{"id":12389,"date":"2021-08-31T11:15:49","date_gmt":"2021-08-31T08:15:49","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/?p=12389"},"modified":"2021-08-31T11:15:49","modified_gmt":"2021-08-31T08:15:49","slug":"%d9%86%d8%a8%d8%b0%d8%a9-%d8%aa%d8%b9%d8%b1%d9%8a%d9%81%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d8%b9%d9%86-%d8%b9%d9%84%d9%85-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a7%d9%82%d8%aa%d8%b5%d8%a7%d8%af-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b3%d9%84%d9%88%d9%83%d9%8a-%d8%aa","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/?p=12389","title":{"rendered":"\u0646\u0628\u0630\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643\u064a &#8211; \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u062f\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062c\u064a"},"content":{"rendered":"<h3 style=\"text-align: center;\">Behavioral economics, explained<br \/>\n<span style=\"font-size: 12pt;\">(\u0625\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f: \u0622\u0646 \u064a\u0648\u0646 &#8211; Ann Yun)<\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"font-size: 10pt;\">&#8220;\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0634\u064a\u0643\u0627\u063a\u0648&#8221;<\/span><\/h3>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"color: #003300;\"><strong>\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643\u064a \u064a\u062f\u0645\u062c \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0633\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0633 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u064a\u064f\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u0648\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0635\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0633 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u062a\u0635\u0631\u0641\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a (\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639). \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u064a\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0643\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062f\u062b (neoclassical) (\u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631 1) \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0636 \u0623\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0633 \u0644\u062f\u064a\u0647\u0645 \u062a\u0641\u0636\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u062c\u064a\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u064a\u062a\u062e\u0630\u0648\u0646 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0646\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0646\u0641\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0636\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062a.<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"color: #003300;\"><strong>\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062a\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b \u0631\u064a\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u062f \u062b\u064a\u0644\u0631 (Richard Thaler) \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0634\u064a\u0643\u0627\u063a\u0648 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0626\u0632 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0627\u0626\u0632\u0629 \u0646\u0648\u0628\u0644\u060c\u00a0 \u064a\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0628\u064a\u0646 &#8220;\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0646\u0628\u063a\u064a&#8221; \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0633 \u0641\u0639\u0644\u0647 \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0645 \u064a\u0641\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0622\u062b\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644.<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-12390\" src=\"https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/\u0634\u06335.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"338\" height=\"191\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/\u0634\u06335.png 1600w, https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/\u0634\u06335-300x169.png 300w, https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/\u0634\u06335-1024x576.png 1024w, https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/\u0634\u06335-150x84.png 150w, https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/\u0634\u06335-768x432.png 768w, https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/\u0634\u06335-1536x864.png 1536w, https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/\u0634\u06335-110x62.png 110w, https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/\u0634\u06335-293x165.png 293w, https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/\u0634\u06335-310x174.png 310w, https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/\u0634\u06335-587x330.png 587w, https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/\u0634\u06335-933x525.png 933w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 338px) 100vw, 338px\" \/><\/p>\n<p><strong>\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643\u064a\u061f<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u064a\u0631\u062a\u0643\u0632 \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0635\u062f \/ \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0623\u062b\u0628\u062a \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0633 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u062e\u0630\u0648\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u062f (neoclassical) \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0646\u064a&#8221; \u0623\u0648 &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u062b\u0644&#8221;\u060c \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0644\u0648 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u062f\u064a\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062a\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u062a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0630\u0644\u0643.<\/p>\n<p>\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0644\u0645\u0627\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u062c\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u0648 \u064a\u0624\u062c\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0637\u0629 401ks \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f\u064a\u0629 (2) \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u0629\u060c \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0644\u0648 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0633\u064a\u0641\u064a\u062f\u0647\u0645\u061f \u0648\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0633\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0639\u0628 \u0631\u0627\u0628\u062d\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u062e\u0627\u0633\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u062d\u00a0 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0633\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u0638\u0644 \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u064a (\u0644\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631)\u060c \u0628\u063a\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0639\u0646 &#8220;\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0639\u0628&#8221;\u061f<\/p>\n<p>\u0628\u0637\u0631\u062d \u0623\u0633\u0626\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0648\u0625\u064a\u062c\u0627\u062f \u0625\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0631\u0628\u0629\u060c \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643\u064a \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0633 \u0643\u0628\u0634\u0631 \u064a\u062e\u0636\u0639\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0639\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0641\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u064a\u062a\u0623\u062b\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641\u0647\u0645.