{"id":18439,"date":"2022-11-14T14:48:55","date_gmt":"2022-11-14T11:48:55","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/?p=18439"},"modified":"2022-11-14T14:48:55","modified_gmt":"2022-11-14T11:48:55","slug":"%d9%85%d9%86%d8%b4%d8%a3-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d8%ac%d8%aa%d9%85%d8%b9%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a8%d8%b4%d8%b1%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d9%88%d8%aa%d8%b9%d9%82%d9%8a%d8%af%d8%a7%d8%aa%d9%87%d8%a7-%d8%aa%d8%b1","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/?p=18439","title":{"rendered":"\u0645\u0646\u0634\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0639\u0642\u064a\u062f\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 – \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u062f\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062c\u064a"},"content":{"rendered":"

The origins of human society are more complex than we thought
\n(\u0628\u0642\u0644\u0645: \u06a4\u064a\u06a4\u064a\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u06a4\u064a\u0646\u0643\u0627\u062a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0623\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0630 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u062b\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0622\u062b\u0627\u0631\u060c \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0643\u0646\u062f\u0627 – Vivek V. Venkataraman)<\/span><\/h3>\n

\u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0639\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u0627 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0646\u0628\u062b\u0642\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u062a\u062f\u0631\u062c \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0636\u0637\u0631\u0627\u062f.\u00a0\u00a0\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0623\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0646\u0627 \u0643\u0635\u064a\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646 (\u064a\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0637\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631)<\/em> \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0628\u062f\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0648\u0627\u0629.\u00a0\u00a0\u0648\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0627\u0643\u062a\u0634\u0641\u0648\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u062f\u062c\u0646\u0648\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0644\u064a\u0623\u0643\u0644\u0648\u0627 \u0644\u062d\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0648\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u064a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0648\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0639 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649.<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\u0648\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0648\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0629 (\u0645\u0639\u0642\u062f\u0629) \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0629 (\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629\u00a0nation state(1)<\/sup>) \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629.\u00a0\u00a0\u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0631\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062a\u0639\u0642\u064a\u062f\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u062f\u0649 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u0636\u0639\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a [\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0648\u0631\u00a0– \u0647\u064a \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0633\u0631\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0648\u0642\u062a \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646(2)<\/sup>].<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0631\u062e \u064a\u0648\u0641\u0627\u0644 \u0646\u0648\u062d \u0647\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0642\u0644: \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0635\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a\u00a0Sapiens(3)<\/sup>: “\u0646\u062d\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0646 \u062c\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u0645\u0647\u0631\u0628 \u0644\u0646\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0641\u0627\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0635\u0646\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0641\u0633\u0646\u0627 \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0641\u0633\u0646\u0627”.<\/p>\n

\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f – \u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0644 \u0634\u064a\u0621(4)<\/sup> \u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u062b\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u062f\u064a\u0641\u064a\u062f \u063a\u0631\u064a\u0628\u0631 (David Graeber) \u0648\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062b\u0627\u0631 \u062f\u064a\u0641\u064a\u062f \u0648\u064a\u0646\u063a\u0631\u0648 (David Wengrow) – \u064a\u0637\u0639\u0646 \u0641\u064a\u00a0 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0627\u064a\u0629.\u00a0\u00a0\u0641\u0628\u062f\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u062f\u0648\u064b\u0627 \u0631\u062d\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u0635\u064a\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0641\u0642\u062f \u062c\u0627\u062f\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u060c \u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062a\u0646\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u064b\u0627.<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a\u060c \u062a\u0647\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0648\u0627\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0637\u0628\u0629(5) <\/sup>\u0648\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u062e \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0646\u0627 \u0628\u062d\u062f \u0630\u0627\u062a\u0647.\u00a0\u00a0\u0646\u062d\u0646 \u0628\u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0631 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a \u0623\u0639\u0645\u0642 \u0639\u0646 \u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a(<\/sup>6<\/sup>)<\/sup>\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0646\u062a\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u064a \u062a\u0648\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645.<\/p>\n

\"\"
\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629: \u0641\u064a \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 “\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0644 \u0634\u064a\u0621” \u060c \u064a\u062f\u0651\u0639\u064a \u063a\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0631 \u0648\u0648\u064a\u0646\u063a\u0631\u0648 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0629 <\/span>\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0645\u062a\u0646\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u064b\u0627.<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

