{"id":16422,"date":"2022-06-08T13:12:36","date_gmt":"2022-06-08T10:12:36","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/?p=16422"},"modified":"2022-06-08T13:12:36","modified_gmt":"2022-06-08T10:12:36","slug":"%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ab%d9%82%d8%a7%d9%81%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b9%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b1%d8%a6%d9%8a%d8%b3%d9%8a%d8%a9-25-%d8%b9%d9%84%d9%8a-%d8%b9%d8%a8%d8%af","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/?p=16422","title":{"rendered":"\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 (25) \u2013 \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0634\u064a"},"content":{"rendered":"

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\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0641\u0648\u0634\u064a\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0645\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0643 \u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u062c\u064a\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629 “\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0627\u063a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0646\u064a”. \u062a\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u0636\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0646 (the virtue of ren) \u0623\u0648 “\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629” (“humanity”)\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0641\u0636\u064a\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u062b\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0636\u0639. \u0648\u0631\u064a\u0646 (\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 (\u4ec1) \u062a\u0639\u0646\u064a “\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0643\u0629”\u060c \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0641\u0648\u0634\u064a\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062f\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0636\u0644 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0643\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u0623\u062b\u0650\u0631\u064c\u060c \u0623 \u064a \u064a\u064e\u0633\u0652\u062a\u064e\u0623\u062b\u0650\u0631\u064f \u0639\u064e\u0644\u064e\u0649 \u063a\u064e\u064a\u0631\u0650\u0647\u0650 \u0628\u0650\u0627\u0644\u062e\u064e\u064a\u0652\u0631 .<\/p>\n

\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u0648\u0636\u064a\u062d \u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u062a\u0634\u0628\u064a\u0647\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0639\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0643\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0642\u064a\u060c \u0641\u0633\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u062d\u0643\u0645\u0647 \u0633\u0644\u0645\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u062e\u064a\u0631\u064b\u0627. \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0643\u0648\u0646\u0641\u0648\u0634\u064a\u0648\u0633 \u064a\u0624\u0645\u0646 \u0628\u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0644 \u062e\u0644\u0642 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0636\u0644\u0629. \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0633 \u0637\u064a\u0628\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0631\u0628\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0642\u062f \u0627\u0628\u062a\u0639\u062f\u0648\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u0623\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629. \u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0642\u0648\u0633 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0641\u0648\u0634\u064a\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0625\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0631\u0645 \u0648\u062e\u0644\u0642 \u0634\u0639\u0648\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629. \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0641\u0648\u0634\u064a\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0647\u064a \u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u062a\u0638\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0641\u0648\u0634\u064a\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0627\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0627\u062f\u064b \u0644\u0647\u0627. \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0647\u062f \u0623\u0633\u0631\u0629 \u0647\u0627\u0646\u060c \u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0648\u0648 \u062f\u064a (Wu Di) \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0628\u064a\u0646 141 – 87 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0641\u0648\u0634\u064a\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0629. \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a\u060c \u062a\u0645 \u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0643\u0648\u0646\u0641\u0648\u0634\u064a\u0648\u0633 \u0644\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0641\u0648\u0634\u064a\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0641\u0648\u0634\u064a\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u062c\u0646\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0646\u0628 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0630\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0642\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0643\u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a. \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0647\u062f \u0623\u0633\u0631\u0629 \u0633\u0648\u0646\u063a (Song Dynasty) \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 960-1279 \u0645 \u0623\u062f\u0649 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0630\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0638\u0647\u0648\u0631 “\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0641\u0648\u0634\u064a\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629” \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062c\u0645\u0639\u062a \u0623\u0641\u0643\u0627\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b. \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0647\u062f \u0623\u0633\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u0634\u064a\u0646\u063a (Qing dynasty) \u0628\u064a\u0646 1644-1912\u0645\u060c \u0628\u062d\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0641\u0648\u0634\u064a\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u062f\u0649 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0641\u0648\u0634\u064a\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

\u0630\u0647\u0628 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u062f\u0639\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0633\u064a\u0648\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0648\u062c\u0627\u062f\u0644\u0648\u0627 \u0628\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0633\u064a\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u062e\u0644\u0642\u062a \u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u064b\u0627 \u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644. \u0648\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0641\u0639\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062f\u0639\u0627\u0621 \u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062c\u0631\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642 \u0648\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0637\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0631\u0639\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u062c\u0632\u0626\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0627 \u0643\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u0623\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u062c\u0634\u0639\u064a\u0646. \u0648\u0623\u0631\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0627 \u0643\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0631\u0639\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0646\u064a\u0646. \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u064a\u0636 \u0645\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0633\u064a\u0648\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0643\u0644 \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0647\u062a\u0645\u0648\u0627 \u0628\u0623\u062c\u062f\u0627\u062f\u0647\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0639\u0645\u0644\u0648\u0627 \u0628\u062c\u062f\u060c \u0648\u0627\u062f\u062e\u0631\u0648\u0627 \u0623\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0631\u0633\u0648\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0645 \u0644\u0639\u0627\u0626\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645.<\/p>\n

