{"id":12760,"date":"2021-10-01T15:39:07","date_gmt":"2021-10-01T12:39:07","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/?p=12760"},"modified":"2021-10-01T15:39:07","modified_gmt":"2021-10-01T12:39:07","slug":"%d9%85%d9%81%d8%a7%d8%b1%d9%82%d8%a9-%d8%b9%d8%b3%d8%b1-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%82%d8%b1%d8%a7%d8%a1%d8%a9-%d8%aa%d8%b1%d8%ac%d9%85%d8%a9-%d8%b9%d8%af%d9%86%d8%a7%d9%86-%d8%a3%d8%ad%d9%85%d8%af-%d8%a7%d9%84","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/?p=12760","title":{"rendered":"\u0645\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0642\u0629 \u0639\u0633\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629 – \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u062f\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062c\u064a"},"content":{"rendered":"

The Dyslexia Paradox
\n(\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0628\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0646 – Boston University)<\/span><\/h2>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u064a\u062a\u0643\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0645\u0627\u063a \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0647\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0648\u0627\u062a \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0630\u0631\u064a \u0644\u0627\u0636\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629<\/em><\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/em>\u0627\u0644\u0644\u062d\u0638\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0623\u062e\u0630\u0647\u0627 \u062f\u0645\u0627\u063a\u0643 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0643\u064a\u0641 \u0645\u0639 \u0635\u0648\u062a \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0641 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u064a \u062d\u0648\u0627\u0631 \u0644\u062d\u0638\u0629 \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639. \u062a\u062f\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u060c \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u064a\u0631\u0629\u060c \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u062f\u0645\u0627\u063a\u0643 \u0628\u062a\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0643 \u0642\u0631\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0628\u0647 \u0648\u064a\u0636\u0628\u0637 \u0646\u063a\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u0642\u0627\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647\u062c\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0627\u0626\u062a (vowel sounds) [\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645: \u0648\u0647\u064a i,e,o,u,a \u0648\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u061b \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062a: \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u062d\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0636\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0633\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u062d\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0648 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0621] \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0628\u0635\u0648\u062a \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f. \u0628\u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u062a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0631.<\/p>\n

\u062a\u0633\u0645\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0628\u064a (1) \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0639\u060c \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0631. \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0648\u0627\u062a (sound) \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0628\u0639\u062b\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0646\u062c\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 (voice) (\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631 2) \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0647\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0639\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0630\u0648\u0627\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0627\u0626\u062d \u0643\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u062a\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0645\u0627\u063a.\u00a0 \u0625\u0646\u0647 \u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0630\u0644 \u062c\u0647\u062f \u0644\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0623\u0646\u0646\u0627 \u0646\u0627\u062f\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u0646\u062f\u0631\u0643 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u062d\u062f\u062b.<\/p>\n

\"\"
\u062a\u0627\u064a\u0644\u0631 \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0634\u064a\u0648\u0646\u064a<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

\u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0648\u0641\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0627\u064a\u0644\u0631 \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0634\u064a\u0648\u0646\u064a (Tyler Perrachione<\/a>)\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0629 \u0648\u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0647\u064a\u0644 \u0628\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0628\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0646: \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0633\u0627\u0631\u062c\u0646\u062a (Sargent<\/a>)\u060c \u0648\u0632\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0624\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0639\u0647\u062f \u0645\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a\u0634\u0648\u0633\u062a\u0633 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627 (MIT) \u0648\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0641\u0649 \u0645\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a\u0634\u0648\u0633\u062a\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0628\u064a (1) \u0642\u062f \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0644\u0639\u0633\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629\u060c \u0639\u0633\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0647\u0648 \u0636\u0639\u0641 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u064a\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0644\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u062f\u0631 \u0628\u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0643\u0644 \u062e\u0645\u0633\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0643\u0644 \u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633.<\/p>\n