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\"\"
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\u0641\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0643\u0631\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0628\u0644\u063a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0631 \u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0622\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0633\u0646\u0629(<\/sup>11<\/sup>)<\/sup>\u00a0\u0644\u0627 \u062a\u064f\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0651\u064e\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644\u00a0\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0631\u0645\u064a \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a\u0629.\u00a0\u00a0\u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u060c \u064a\u062a\u0623\u0631\u062c\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0648\u0646 – \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0631\u0645\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0648\u0627\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0633\u0645(<\/sup>12<\/sup>)<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

\"\"
\u0623\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u06af\u0648\u0628\u0643\u0644\u064a \u062a\u067e\u0647<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u063a\u0631\u064a\u0628\u0631 \u0648\u0648\u064a\u0646\u063a\u0631\u0648 \u060c \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u062f\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 (\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0629(<\/sup>13<\/sup>)<\/sup>) \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0636 \u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u064a\u06a4\u0627\u0644 \u0647\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a (Harari) \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0648\u064a \u0639\u0646 \u0625\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b.<\/p>\n

\u0628\u0635\u0641\u062a\u064a \u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u062b\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u062a\u062e\u0635\u0635\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639\u060c \u0623\u0639\u062a\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u0643\u0644\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0627\u064a\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u062e\u0637\u0623\u062a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u0627 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e.\u00a0\u00a0\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0645 \u0623\u0646 \u0646\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u064a\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u062b\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0648\u0627\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a(<\/sup>14<\/sup>)<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u060c \u0635\u0646\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u062b\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0644\u0648\u064a\u0633 \u0647\u0646\u0631\u064a (Lewis Henry Morgan<\/a>)\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0644: \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u062d\u0634 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0645\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0629<\/strong>(<\/sup>15<\/sup>)<\/sup>.\u00a0\u00a0\u0648\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0641\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a. \u0647\u0630\u0647 “\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629” \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0639\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u062a\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u062e\u0627\u0637\u0626 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0645\u0633\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u062b\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u0636\u0631\u0629.\u00a0\u00a0[\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645:\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u064a \u0647\u0648 \u062a\u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0642\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627(<\/sup>16<\/sup>)<\/sup>].<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0623\u062e\u0630\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645. \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u064a \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0627\u062a\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0646.<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u062b\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627 \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0648\u0627\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0624\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0639\u0642\u062f \u0641\u064a 1966 \u0628\u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062c\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0627\u062f (Man the Hunter). \u0648\u0641\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c\u060c \u0639\u0627\u0634 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631\u060c \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0629\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0628\u062f\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u0632\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u0636\u0645 \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a 25 \u0634\u062e\u0635\u064b\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0648\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631(<\/sup>17<\/sup>)<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

\u0623\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0627\u0646\u0639\u0642\u0627\u062f \u0645\u0624\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062c\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0627\u062f (Man the Hunter) \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d \u0641\u0647\u0645\u0646\u0627 \u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646.<\/p>\n

\"\"
\u0644\u0648\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0641\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062e\u0648\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0629 \u062c\u0628\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u0648\u0645\u0628\u0627 (Vumba) \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0643\u0627 (Manica) \u060c \u0645\u0648\u0632\u0645\u0628\u064a\u0642<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0648\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\u0623\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0636\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637\u0629 \u0646\u0633\u0628(<\/sup>18<\/sup>)<\/sup>.\u00a0\u00a0\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u060c \u062a\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637\u064a\u0646 \u0646\u0633\u0628\u064a\u064b\u0627.\u00a0\u00a0\u0648\u0642\u062f \u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u062b\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0644\u064a\u0633\u062a \u0643\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u063a\u0644\u0642\u0629.\u00a0\u00a0\u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646\u060c \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0641\u0638 \u0628\u0631\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639\u0629 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u064a\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0646\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629(<\/sup>19<\/sup>)<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u062a\u0646\u0648\u0639\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b(<\/sup>20<\/sup>)<\/sup>\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0627 \u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627(<\/sup>21<\/sup>)<\/sup>. \u064a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u062b\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u062a\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u062e\u0630 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0648\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u062f \u0648\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0642\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0643\u0648\u0646\u063a! (!Kung<\/a>)\u00a0\u0641\u064a \u0635\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0643\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0647\u0627\u0631\u064a(<\/sup>21<\/sup>)<\/sup>\u00a0\u0623\u0648 \u0642\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0640\u00a0\u0647\u0627\u062f\u0632\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0646\u0632\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627(<\/sup>23<\/sup>)<\/sup>.\u00a0\u00a0\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0621 \u0628\u062f\u0648\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u0635\u0639\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u062a\u062e\u0632\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0631\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0648\u0627\u0629 \u0646\u0633\u0628\u064a\u064b\u0627.\u00a0\u00a0\u0623\u0639\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u064a\u062a\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0630 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u0623\u062d\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062e\u0631.<\/p>\n