\u0648\u062c\u0627\u062f\u0644 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0641\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0633\u064a\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0623\u0646 “\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0633\u064a\u0648\u064a\u0629” \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0641\u0648\u0634\u064a\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u062c\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u062a\u0623\u0643\u064a\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0645\u0646 “\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629” \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u064a\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u062f\u064a\u0629. \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0631\u062d\u0648\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0641\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0641\u0631\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0622\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u064a\u0641\u0633\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0633\u064a\u0648\u064a \u0648\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0633\u064a\u0648\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a.<\/p>\n

\u0635\u062f\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0631\u064a\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0633\u064a\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u062a\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0639\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u064a\u0646. \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0641\u0639\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0633\u064a\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0646 \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0621 \u0641\u0639\u0644\u0647 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0622\u0633\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0631\u0624\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062c\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0644\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0643 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0633\u064a\u0648\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644. \u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0645\u0624\u064a\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0633\u064a\u0648\u064a\u0629\u060c “\u0646\u062d\u0646 \u0646\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u062c\u064a\u062f \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0641\u0633\u0646\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0627 \u0628\u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0644\u0639\u0628 \u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u0627 \u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0646”.<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\u0648\u0641\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 (World Values)\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a\u064a\u0646 “\u062a\u0623\u062a\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0648\u0642\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0633\u0631\u062a\u0643\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0636\u0628\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0627\u062a\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0648\u062f”. \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u064f\u0633\u0623\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u0639\u0644\u0647\u0645 \u0623\u0633\u0639\u062f\u060c \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u062c\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0630\u064a\u0630\u0629. \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0633\u0624\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0639\u062f\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0643\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646. \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0644\u0642\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u062e\u0628\u0627\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u062c\u064a\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u064a\u0623\u062e\u0630\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u0631\u0635\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u062f\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0625\u0638\u0647\u0627\u0631 \u0633\u0639\u0627\u062f\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629. \u0642\u062f \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u062c\u0644 \u0623\u0648 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0628\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0638\u0647\u0627\u0631 \u0633\u0639\u0627\u062f\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0646.<\/p>\n

\"Happiness<\/p>\n

\u0641\u064a \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0623\u062c\u0631\u064a\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0628\u062a\u0645\u0628\u0631 2008:<\/strong><\/p>\n

    \n
  • \u0642\u0627\u0644 88 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0626\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u0645 \u0633\u0624\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0645 \u0625\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0633\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0621.<\/li>\n
  • 10 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0626\u0629 \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0642\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627 \u0625\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0633\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0621.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

    \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u0633\u064f\u0626\u0644\u0648\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0633\u0639\u0627\u062f\u062a\u0647\u0645:<\/strong><\/p>\n

      \n
    • \u0642\u0627\u0644 29 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0626\u0629 “\u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0634\u064a\u0621 \u062c\u064a\u062f”\u060c<\/li>\n
    • \u0648\u0642\u0627\u0644 60 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0626\u0629 “\u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0634\u064a\u0621 \u0633\u064a\u0621”.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

      \u0648\u062c\u062f \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0639 \u0623\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0632\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0637\u064a \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a:<\/strong><\/p>\n

        \n
      • \u0623\u0646 61 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0626\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0637\u0644\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0631 \u0642\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627 \u0625\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0633\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0621\u060c<\/li>\n
      • \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0642\u0627\u0644 44 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0626\u0629 \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0639\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0631 \u0625\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0645\u0634\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062e\u0627\u0648\u0641 \u0628\u0634\u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0634\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a \u0643\u0623\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0644\u0645\u062e\u0627\u0648\u0641\u0647\u0645\u060c<\/li>\n
      • \u0648\u0642\u0627\u0644 48 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0626\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0625\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0633\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u0640 50 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0626\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0621.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

        \u0641\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062c\u0647<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