\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0647\u0645 \u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0646\u064f\u0634\u0631\u062a \u0641\u064a 21 \u062f\u064a\u0633\u0645\u0628\u0631 2016 \u060c \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0646\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0646 (Neuron) (\u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631 3)\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u062a\u0635\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0645\u0627\u063a \u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0628\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0623\u062f\u0645\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u0639\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0633\u0631 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0626\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u0642\u0631\u0624\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a. \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0645\u062f\u0639\u0648\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0629 \u0644\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0646\u0633 \u0625\u0644\u064a\u0633\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645.<\/p>\n

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\"\"
\u062a\u064f\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0646\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u064a\u062a\u0643\u064a\u0641 \u0645\u0646 \u064a\u0639\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u064f\u0633\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629 (\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0646) \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0648\u0646 (\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0633\u0627\u0631) \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0645\u0639 \u0635\u0648\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u062b. \u062a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u064a\u0641\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0646\u0634\u064a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0645\u0627\u063a \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0633\u0645\u0627\u0639 \u0635\u0648\u062a \u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0631\u0629 \u060c \u0648\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0647 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u062a\u0643\u0631\u0631. \u064a\u064f\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0623\u062f\u0645\u063a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0633\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u062a\u0643\u064a\u0641\u064b\u0627 \u0623\u0642\u0648\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0623\u062f\u0645\u063a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u064a\u0639\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u064f\u0633\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629. \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631: \u062a\u0627\u064a\u0644\u0631 \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0634\u064a\u0648\u0646\u064a (Tyler Perrachione).<\/span><\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

\u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u062e\u0636\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u064a\u0639\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u064f\u0633\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0644\u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062d\u0648\u0635\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0641 \u0646\u0634\u0627\u0637\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0645\u0627\u063a\u064a \u0623\u0628\u062f\u064b\u0627. \u0643\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062b\u0628\u062a \u0639\u0646\u062f \u062a\u0631\u062f\u062f \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0647\u0643\u0630\u0627 \u0647\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0645\u0627\u063a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0643\u064a\u0641 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0633\u0642 \u0648\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0644\u0648 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u0633\u0645\u0639 \u0635\u0648\u062a\u064b\u0627 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0648. \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0648\u0636\u0648\u062d\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u062f\u064a\u0647\u0645 \u0639\u0633\u0631 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0633\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062f\u0633\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0633\u0639\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u061b \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062c\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u0645\u0627\u062b\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062a\u0643\u064a\u0641 \u0623\u062f\u0645\u063a\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0631\u0631\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0621\u0644 \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0634\u064a\u0648\u0646\u064a (Perrachione) \u0648\u0632\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0624\u0647 \u0639\u0645\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u064a\u0641 \u062e\u0627\u0635\u064b\u0627 (\u0641\u0631\u064a\u062f\u064b\u0627) \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0648\u0642\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0644\u062f\u064a\u0647\u0645 \u0639\u064f\u0633\u0631 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0633\u064a\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u064a\u0641 \u0645\u0639 \u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0628\u0647\u0627\u062a \/ \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a (stimuli) \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627. \u0644\u0630\u0627 \u0641\u0642\u062f \u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0645\u0648\u0627 \u0628\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0628\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0639\u0631\u0636\u0648\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0643\u0631\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0643\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0648 \u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0623\u0648 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u0647\u060c \u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0646\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0627\u0636 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0634\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0645\u0627\u063a\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0642\u0631\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0628\u064a. \u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u060c \u0648\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0623\u062f\u0645\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u062f\u064a\u0647\u0645 \u0639\u0633\u0631 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u0643\u064a\u0641 – \u0623\u0648 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062a\u0643\u064a\u0641 \u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643 – \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0623\u0648\u0644\u0626\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0633\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629. \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0634\u064a\u0648\u0646\u064a: “\u0648\u062c\u062f\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0628\u0635\u0645\u0629 [\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0637] \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0645\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u0646\u0627”.<\/p>\n