\u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649\u060c \u064a\u0628\u062f\u0648 \u0623\u0646 \u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0648\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0628\u0631\u0648\u0632\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u062a\u0631\u0643\u062a \u0648\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u062f\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0630\u0643\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u062e\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u062f\u0641\u0646 \u0645\u062a\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0632\u0629(<\/sup>24<\/sup>)<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

\u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a (\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0648\u0627\u0647\u062f) \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629\u060c \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u062b\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062a\u062c\u0648\u0627 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0648\u062b\u0648\u0642(<\/sup>25<\/sup>)<\/sup>\u00a0\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634\u0648\u0646 \u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0648\u0627\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629\u00a0(<\/sup>26<\/sup>)<\/sup>. [\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645: \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 (politics) \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u062a\u062e\u0630 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645. \u062a\u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0642\u062f \u0627\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0633 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u064a\u062a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0645\u0639\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644 (<\/sup>27<\/sup>)<\/sup>].<\/p>\n

\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0648\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062a\u0639\u0642\u064a\u062f\u064b\u0627(<\/sup>25<\/sup>)<\/sup>\u00a0\u0628\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0645\u0646. \u062a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0646\u0642\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642 \u0646\u062d\u0648 “\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0629” \u0648\u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0648\u0627\u0629.\u00a0\u00a0\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0643\u0646 \u062d\u062f\u062b\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0641\u0631\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0623\u0648 \u0623\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b \u0645\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u0628\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u0628\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a.\u00a0\u00a0\u0628\u0644\u060c \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u062f\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0642\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0648\u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0648\u0627\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u064a\u0630\u0643\u0631 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u2018\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0644 \u0634\u064a\u0621\u2019\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0630\u0643\u0631 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u062b\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0642\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0628\u0624\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0648\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u0636\u0641\u064a \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a\u064a \u0638\u0647\u0631\u062a \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0628\u0632\u0645\u0646 \u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0631\u0628\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0648\u062f \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0633\u0637 (\u0645\u0646 50 \u0623\u0644\u0641 \u0625\u0644\u0649 280 \u0623\u0644\u0641 \u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0636\u062a).\u00a0\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u064a\u0631. \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0645\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0643.<\/p>\n

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\u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u060c \u0638\u0647\u0631\u062a \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0646\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0630\u0647\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0629. \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u062a\u0639\u0643\u0633 \u0634\u0631\u064a\u062d\u0629 \u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0648\u0639 . \u0645\u0627 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u064a\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u0646\u062a\u062e\u064a\u0644\u0647.<\/p>\n