<\/p>\n<p>\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0641 \u0623\u062f\u0649 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629 (3) \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0633 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0635\u0631\u0641 &#8211; \u064a\u062a\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0636\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u062a\u063a\u064a\u0628 \u0623\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0645 \u0623\u0628\u062f\u064b\u0627 &#8211; \u0623\u0648 \u0643\u0623\u0634\u062e\u0627\u0635 \u064a\u0631\u062a\u0643\u0628\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0646\u064b\u0627 \u0623\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0634\u0648\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0641\u0642\u062f \u0642\u0648\u0629 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644.<\/p>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0626 \u0627\u0646\u0628\u062b\u0642\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0628\u062d\u0627\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644. \u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0626\u060c \u0637\u0648\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0637\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0634\u062c\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0633 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0630 \u062e\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #800000;\">\u0634\u0627\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0648 (\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0629 = 3:04 \u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629):<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"color: #800000;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b \u0631\u064a\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u062f \u062b\u064a\u0644\u0631 \u064a\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0634 \u0645\u0627 \u0647\u064a &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0643\u0632\u0629&#8221; \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643\u064a<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-8282 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/imagesllllllllllk.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"30\" height=\"30\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/imagesllllllllllk.png 225w, https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/imagesllllllllllk-150x150.png 150w, https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/imagesllllllllllk-75x75.png 75w, https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/imagesllllllllllk-165x165.png 165w, https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/imagesllllllllllk-205x205.png 205w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 30px) 100vw, 30px\" \/><\/p>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Richard Thaler - Nudge: An Overview\" width=\"618\" height=\"464\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/xoA8N6nJMRs?start=53&#038;feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p><strong>\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u064a \u062c\u0630\u0648\u0631 \u0628\u062d\u0648\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643\u064a \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u06a4\u064a\u0631\u0633\u0643\u064a (<\/strong><strong>Tversky)<\/strong><strong> \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0645\u0627\u0646 (<\/strong><strong>Kahneman)<\/strong><strong>\u061f<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0636\u064a\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0647 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644: \u0648\u0641\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u0631\u060c \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0625\u0631\u062c\u0627\u0639 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u0643\u062a\u0644\u0646\u062f\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0622\u062f\u0645 \u0633\u0645\u064a\u062b (Adam Smith).<\/p>\n<p>\u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u064f\u0630\u0643\u0631 \u0633\u0645\u064a\u062b \u0644\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0641\u064a\u0629&#8221; (4) \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0648\u062c\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0649 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\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0633\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0648\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u062d\u060c \u0648\u0631\u0628\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u0639\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0627\u0626\u062f \u0642\u0635\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0633\u0639\u064a\u0647\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0627\u0626\u062f \u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u062f.<\/p>\n<p>\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0643\u0627\u0631 (\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0631\u0637\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0633\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0636\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0633) \u0647\u064a \u0645\u0641\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643\u064a \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645.<\/p>\n<p>\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643\u064a \u062c\u0630\u0648\u0631 \u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0648\u0633 \u062a\u06a4\u0631\u0633\u0643\u064a (Amos Tversky) \u0648\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a\u064a\u0644 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0645\u0627\u0646\u00a0(Daniel Kahneman) \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0631. \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0639\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0636\u064a\u060c \u062a\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u062a\u06a4\u064a\u0631\u0633\u0643\u064a \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u064a\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0633\u0642\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0633 \u0623\u062d\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0647\u0645 (\u0622\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0647\u0645)\u060c \u0648\u0648\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0633 \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a 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\u00a0\u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0633 \u0633\u064a\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0643\u062f. \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0648 \u0645\u064f\u0646\u062d\u062a \u0641\u0631\u0635\u0629 \u062e\u0633\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0624\u0643\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0628\u0644\u063a \u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 750 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0623\u0648 \u0641\u0631\u0635\u0629 \u0628\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 75\u066a \u0644\u062e\u0633\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0628\u0644\u063a \u0642\u062f\u0631\u0647 1000 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0641\u0631\u0635\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u062f\u0645 \u062e\u0633\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u064a \u0634\u064a \u0628\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 25\u066a\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0633 \u0633\u064a\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u062e\u0633\u0627\u0631\u0629 1000 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0622\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0641\u0631\u0635\u0629 \u0636\u0626\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0644\u0646 \u064a\u062e\u0633\u0631\u0648\u0627 \u0634\u064a\u0626\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642.