\u062a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0623\u062f\u0645\u063a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u064a\u0639\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0633\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0644\u0627\u0628\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0628\u0630\u0644 \u062c\u0647\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062f\u0645\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0626\u0643 “\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u064a\u0646” \u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0647\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0645\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u062c\u0647\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0630\u0647\u0646\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0644\u0623\u0628\u0633\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0627\u0645. “\u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0641\u0627\u062c\u0626\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u064a \u0647\u0648 \u062d\u062c\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641\u060c \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0644\u064a\u0633\u062a \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0637\u0641\u064a\u0641\u0629” \u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0634\u064a\u0648\u0646\u064a. \u064a\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0643\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0641 \u0645\u0639 \u0623\u0628\u062d\u0627\u062b\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 (4) \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0645\u0627\u063a \u0645\u0646 \u0644\u062f\u064a\u0647\u0645 \u0639\u0633\u0631 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0648\u062c\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u062f\u064a\u0647\u0645 \u0639\u064f\u0633\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u064a\u0639\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0627\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u0628\u0629 (5\u060c 6\u060c 7). \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0647\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u064a \u0642\u062f \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0638\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0642\u0627\u062a \u060c \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u064a\u0628\u062f\u0648 \u0623\u0646 \u0644\u0647 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0631\u0632\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0641\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u0644 \u0645\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0642\u0629 \u062d\u064a\u0631\u062a \u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u064a \u0639\u0633\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0639\u0642\u0648\u062f. \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u062c\u0648\u0646 \u063a\u0627\u0628\u0631\u064a\u064a\u0644\u064a (John Gabrieli<\/a>) \u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0635\u0627\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0639\u0647\u062f \u0645\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a\u0634\u0648\u0633\u062a\u0633 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627 (MIT)\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0634\u0631\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0644\u0629 \u0646\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0646 (Neuron) \u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0647 \u0644\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0634\u064a\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0636\u0645\u0651\u0646 \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0623\u0628\u062d\u0627\u062b\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0642\u0629. \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0635\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636\u062a \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0645\u0627\u063a \u0642\u062f \u062a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0644\u0645\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0645\u0627\u063a \u062a\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0645\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645. \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0645\u0627\u063a \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062d\u062a\u0648\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0641\u0635\u0644 \/ \u0645\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0632 (discrete)\u060c \u0641\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0639\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u0646\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0627\u0636\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0628 \u0639\u0633\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0648\u0641\u0642\u0637 \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629.<\/p>\n

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\u064a\u064f\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0635\u0631\u064a \u062a\u0643\u064a\u0641\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0635\u0628\u064a\u064b\u0627 (1) \u0633\u0631\u064a\u0639\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631. \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u060c \u062a\u0628\u062f\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0643\u0628\u0642\u0639 \u0633\u0648\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0634\u0648\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629. \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u062f\u0642\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0637\u0648\u0644 \u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0649 \u0643\u0644\u0628 \u062f\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0633\u064a \/ \u062f\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0637\u064a (8). (\u0623\u0646\u0641 \u0643\u0644\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0648\u0633\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u064a\u0645\u062a\u062f \u062c\u0633\u0645\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0646). \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0631\u0624\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u060c \u0633\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0647 \u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0633 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0631\u0629 \u064a\u0634\u0627\u0647\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u060c \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0644\u0648 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u062a\u0630\u0643\u0631\u0648\u0627 \u0635\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0623\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0645 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0646\u0638\u0631\u0648\u0627. \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0628\u064a \u0642\u062f \u062f\u0641\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0645\u0627\u063a \u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0642\u0639 \u0628\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629. \u062a\u0635\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0631\u0648\u0646\u0627\u0644\u062f \u0633\u064a \u062c\u064a\u0645\u0633.<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f \u064a\u062d\u0644 \u062c\u0632\u0626\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0642\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0647\u0648 \u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u0629 “\u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649” \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0645\u0627\u063a \u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0643\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0644\u0644\u0648\u0638\u0627\u0626\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f\u0629 “\u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0627”. \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0641\u062a\u062d \u0623\u062d\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u063a\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0644\u064a. “\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0630\u0627 \u062a\u0648\u062c\u062f \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u064a\u062c\u064a\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u064a\u0639\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0635\u0639\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629\u061f”.<\/p>\n

