{"id":12935,"date":"2021-10-15T11:28:15","date_gmt":"2021-10-15T08:28:15","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/?p=12935"},"modified":"2021-10-15T11:28:15","modified_gmt":"2021-10-15T08:28:15","slug":"%d9%85%d9%82%d8%a7%d8%b1%d8%a8%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%aa%d8%ac%d8%a7%d8%b1%d8%a8-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b7%d8%a8%d9%8a%d8%b9%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ad%d8%a7%d8%a6%d8%b2%d8%a9-%d8%b9%d9%84%d9%89","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/?p=12935","title":{"rendered":"\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0629 &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629&#8221; \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0626\u0632\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0627\u0626\u0632\u0629 \u0646\u0648\u0628\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629\u00a0 \u062c\u0639\u0644\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0642\u0648\u0629 &#8211; \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u062f\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062c\u064a"},"content":{"rendered":"<h3 class=\"c-article-magazine-title\" style=\"text-align: center;\">Nobel-winning \u2018natural experiments\u2019 approach made economics more robust<br \/>\n<span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">(\u0628\u0642\u0644\u0645: \u0641\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644 &#8211; Philip Ball)<\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"font-size: 12pt; color: #008000;\">\u062a\u064e\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643 \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0648\u0634\u0648\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u063a\u0631\u064a\u0633\u062a \u0648\u062c\u063a\u0648\u064a\u062f\u0648 \u0625\u0645\u0628\u064a\u0646\u0632 \u0648\u062f\u064a\u0641\u064a\u062f \u0643\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0632 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0626\u0632\u0629 \u0644\u0625\u064a\u062c\u0627\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 (\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0644) \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629.<\/span><\/h3>\n<figure id=\"attachment_12936\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-12936\" style=\"width: 414px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-12936\" src=\"https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/d41586-021-02799-7_19750262.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"414\" height=\"233\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/d41586-021-02799-7_19750262.jpg 800w, https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/d41586-021-02799-7_19750262-300x169.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/d41586-021-02799-7_19750262-150x84.jpg 150w, https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/d41586-021-02799-7_19750262-768x432.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/d41586-021-02799-7_19750262-110x62.jpg 110w, https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/d41586-021-02799-7_19750262-293x165.jpg 293w, https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/d41586-021-02799-7_19750262-310x174.jpg 310w, https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/d41586-021-02799-7_19750262-587x330.jpg 587w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 414px) 100vw, 414px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-12936\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0633\u0627\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0646: \u062c\u0648\u0634\u0648\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u063a\u0631\u064a\u0633\u062a \u0648\u062c\u063a\u0648\u064a\u062f\u0648 \u0625\u0645\u0628\u064a\u0646\u0632 \u0648\u062f\u064a\u0641\u064a\u062f \u0643\u0627\u0631\u062f \u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0648\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0632 \u0628\u062c\u0627\u0626\u0632\u0629 \u0646\u0648\u0628\u0644 \u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 2021 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u0628\u062d\u0627\u062b\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f\u062a \u0623\u0628\u062d\u0627\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0634\u0647\u062f \u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629.<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0629 &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629&#8221; \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062c\u0639\u0644\u062a \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u0641\u0648\u0632\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u062c\u0627\u0626\u0632\u0629 \u0628\u0646\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a (Sveriges Riksbank) \u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 2021 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 [\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0643 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a \u0644\u062c\u0627\u0626\u0632\u0629 \u0646\u0648\u0628\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629]\u060c \u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0644 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0642\u0648\u0629\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0646.<\/p>\n<p>\u062d\u0635\u0644 \u062c\u0648\u0634\u0648\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u063a\u0631\u064a\u0633\u062a (Joshua Angrist) \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0647\u062f \u0645\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a\u0634\u0648\u0633\u062a\u0633 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627 (MIT) \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0645\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f\u062c\u060c \u0648\u063a\u0648\u064a\u062f\u0648 \u0625\u0645\u0628\u064a\u0646\u0632 (Guido Imbens) \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u0641\u0648\u0631\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0641\u0648\u0631\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u062f\u064a\u0641\u064a\u062f \u0643\u0627\u0631\u062f (David Card) \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0641\u0648\u0631\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0643\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0626\u0632\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u0628\u062d\u0627\u062b\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0636\u062d \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0646\u0628\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0635\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629. \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u062a \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u064a\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0646\u0649 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0638\u0627\u0626\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a\u061b \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0622\u062b\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0647\u062c\u0631\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>&#8220;\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0623\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f&#8221; \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u062f\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0643\u0648\u064a\u0644\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0645\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062f\u062c \u0648\u0645\u0624\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0628\u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646 <em>&#8220;<\/em><em>Cogs and monsters: what economics is, and what it should be<\/em><em>&#8221; [<\/em>\u0648\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629<em>\u00a0<\/em><em>Cogs and monsters<\/em><em>:\u00a0<\/em>\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u062a\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0645\u0635\u0644\u062d\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0647\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0623\u062b\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u064b\u0627]: \u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647&#8217; (1). \u0648\u0623\u0636\u0627\u0641\u062a \u0623\u0646 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0626\u0632\u0629 \u0633\u064a\u062d\u0638\u0649 \u0628\u062a\u0631\u062d\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0633\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u064a\u0646.