<\/p>\n<p>\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0643\u064a \u064a\u0648\u0636\u062d \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0633 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0625\u062d\u0635\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 (9) \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0644\u0648 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u064a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u062a\u062c\u0646\u0628 \u062e\u0633\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0628\u0644\u063a \u0642\u062f\u0631\u0647 1000 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0631\u0628\u062d \u0645\u0628\u0644\u063a \u0642\u062f\u0631\u0647 1000 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0636 \u0645\u0639 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0639\u0629 (Prospect theory) (\u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631 10). \u062a\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u06a4\u0631\u0633\u0643\u064a \u0648 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u062b\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0628\u062d\u0627\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643\u064a \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645.<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u0639\u0628\u0647 \u0631\u064a\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u062f \u062b\u0627\u0644\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0634\u064a\u0643\u0627\u063a\u0648 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u061f<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0636\u064a\u060c \u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0631\u064a\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u062f \u062b\u0627\u0644\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0628\u062d\u0627\u062b \u062a\u06a4\u064a\u0631\u0633\u0643\u064a \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u060c \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u0639\u0627\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639. \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0641\u0633\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0632 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0648\u062b (Booth) \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644\u060c \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u062d\u0642\u0644 (\u062a\u062e\u0635\u0635) \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643\u064a.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong><span style=\"color: #800000;\">\u0634\u0627\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0648 (\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0629 = 9:42 \u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629):<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"color: #800000;\"><strong>\u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b \u0631\u064a\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u062f \u062b\u064a\u0644\u0631 \u0648\u0623\u0641\u0643\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643\u064a<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-8282 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/imagesllllllllllk.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"54\" height=\"53\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/imagesllllllllllk.png 225w, https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/imagesllllllllllk-150x150.png 150w, https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/imagesllllllllllk-75x75.png 75w, https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/imagesllllllllllk-165x165.png 165w, https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/imagesllllllllllk-205x205.png 205w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 54px) 100vw, 54px\" \/><\/p>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Economics Nobel winner Thaler shed light on how real people behave\" width=\"618\" height=\"348\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/cYNN2GNdn3o?start=4&#038;feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0647 \u062b\u0627\u0644\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0648\u062c\u0647 \u0627\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0623\u0643\u0633\u0628\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 2017 \u062c\u0627\u0626\u0632\u0629 \u0628\u0646\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u064a\u062f (Sveriges Riksbank) \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 (\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0641\u0629 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0628 \u062c\u0627\u0626\u0632\u0629 \u0646\u0648\u0628\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u062d\u0633\u0628 11) \u062a\u062e\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0630\u0643\u0631\u0649 \u0623\u0644\u0641\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0646\u0648\u0628\u0644. \u0648\u062a\u0646\u0628\u062b\u0642 \u0623\u0641\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u062b\u0627\u0644\u0631 \u062c\u0632\u0626\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u062f\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0642\u0627\u062f\u062a\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f \u0628\u0623\u0646 \u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0646\u062d\u0631\u0641 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629 (3) \u0628\u0637\u0631\u0642 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u0648\u0642\u0639\u0647\u0627.<\/p>\n<p>\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638 \u062b\u0627\u0644\u0631 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0648\u0635\u062f\u064a\u0642\u0647 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0644\u064a \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0647\u0627\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0636\u0631\u0628\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u062d\u0635\u0644\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0630\u0643\u0631\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0646\u064a\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u062d\u0636\u0648\u0631\u0647\u0627. \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0648 \u0627\u0634\u062a\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0647\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0630\u0643\u0631\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0645\u0627\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u064a\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0630\u0647\u0627\u0628 \u0648\u062d\u0636\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0630\u0627\u0643\u0631 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0628\u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0631 \u0628\u063a\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631 [\u0633\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u0643\u0627\u0646\u0627 \u062d\u0635\u0644\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0646\u064b\u0627 \u0623\u0645 \u0627\u0634\u062a\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0646\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0647\u0627]\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u062e\u0637\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0647\u0627\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631. \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 &#8220;\u0645\u063a\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0631\u0642\u0629&#8221; (12) &#8211; \u0648\u0647\u064a \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0633 \u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0644\u064a \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0627 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u064b\u0627\u060c \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0644\u0648 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u064a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0634\u0644.<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-12396 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/\u0634\u06338.