\u064a\u0639\u062a\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0646\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629. “\u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u060c \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0648\u062c\u062f \u0634\u064a\u0621 \u0646\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0647 \u0645\u0639\u0642\u062f \u0643\u062a\u0639\u0642\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629”. \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u0647\u0642 \u0630\u0647\u0646\u064a\u064b\u0627. \u062f\u0645\u0627\u063a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0646\u0634\u0623 (\u064a\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 evolve) \u0644\u064a\u0642\u0631\u0623 – \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0629 (literacy) \u0634\u0627\u0626\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0636\u064a\u064a\u0646 – \u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0645\u0627\u063a \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631\u062a \u0644\u063a\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a [\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649] \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u064b\u0627. \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629\u00a0(evolutionary newness) \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0642\u062f \u062a\u062a\u0631\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0645\u0627\u063a \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u062e\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 [\u062e\u0637\u0629 \u0628].\u00a0 “\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u0647\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u062d\u064a\u062b \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0648\u062c\u062f \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u062f\u064a\u0644 \u0646\u0627\u062c\u062d \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u0630\u0644\u0643”.<\/p>\n

\u062a\u064f\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0646\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u064a \u0623\u064a \u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0645\u0627\u063a \u062a\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0644\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u062e\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0636\u0628\u0637 \u0644\u0645\u0627\u0630\u0627 \u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u064a\u0639\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u064f\u0633\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u062a\u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629. \u00a0\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644\u060c \u064a\u0623\u0645\u0644 \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0634\u064a\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0632\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0624\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u062a\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0628\u064a. “\u0627\u0644\u0639\u062b\u0648\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0634\u064a\u0621 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0648\u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0645\u0627\u063a \u0643\u0644\u0647 \u064a\u0645\u0646\u062d\u0646\u0627 \u0641\u0631\u0635\u0629 \u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u062f\u0621 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0637 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0629”. \u0642\u062f \u062a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0637 \u0641\u064a \u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u062f\u064a\u0647\u0645 \u0639\u064f\u0633\u0631 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0645.<\/p>\n