        \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0633\u064a\u0648\u064a\u064a\u0646\u060c \u064a\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u062d\u0641\u0638 \u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062c\u0647. \u062d\u0641\u0638 \u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062c\u0647 \u0647\u0648 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0645 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0628\u0646\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0623\u0641\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0639 \u062a\u0628\u0631\u0631 \u0627\u0647\u0645\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0647\u0645. \u0625\u0646 \u0641\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0645 \u064a\u0647\u062f\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0645\u0639 \u0643\u0644 \u0634\u062e\u0635 \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647 \u0648\u064a\u0635\u0639\u0628 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0627\u062f\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u0641\u0642\u062f\u0647 \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u062a\u062c\u0646\u0628\u0647 \u0628\u0623\u064a \u062b\u0645\u0646.<\/p>\n

        \u0641\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062c\u0647 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062e\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a\u064a\u0646. \u0648\u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0641\u0647\u0645 \u064a\u0628\u0630\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0642\u0635\u0627\u0631\u0649 \u062c\u0647\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0644\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0648\u0627 \u0645\u0647\u0630\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0628\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0627\u0638 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0646\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0641 \u0648\u062a\u062c\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0632\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062d\u0631\u0627\u062c \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0639\u064a\u0647\u0645 \u0644\u062a\u062c\u0646\u0628 \u0641\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062c\u0647. \u0648\u0647\u0645 \u064a\u0633\u0627\u0648\u0648\u0646 \u062d\u0641\u0638 \u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062c\u0647 \u0628\u0640 “\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u0639\u0629”. \u0648\u0642\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0623\u0646 “\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062c\u0647 \u0623\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0629”.<\/p>\n

        \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0643\u0628 \u0634\u062e\u0635 \u0645\u0627 \u0634\u064a\u0626\u064b\u0627 \u062e\u0627\u0637\u0626\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0641\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u0637\u0647\u0631 \u0648\u064a\u0639\u062a\u0630\u0631. \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0628\u0634\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0625\u0646\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0646\u0628 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u063a\u062a\u0641\u0631 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0641. \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0636\u064a\u060c \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0646\u0637\u0648\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062c\u0647 \u0639\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u062d\u0627\u0631.<\/p>\n

        \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0634\u062e\u0635 \u0648\u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u0632\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u062a\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0641\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062c\u0647. \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0644\u0627 \u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0641\u0642\u062f\u0647 \u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u062c\u0647\u0647. \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0627\u0638 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062c\u0647 \u0648\u062a\u062c\u0646\u0628 \u0641\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062c\u0647 \u0645\u0641\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0645\u0647\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u064a\u0633\u062a \u0628\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0647\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u064a\u0634\u0639\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631. \u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0633\u0643\u0648\u062a \u0633\u064a\u0644\u064a\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0646 (Scott Seligman)\u060c \u0645\u0624\u0644\u0641 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0622\u062f\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0633\u064a\u0648\u064a\u0629 (Asian etiquette)\u060c “\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0641\u0638 \u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062c\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0642\u064a\u062f … \u0631\u0628\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0636\u064a\u0639\u0629 … \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0645\u062a\u0637\u0631\u0641\u064b\u0627”.<\/p>\n

        \"\"<\/p>\n

        \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0631<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

        \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u0648\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u062e\u062c\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u064a\u0643\u0631\u0647\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062d\u0631\u0627\u062c. \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0627\u0638 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u062c\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062d\u0631\u0627\u062c \u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0628\u0627\u0646. \u0643\u062a\u0628\u062a \u0631\u0648\u062b \u0628\u0646\u062f\u064a\u0643\u062a (Ruth Benedict) \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0647\u064a “\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0631” (shame culture) \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 “\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0648\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0627\u062a” \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0647\u064a “\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0646\u0628” (guilt culture) \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 “\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u064a\u0626\u0629”.<\/p>\n

        \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0646\u0628 \u064a\u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0637\u0644\u0642\u0629. \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0628\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649\u060c \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643 “\u0645\u0646 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0642\u0641” \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0641 \u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0631\u062f \u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0646. \u0628\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0628 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0637\u064a\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0623\u0633\u0648\u0623 \u062e\u0648\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062d\u0631\u0627\u062c \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0648 \u0641\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u062c\u0647\u0647.<\/p>\n

        \u0625\u0646 \u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0637\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0648\u0628 \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0648\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0636 \u0628\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0641\u0631\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0631\u0628\u0645\u0627 \u062e\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0635\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645. \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0645\u064a\u0648\u0627\u0643\u0648 (Meiwaku) \u0643\u0644\u0645\u0629 \u064a\u0627\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0632\u0639\u0627\u062c (bothersome) \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a \u062a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0627\u0639\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0633\u0628\u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u062f.<\/p>\n