\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0648\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635:<\/strong>
\n1- https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629_\u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629<\/a>
\n2- https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629_\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0648\u0631_(\u0639\u0644\u0645_\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639)<\/a>
\n3- “\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0642\u0644: \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0635\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a (Sapiens: A Brief History of Humankind) \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0623\u0644\u064a\u0641 \u064a\u0648\u06a4\u0627\u0644 \u0646\u0648\u062d \u0647\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a \u064a\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0648\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u00a0\u0623\u0646\u062b\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0629<\/a>\u00a0\u062a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0641\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0648\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a.\u00a0\u00a0\u0646\u064f\u0634\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0651\u0644 \u0637\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645 2011\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u062d\u0648 45 \u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629.\u00a0\u00a0\u0630\u0643\u0631 \u0647\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0647 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u0631 \u0628\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u062c\u0627\u0631\u062f \u062f\u0627\u064a\u0645\u0648\u0646\u062f \u0648\u0628\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 “\u0633\u0644\u0627\u062d\u060c \u0628\u0643\u062a\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0641\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0630”\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062c\u0639\u0644\u0647 \u064a\u0633\u0623\u0644 \u0639\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0645\u0639\u0642\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u062b\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 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\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0623\u0641\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u064a\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0623\u062f\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 ”\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0642\u0644” \u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0625\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0644\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0631\u062a\u0627\u0644<\/a>”\u00a0 \u060c \u0645\u0642\u062a\u0628\u0633 \u0628\u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0631\u0641 \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0635 \u0648\u0631\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646: https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0642\u0644:_\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e_\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0635\u0631_\u0644\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0633_\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a<\/a>
\n4- https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/The_Dawn_of_Everything<\/a>
\n5- https:\/\/www.pewresearch.org\/politics\/2014\/06\/12\/political-polarization-in-the-american-public\/<\/a>
\n6- “\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646<\/a>\u00a0\u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644<\/a>\u00a0\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0627\u062a \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629<\/a> \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0635\u0641\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u062c\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a” \u060c \u0645\u0642\u062a\u0628\u0633 \u0645\u0639 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0631\u0641 \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0635 \u0648\u0631\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646:
\nhttps:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629_\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629<\/a>
\n7- https:\/\/www.smithsonianmag.com\/science-nature\/60-mammoths-house-russia-180974426\/<\/a>
\n8- ” \u06af\u0648\u0628\u0643\u0644\u064a \u062a\u067e\u0647 [G\u00f6bekli Tepe<\/em>]\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0639\u0646\u064a “\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0631\u064e\u0651\u0634\u0629”\u00a0\u0648\u0647\u064a \u062d\u0631\u0645 \u0645\u0642\u062f\u0633 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u00a0 \u0645\u064f\u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0631\u0628\u0648\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u062c\u0628\u0644\u064a \u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628 \u0634\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0627\u0636\u0648\u0644 . \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0623\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0645\u0628\u0646\u0649\u064b \u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631\u00a0\u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a 12 \u0623\u0644\u0641 \u0633\u0646\u0629 \u062e\u0644\u062a\u060c \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0634\u064f\u064a\u062f\u062a \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0648\u062c\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0639\u062f 15 \u0643\u0645 \u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628 \u0634\u0631\u0642\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0647\u0627<\/a>\u00a0\/\u00a0\u0627\u0648\u0631\u0641\u0627<\/a> \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0631\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0628 (\u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628 \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0627 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u064b). \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0627\u0643\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062b\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0641\u064a 1994\u060c \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0634\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0643\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0641 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0646\u06a4\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0686\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0631 \u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0633\u064a” K \u0645\u0642\u062a\u0628\u0633 \u0628\u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0631\u0641 \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0635 \u0648\u0631\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646:
\nhttps:\/\/www.marefa.org\/\u06af\u0648\u0628\u0643\u0644\u064a_\u062a\u067e\u0647<\/a>
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\n10- https:\/\/globalheritagefund.org\/2017\/11\/03\/gobekli-tepe-discovering-worlds-oldest-religious-site\/<\/a>
\n11- https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fdigh.2019.00010\/full<\/a>
\n12- https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/2844522?origin=crossref<\/a>
\n13- “\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0629 (psychological resilience) \u0647\u064a \u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635 \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0642\u0644\u0645<\/a> \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0635\u0627\u0639\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0638\u0644 \u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0635\u0639\u0628\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0645\u062d\u0646 \u0642\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0627\u0626\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0639\u0627\u0637\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648\u00a0\u0623\u0632\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0635\u062d\u064a\u0629<\/a>\u00a0\u0623\u0648 \u0645\u062a\u0627\u0639\u0628 \u0645\u0647\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629.\u00a0\u00a0\u062a\u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 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\u0628\u0628\u0637\u0621 \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u062c. \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0645\u062d\u0627\u064a\u062f\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0646\u0637\u0648\u064a\u060c \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0624\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644” K \u0645\u0642\u062a\u0628\u0633 \u0628\u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0631\u0641 \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0635 \u0648\u0631\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646: https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631_\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a<\/a>
