah.com\/u\/%D8%AD%D8%B6%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%84%D9%85%D9%88%D9%86-%D9%83%D9%84-%D9%85%D8%A7-%D9%8A%D9%87%D9%85%D9%83-%D9%88%D8%A3%D9%83%D8%AB%D8%B1<\/li>\n
  6. https:\/\/hadaarah.com\/u\/%D8%AD%D8%B6%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%84%D9%85%D9%88%D9%86-%D9%83%D9%84-%D9%85%D8%A7-%D9%8A%D9%87%D9%85%D9%83-%D9%88%D8%A3%D9%83%D8%AB%D8%B1<\/li>\n
  7. https:\/\/mqalaty.net\/%D8%AA%D8%B9%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B1-%D8%B9%D9%86-%D8%AD%D8%B6%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A9-%D8%AF%D9%84%D9%85%D9%88%D9%86\/<\/li>\n
  8. https:\/\/ngwa.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1111\/gwat.12214<\/li>\n
  9. https:\/\/www.wikiwand.com\/ar\/%D8%AF%D9%84%D9%85%D9%88%D9%86<\/li>\n
  10. https:\/\/www.marefa.org\/%D8%AF%D9%84%D9%85%D9%88%D9%86<\/li>\n
  11. https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D8%AF%D9%84%D9%85%D9%88%D9%86<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n
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