        \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u064a\u0648\u0627\u0643\u0648 (Meiwaku \u8ff7\u60d1) \u0628\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 “\u0627\u0632\u0639\u0627\u062c” \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629-\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u064a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0635\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0634\u064a\u0626\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u062b\u0644 “\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0643\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0645\u0648\u0636\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u062d\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0647\u0645” \u060c \u0648\u0647\u0643\u0630\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0646\u064a. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0633\u062a\u064f\u0646\u0637\u0642 \u0645\u064a\u0647\u0648 (\u8ff7\u60d1)\u060c \u0648\u0631\u0628\u0645\u0627 \u00a0\u0645\u064a\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0647 (Mend\u014d – \u00a0\u8ff7\u60d1 \u2013-) \u0648\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u064a\u0648\u0627\u0643\u0648 \u0645\u062b\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0643\u0644\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u064a\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0647 (\u9762 \u5012-Mend\u014d) \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644: \u0631\u0639\u0627\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0635\u0639\u0648\u0628\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0647\u060c \u0646\u0627\u062f\u0631\u060c \u0645\u0631\u0647\u0642\u060c \u0645\u062a\u0627\u0639\u0628 \u0648\u0642\u0644\u0642.<\/p>\n

        \"\"
        \u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629: sady-editor.com<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

        \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0634\u062e\u0635 \u0645\u0627 \u0634\u064a\u0626\u064b\u0627 \u064a\u064f\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0633\u064a\u0626\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0647 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u062f \u0641\u062d\u0633\u0628\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0622\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0626\u0644\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629. \u0648\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0633 \u0645\u0648\u0638\u0641 \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u064a\u062c\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0632\u0648\u062c\u062a\u0647 \u0623\u0648 \u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0648 \u062d\u064a\u0651\u0647 \u0623\u0648 \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0631\u062a\u0647 \u0623\u0648 \u0623\u064a \u0634\u062e\u0635 \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637 \u0628\u0647. \u0648\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0623\u0639\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0634\u064a\u0626\u064b\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0626\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0641\u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0628\u0623\u0643\u0645\u0644\u0647\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u062d\u0644\u0642 \u0631\u0624\u0648\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639.<\/p>\n

        \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0623\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0645 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0639\u0643\u0633 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0639\u0627\u0626\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u062d\u0633\u0628\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u062a\u0646\u0639\u0643\u0633 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0644\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0628\u0623\u0643\u0645\u0644\u0647. \u0642\u0627\u0645\u062a \u064a\u0648\u0643\u0648 \u0623\u0648\u0646\u0648 (Yoko Ono) \u0628\u0631\u062d\u0644\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0637\u0641\u0644\u0629 \u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629\u060c \u062a\u0630\u0643\u0631\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0647\u064a \u062a\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0644\u0647\u0627: [\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0646\u062a \u0634\u0642\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0644\u0646 \u064a\u0641\u0643\u0631 \u0623\u062d\u062f\u060c “\u064a\u0648\u0643\u0648 \u0641\u062a\u0627\u0629 \u0633\u064a\u0626\u0629”\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0633\u0648\u0641 \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0643\u0644\u0647\u0645 \u0633\u064a\u0626\u0627\u062a. \u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646\u064a \u062d\u0630\u0631\u0629. \u0643\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f \u0645\u0646\u0627 \u062f\u0628\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0648\u0633\u0641\u064a\u0631 \u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f\u0647].<\/p>\n

        \u0633\u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b \u0639\u0646 [\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062d\u0631\u0627\u062c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0642 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a\u064a\u0646] \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0645 \u201c\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 (26)\u201d\u060c\u060c\u060c\u060c\u060c\u060c<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

        \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631:<\/strong><\/p>\n

          \n
        1. \u00a0https:\/\/factsanddetails.com\/japan\/cat18\/sub115\/item615.html<\/li>\n
        2. \u0646\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0638\u064a\u0645\u064a\u060c \u0646\u064a\u0648\u064a\u0648\u0631\u0643 \u062a\u0627\u064a\u0645\u0632\u060c 7 \u064a\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0648 2010<\/li>\n
        3. https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Salaryman<\/li>\n
        4. \u00a0\u0628\u0648\u0644 \u062b\u064a\u0631\u0648\u060c \u0630\u0627 \u062f\u064a\u0644\u064a \u0628\u064a\u0633\u062a\u060c 20 \u0622\u0630\u0627\u0631 (\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633) 2011<\/li>\n
        5. \u00a0Kate Elwood\u060c Daily Yomiuri\u060c June 8\u060c 2010<\/li>\n
        6. https:\/\/languagelog.ldc.upenn.edu\/nll\/?p=21364<\/li>\n
        7. https:\/\/www.merriam-webster.com\/dictionary<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n
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