\n15- https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/three-age-system<\/a>
\n16-\u00a0 https:\/\/www.igi-global.com\/dictionary\/stage-model\/28105<\/a>
\n17- https:\/\/www.routledge.com\/Man-the-Hunter\/Lee-DeVore\/p\/book\/9780202330327<\/a>
\n18- https:\/\/www.science.org\/doi\/10.1126\/science.1199071<\/a>
\n19- https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S004724841830157X<\/a>
\n20- https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/books\/lifeways-of-huntergatherers\/119FA31DAC04B7A4787D1C6B0248AFEE<\/a>
\n21- https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/book\/9780125647502\/prehistoric-hunters-gatherers?via=ihub=<\/a>
\n22- https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Kung<\/a>
\n23-\u00a0 https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/\u0647\u0627\u062f\u0632\u0627<\/a>
\n24- https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10539-010-9196-4<\/a>
\n25- https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S2352250X19301174?via%3Dihub<\/a>
\n26- https:\/\/www.pnas.org\/doi\/full\/10.1073\/pnas.1708800115<\/a>
\n27- https:\/\/simple.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Politics<\/a>
\n28- “\u0641\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0642\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0647\u0648 \u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0641\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645\u064a \u064a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639. \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0642\u064a\u062f(<\/sup>28<\/sup>)<\/sup> \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 [\u0648\u0647\u064a \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0635\u0635\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0637\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629]\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u0642\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u062c\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u062a\u064a\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0628.\u00a0\u00a0\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u060c \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u064f\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u0639\u0642\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u0633\u064a\u0637\u064b\u0627 \u0647\u064a \u0623\u0645\u0648\u0631 \u0646\u0633\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0642\u062f \u064a\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0631\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0645\u0646.\u00a0\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0644\u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d “\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0642\u064a\u062f” \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u062e\u0627\u0635 \u064a\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0643\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u062a\u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a \u0645\u0639\u0642\u062f.\u00a0\u00a0\u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0642\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0648\u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0634\u0626\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062d\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0643\u0631\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062b \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0648\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a” \u060c \u0645\u0642\u062a\u0628\u0633 \u0628\u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0631\u0641 \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0635 \u0648\u0631\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646: https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Social_complexity<\/a>
\n29- “\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0642\u064a\u062f (complexity) \u0639\u0643\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0633\u064a\u0637 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0633\u0627\u0637\u0629<\/a> .\u00a0\u00a0\u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0642\u064a\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0642\u062f \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0633\u0647\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0639\u0642\u062f \u0628\u062d\u062f \u0630\u0627\u062a\u0647.\u00a0\u00a0\u062a\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0648\u0627\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u062a\u0639\u0642\u064a\u062f\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u064a \u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0628\u0633\u064a\u0637\u064a\u0629”.\u00a0\u00a0\u0645\u0642\u062a\u0628\u0633 \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0635 \u0648\u0631\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646:
\nhttps:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/\u062a\u0639\u0642\u062f<\/a>
\n30- https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/2156012<\/a>
\n31- https:\/\/www.ucpress.edu\/book\/9780520206168\/aboriginal-slavery-on-the-northwest-coast-of-north-america<\/a>
\n
\n\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633:<\/strong>
\nhttps:\/\/theconversation.com\/the-origins-of-human-society-are-more-complex-than-we-thought-179137<\/a><\/h5>\n
\"\"
\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0630 \u0639\u062f\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062c\u064a<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

The origins of human society are more complex than we thought (\u0628\u0642\u0644\u0645: \u06a4\u064a\u06a4\u064a\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u06a4\u064a\u0646\u0643\u0627\u062a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u0645\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0623\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0630 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u062b\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0622\u062b\u0627\u0631\u060c \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0643\u0646\u062f\u0627 – Vivek V. Venkataraman) \u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0639\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u0627 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0646\u0628\u062b\u0642\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u062a\u062f\u0631\u062c \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0636\u0637\u0631\u0627\u062f.\u00a0\u00a0\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0623\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0646\u0627 \u0643\u0635\u064a\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646 (\u064a\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0637\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631) \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0634 …<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":18442,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_exactmetrics_skip_tracking":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_active":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_note":"","_exactmetrics_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[19],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-18439","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","","category-19"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/18439","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/4"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=18439"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/18439\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":18449,"href":"https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/18439\/revisions\/18449"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/18442"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=18439"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=18439"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=18439"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}