<\/p>\n<p>&#8220;\u0647\u0624\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0626\u0632\u0648\u0646 \u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0641\u0639 &#8216;\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0639\u0637\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u064a&#8217; \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0623\u0628\u062d\u0627\u062b\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0643\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628\u064a\u0629&#8221;.<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-12937 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/\u0634\u063363.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"168\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/\u0634\u063363.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/\u0634\u063363-150x84.jpg 150w, https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/\u0634\u063363-110x62.jpg 110w, https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/\u0634\u063363-295x165.jpg 295w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/p>\n<p>\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 (\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0644) \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u062b\u0631 \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0636\u0628\u0637\u0629 &#8211; \u0643\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0636\u0628\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0634\u0627\u0629 (2) &#8211; \u0642\u062f \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u0623\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0642\u064a\u064b\u0627. \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0634\u0647\u062f &#8220;\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629&#8221; \u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0644\u064a\u0632\u0627 \u0643\u0648\u0643 (Lisa Cook)\u060c\u00a0 \u0628\u0631\u0641\u0633\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u064a (macroeconomist) (\u0627\u0646\u0637\u0631 3) \u0628\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u064a\u062a\u0634\u064a\u063a\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0625\u064a\u0633\u062a \u0644\u0627\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0646\u063a \u060c &#8220;\u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0647\u0624\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u0648\u0631\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629&#8221;.<\/p>\n<p>\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0643\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0644\u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 (Nature) \u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0626\u0632\u0629 \u062c\u0627\u0621\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 &#8220;\u0645\u0641\u0627\u062c\u0623\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0639\u0629&#8221;. &#8220;\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0642\u062f\u062a \u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u0631\u0629\u00a0 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u064b\u0627&#8221;. \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0642\u062f \u0643\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0628\u062d\u0627\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0647\u0648 &#8220;\u062d\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0633 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0630\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u062f \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0635\u062f\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629&#8221; \u060c \u0648\u0641\u064a &#8220;\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0639\u064a\u0641\u0629&#8221;.<\/p>\n<p>&#8220;\u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0647\u0624\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0648\u0642\u0628\u0644 [\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0628\u0631\u064a\u0646\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0646] \u0622\u0644\u0627\u0646 \u0643\u0631\u0648\u063a\u0631 (Alan Kruege)&#8221;\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0646 &#8220;\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u064a\u0642\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0627 \u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0632\u0645 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0639\u062f \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u064a\u0631\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0648\u064a\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0633\u0628\u0628\u064a\u0629 [\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0634\u064a\u0626\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0648 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631] \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u064a \u062f\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643&#8221;.<\/p>\n<p>\u0628\u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0648\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0631\u0635\u0627\u0646\u0629\u060c \u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0626\u0632\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638\u0627\u062a \u0643\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \/ \u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0648\u062b\u0648\u0642\u0629. &#8220;\u0623\u0646\u062a \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0632\u0645\u0627\u062a \/ \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0648\u0642\u0627\u062a (correlations) [\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u064a\u0627\u0621] \u0644\u0625\u062b\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a&#8221; \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0643\u0648\u0643. &#8220;\u062a\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u062a\u0623\u0643\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0642\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0633\u0628\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u064a \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u062a\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0648\u0636\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0647\u062a\u0645 \u0628\u0647\u0627&#8221;.<\/p>\n<p>\u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0624\u0643\u062f\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0623\u0646 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u064a\u0633\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062c\u0639. \u0648\u062a\u0642\u0648\u0644: &#8220;\u0641\u064a \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u060c \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0644\u0648\u0636\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0621\u0645\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0639\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0646\u0628\u0627\u0637 \u0633\u0628\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0648\u062b\u0648\u0642 \u0628\u0647\u0627&#8221;.