\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0648\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635:<\/strong>
\n1- “\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0628\u064a \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0624\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u064a \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0627\u0636 \u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u062c\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u064a<\/a> \u0644\u0645\u0646\u0628\u0647 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0628\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0645\u0646. \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629\u064b \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u064f\u062f\u0631\u0643 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0627\u0636 \u0643\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0628\u0647. \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u064a\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0637\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0629\u060c \u064a\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0648\u0631 \u0628\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0644\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0631. \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u064a\u062a\u0636\u0627\u0621\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0628\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0644\u062f \u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u062c\u064a \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u064a\u0635\u0628\u062d \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0638 \u0641\u0639\u0644\u064a\u064b\u0627. \u0625\u0630 \u062a\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0628\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a<\/a> \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0633\u062a\u062c\u064a\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u0641\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0629\u061b \u064a\u064f\u0639\u062f \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0628\u064a..” \u060c \u0645\u0642\u062a\u0628\u0633 \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0635 \u0648\u0631\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646:
\nhttps:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/\u062a\u0643\u064a\u0641_\u0639\u0635\u0628\u064a<\/a>
\n2- “\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u062a \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0646\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0647 = \u0635\u0648\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0628\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u062a\u064a\u0629 + \u0631\u0646\u064a\u0646 + \u0646\u0637\u0642 \/ \u062a\u0644\u0641\u0638
\n\u062a\u0646\u062a\u062c “\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0648\u0642\u0629” \u0645\u0646 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0625\u0635\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u062a: \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0628\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0637\u0642 \/ \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0638. \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0628\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u062a\u064a\u0629: \u064a\u064f\u0637\u0644\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0647\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0628\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u062a\u064a\u0629. \u064a\u0648\u0635\u0641 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629\u064b \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0635\u0648\u062a “\u0635\u0627\u062e\u0628”. \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0646\u064a\u0646: \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0636\u062e\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0628\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0639\u062f\u064a\u0644\u0647 \u0628\u0648\u0627\u0633\u0637\u0629 \u0631\u0646\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0631\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u062a\u064a (\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u0642 \u0648\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0641\u064a\u0629). \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0635\u0648\u062a \u0634\u062e\u0635 \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645. \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0637\u0642 \/ \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0638: \u062a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0623\u0639\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0637\u0642 (articulators) \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0631\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u062a\u064a (\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0646\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062e\u0648 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0641\u0627\u0647) \u0628\u062a\u0639\u062f\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0628\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u062a\u064a\u0629. \u062a\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0639\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0637\u0642 \u0643\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645\u0629”\u060c \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0635 \u0648\u0631\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646:
\nhttps:\/\/voicefoundation.org\/health-science\/voice-disorders\/anatomy-physiology-of-voice-production\/understanding-voice-production\/<\/a>
\n3- https:\/\/www.cell.com\/neuron\/fulltext\/S0896-6273(16)30858-3<\/a>
\n4- https:\/\/www.bu.edu\/articles\/2017\/dyslexic-brain\/<\/a>
\n5- “\u0627\u0644\u0630\u0627\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0629 (phonological working memory) \u062a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u062a\u062e\u0632\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062e\u0632\u0646 \u0630\u0627\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0624\u0642\u062a \u0642\u0635\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u062f. \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0628\u0633\u0647\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0647\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a (4)”\u060c \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0635 \u0648\u0631\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646:
\nhttps:\/\/www.asha.org\/practice-portal\/clinical-topics\/written-language-disorders\/phonological-processing\/<\/a>
\n6- “\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0641\u0648\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0641\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0633\u0645\u062d \u0628\u0625\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0643 \u0648\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0648\u062a\u0645\u062b\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0641\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062a\u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0637\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0641\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0645\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0643\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u062d\u0631\u0632\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0641\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0648\u0633\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062e\u0641\u0627\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0631\u0649 \u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0641\u064a\u062a\u0634 (6)\u060c \u0646\u0642\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0635 \u0648\u0631\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646: https:\/\/democraticac.de\/?p=61551<\/a>
\n7-https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1177\/002221948802100404<\/a>
\n8- https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/\u0643\u0644\u0628_\u062f\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0633\u064a<\/a><\/h5>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u0633:<\/strong>
\nhttps:\/\/www.bu.edu\/articles\/2017\/tyler-perrachione-dyslexia-paradox<\/a>\/<\/p>\n

\"\"
\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0630 \u0639\u062f\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062c\u064a<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n
<\/h5>\n

 <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

The Dyslexia Paradox (\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0628\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0646 – Boston University) \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u064a\u062a\u0643\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0645\u0627\u063a \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0647\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0648\u0627\u062a \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0630\u0631\u064a \u0644\u0627\u0636\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0644\u062d\u0638\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0623\u062e\u0630\u0647\u0627 \u062f\u0645\u0627\u063a\u0643 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0643\u064a\u0641 \u0645\u0639 \u0635\u0648\u062a \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0641 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u064a \u062d\u0648\u0627\u0631 \u0644\u062d\u0638\u0629 \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639. \u062a\u062f\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u060c \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u064a\u0631\u0629\u060c \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u062f\u0645\u0627\u063a\u0643 …<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":12765,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_exactmetrics_skip_tracking":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_active":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_note":"","_exactmetrics_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[19],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-12760","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","","category-19"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/12760","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/4"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=12760"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/12760\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":12766,"href":"https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/12760\/revisions\/12766"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/12765"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=12760"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=12760"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=12760"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}