<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u062d\u0644 \u0623\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0642\u064a<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u060c \u0642\u062f \u064a\u0633\u0639\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u0648\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0633\u0628\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0628\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0636\u0628\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0634\u0627\u0629\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u064f\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u064f\u062d\u062a\u0641\u0638 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649\u00a0 \u062b\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0629 \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u064a.<\/p>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u060c \u062a\u064f\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0628 \u0645\u0646\u0636\u0628\u0637\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u0634\u0627\u0629\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u064f\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0639\u0634\u0648\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0644\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0644\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0647\u0645\u064a. \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0636\u0628\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0634\u0627\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 &#8211; \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0628 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0634\u0647\u062f\u062a \u0645\u0646\u062d \u062c\u0627\u0626\u0632\u0629 2019 \u0644\u0625\u0633\u062a\u0631 \u062f\u0648\u0641\u0644\u0648 (Esther Duflo) \u0648\u0623\u0628\u0647\u064a\u062c\u064a\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0631\u062c\u064a\u00a0(Abhijit Banerjee)\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0647\u062f \u0645\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a\u0634\u0648\u0633\u062a\u0633 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0643\u0644 \u0643\u0631\u064a\u0645\u0631 (Michael Kremer)\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0634\u064a\u0643\u0627\u063a\u0648 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0646\u0648\u064a. \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u062d\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629 &#8211; \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u060c \u0644\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u064f\u0641\u0631\u0636 \u0623\u062c\u0648\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0648\u064a\u0629 \/ \u0645\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0641\u0626\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0633 \u0644\u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c\u064a\u0629. \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0626\u0632\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u064a\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u062f\u064a\u0644\u0629.<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-12940 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/423ae9ee4b604030b1763c05c9b34a85.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"310\" height=\"177\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/423ae9ee4b604030b1763c05c9b34a85.jpg 350w, https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/10\/423ae9ee4b604030b1763c05c9b34a85-300x171.jpg 300w, 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\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0642\u0636\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0646\u0649 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0648\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645 (\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0633\u0629 \/ \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629)\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0633\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0622\u062b\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u062c\u0631\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u064a\u0639\u062a\u0642\u062f \u0643\u0627\u0631\u062f\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0642\u062f \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0622\u062e\u0631\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0644\u0648 \u0628\u0642\u064a \u0643\u0631\u0648\u063a\u0631 &#8211; \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062a\u0631\u0623\u0633 \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u0643 \u0623\u0648\u0628\u0627\u0645\u0627 -\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 2019 \u060c \u0644\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0642\u062f \u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0632 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0626\u0632\u0629 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>\u0634\u0627\u0647\u062f \u06a4\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0648 \u0627\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0626\u0632\u0629:\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-8282 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/imagesllllllllllk.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"25\" height=\"25\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/imagesllllllllllk.png 225w, https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/imagesllllllllllk-150x150.png 150w, https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/imagesllllllllllk-75x75.png 75w, https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/imagesllllllllllk-165x165.png 165w, https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/imagesllllllllllk-205x205.png 205w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 25px) 100vw, 25px\" \/><\/p>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Announcement of the 2021 Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel\" width=\"618\" height=\"348\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/nUTRasDkXK0?start=11&#038;feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe><\/p>\n<h5><strong>\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0648\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635:<\/strong><br \/>\n1- <a href=\"https:\/\/www.blogger.com\/blog\/post\/edit\/5350306053883223752\/4572598250054907146?hl=en\">https:\/\/press.princeton.edu\/books\/hardcover\/9780691210599\/cogs-and-monsters<\/a><br \/>\n2- <a href=\"https:\/\/www.blogger.com\/blog\/post\/edit\/5350306053883223752\/4572598250054907146?hl=en\">https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/\u062a\u062c\u0631\u0628\u0629_\u0645\u0646\u0636\u0628\u0637\u0629_\u0645\u0639\u0634\u0627\u0629<\/a><br \/>\n3- &#8221; \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u064a (Macroeconomics) (\u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d \u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0646\u0629 1933\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0644\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.blogger.com\/blog\/post\/edit\/5350306053883223752\/4572598250054907146?hl=en\">\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a<\/a>\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0631\u0648\u064a\u062c\u064a\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.blogger.com\/blog\/post\/edit\/5350306053883223752\/4572598250054907146?hl=en\">\u0631\u0643\u0646\u0631 \u0641\u0631\u0634<\/a>\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0639\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.blogger.com\/blog\/post\/edit\/5350306053883223752\/4572598250054907146?hl=en\">\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f<\/a>\u00a0\u0643\u062a\u0644\u0629\u064b \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629\u064b\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0639 \u0639\u062f\u0651\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.blogger.com\/blog\/post\/edit\/5350306053883223752\/4572598250054907146?hl=en\">\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062a\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a<\/a>\u00a0(GDP) \u0648\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644\u0627\u062a\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.blogger.com\/blog\/post\/edit\/5350306053883223752\/4572598250054907146?hl=en\">\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0629<\/a>\u00a0\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0639\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0628\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0641\u0647\u0645\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.blogger.com\/blog\/post\/edit\/5350306053883223752\/4572598250054907146?hl=en\">\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f<\/a>\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.blogger.com\/blog\/post\/edit\/5350306053883223752\/4572598250054907146?hl=en\">\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644<\/a>\u00a0\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0647\u0645\u0627. \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0647\u0627\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.blogger.com\/blog\/post\/edit\/5350306053883223752\/4572598250054907146?hl=en\">\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0646<\/a>\u00a0\u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0641\u064a\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.blogger.com\/blog\/post\/edit\/5350306053883223752\/4572598250054907146?hl=en\">\u0627\u0644\u062f\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a<\/a>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.blogger.com\/blog\/post\/edit\/5350306053883223752\/4572598250054907146?hl=en\">\u0644\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629<\/a>\u00a0\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062a\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0647\u0644\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644\u0627\u062a\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.blogger.com\/blog\/post\/edit\/5350306053883223752\/4572598250054907146?hl=en\">\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0629<\/a>\u060c\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.blogger.com\/blog\/post\/edit\/5350306053883223752\/4572598250054907146?hl=en\">\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u062e\u0627\u0631<\/a>\u060c\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.blogger.com\/blog\/post\/edit\/5350306053883223752\/4572598250054907146?hl=en\">\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631<\/a>\u060c\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.blogger.com\/blog\/post\/edit\/5350306053883223752\/4572598250054907146?hl=en\">\u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0636\u062e\u0645<\/a>&#8220;.\u00a0\u0645\u0642\u062a\u0628\u0633 \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0635 \u0648\u0631\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646:\u00a0\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.blogger.com\/blog\/post\/edit\/5350306053883223752\/4572598250054907146?hl=en\">https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f_\u0643\u0644\u064a<\/a><br \/>\n4- <a href=\"https:\/\/www.blogger.com\/blog\/post\/edit\/5350306053883223752\/4572598250054907146?hl=en\">https:\/\/academic.oup.com\/qje\/article-abstract\/106\/4\/979\/1873496?redirectedFrom=fulltext<\/a><br \/>\n5- <a href=\"https:\/\/www.blogger.com\/blog\/post\/edit\/5350306053883223752\/4572598250054907146?hl=en\">https:\/\/scholar.google.com\/scholar_lookup?title=&amp;journal=Am.%20Econ.%20Rev.&amp;volume=84&amp;pages=772-793&amp;publication_year=1994&amp;author=Card%2CD.&amp;author=Krueger%2CA.%20B.<\/a><br \/>\n6- <a href=\"https:\/\/www.blogger.com\/blog\/post\/edit\/5350306053883223752\/4572598250054907146?hl=en\">https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/2951620?origin=crossref<\/a><\/h5>\n<p><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633:<\/strong><br \/>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/d41586-021-02799-7\">https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/d41586-021-02799-7<\/a><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_7442\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-7442\" style=\"width: 166px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-7442\" src=\"https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/adnan-pic.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"166\" height=\"177\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/adnan-pic.jpg 309w, https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/adnan-pic-281x300.jpg 281w, https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/adnan-pic-140x150.jpg 140w, https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/adnan-pic-70x75.jpg 70w, https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/adnan-pic-155x165.jpg 155w, https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/adnan-pic-192x205.jpg 192w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 166px) 100vw, 166px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-7442\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0630 \u0639\u062f\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062c\u064a<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Nobel-winning \u2018natural experiments\u2019 approach made economics more robust (\u0628\u0642\u0644\u0645: \u0641\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644 &#8211; Philip Ball) \u062a\u064e\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643 \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0648\u0634\u0648\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u063a\u0631\u064a\u0633\u062a \u0648\u062c\u063a\u0648\u064a\u062f\u0648 \u0625\u0645\u0628\u064a\u0646\u0632 \u0648\u062f\u064a\u0641\u064a\u062f \u0643\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0632 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0626\u0632\u0629 \u0644\u0625\u064a\u062c\u0627\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 (\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0644) \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629. \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0629 &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629&#8221; \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062c\u0639\u0644\u062a \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u0641\u0648\u0632\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u062c\u0627\u0626\u0632\u0629 \u0628\u0646\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064a (Sveriges Riksbank) \u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 2021 \u0641\u064a &hellip;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":12939,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"single\/single-cat-Article.php","format":"standard","meta":{"_exactmetrics_skip_tracking":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_active":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_note":"","_exactmetrics_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[19],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-12935","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","","category-19"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/12935","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/4"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=12935"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/12935\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":12942,"href":"https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/12935\/revisions\/12942"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/12939"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=12935"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=12935"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=12935"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}