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"262\" height=\"148\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/\u0634\u06338.jpg 280w, https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/\u0634\u06338-150x85.jpg 150w, https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/\u0634\u06338-110x62.jpg 110w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 262px) 100vw, 262px\" \/>\u064a\u0634\u062a\u0647\u0631 \u062b\u0627\u0644\u0631 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u062a\u0639\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0643\u0632\u0629&#8221; (13) \u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0648\u0633\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0641\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0648\u062c\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0633 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0630 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644. &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0643\u0632\u0629&#8221; \u062a\u0633\u062a\u0641\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0633\u0627\u064a\u0643\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 (14) \u0648\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643\u064a\u060c \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0629 (15) &#8211; \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0633 \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642. \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u060c \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0633 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0630\u0647\u0627\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0644\u064a\u0648\u0641\u0631\u0648\u0627 \u0645\u0628\u0644\u063a\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u0647 10 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0634\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0633\u0644\u0639\u0629 \u0628\u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 20 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u0642\u0637\u0639 \u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0641\u0629\u060c \u0644\u064a\u0648\u0641\u0631\u0648\u0627 10 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649\u00a0 \u0634\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0633\u0644\u0639\u0629 \u0628\u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 1000 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0630\u0648\u0644 \u0648\u0645\u0628\u0644\u063a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0645\u0627.<\/p>\n<p>\u062b\u0627\u0644\u0631 \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0634\u064a\u0643\u0627\u063a\u0648 &#8211; \u0628\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0645 \u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0627\u0631\u062f\u0648 \u0628\u0648\u0631\u0632\u062a\u064a\u0646 (Leonardo Bursztyn) \u0648\u062c\u0648\u0634 \u062f\u064a\u0646 (Josh Dean) \u0648\u0646\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0633 \u0625\u064a\u0628\u0644\u064a\u00a0(Nicholas Epley) \u0648\u0623\u0648\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u063a\u0648\u0644\u0633\u0628\u064a (Austan Goolsbee) \u0648\u0623\u0644\u064a\u0643\u0633 \u0625\u064a\u0645\u0627\u0633 (Alex Imas) \u0648\u062c\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u064a\u0633\u062a (John List) \u0648\u0633\u0648\u0632\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0627\u064a\u0631 (Susan Mayer) \u0648\u0633\u064a\u0646\u062f\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062b\u0627\u0646 (Sendhil Mullainathan) \u0648\u062f\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0648\u0628 (Devin Pope) \u0648\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0643\u0627 \u062f\u064a\u0632\u0648\u0646 \u0631\u0648\u0633 (Rebecca Dizon Ross) \u0648\u0647\u064a\u0630\u0631 \u0633\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0648\u0646\u0632 (Heather Sarsons) &#8211; \u064a\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0648\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0633\u062a\u0643\u0634\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0632\u0648\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0629.<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u064a &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0643\u0632\u0629&#8221; \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643\u064a\u061f<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643\u064a \u060c \u062a\u0639\u062f &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0643\u0632\u0629&#8221; (13) \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0644\u0625\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b \u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u062e\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0644\u062a\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0647\u0647\u0645 \u0644\u0627\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0630 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629: \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u060c \u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0643\u0647\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0648 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0633\u0628 (\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0634\u064a\u0631) \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0641\u064a\u062a\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0643\u0632\u0629&#8221; \u0644\u062d\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u062e\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u063a\u0630\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0635\u062d\u064a\u0629. \u064a\u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0648\u0643\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u064a\u0633\u062a \u0642\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0629: \u062d\u0638\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062c\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0643\u0632\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u062a\u064f\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0633 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643.<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-12395 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/\u0634\u06337.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"505\" height=\"168\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/\u0634\u06337.png 1200w, https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/\u0634\u06337-300x100.png 300w, https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/\u0634\u06337-1024x341.png 1024w, https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/\u0634\u06337-150x50.png 150w, https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/\u0634\u06337-768x256.png 768w, https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/\u0634\u06337-110x37.png 110w, https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/\u0634\u06337-310x103.png 310w, https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/\u0634\u06337-660x220.png 660w, https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/\u0634\u06337-1050x350.png 1050w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 505px) 100vw, 505px\" \/><\/p>\n<p>\u0631\u0648\u062c\u062a \u0623\u0641\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u062b\u0627\u0644\u0631 \u0628\u0634\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0643\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0646\u064f\u0634\u0631\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0647:\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0643\u0631\u0629\u00a0<em> (<\/em><em>Nudge)<\/em><em>:\u00a0<\/em>\u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646<em>\u00a0<\/em>\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642\u0629<em>\u00a0<\/em>\u0628\u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0629<em>\u00a0<\/em>\u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0631\u0648\u0629<em>\u00a0<\/em>\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0639\u0627\u0645 2008 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642 \u0643\u0627\u0633 \u0633\u0627\u0646\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0646 (Cass Sunstein) \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0634\u064a\u0643\u0627\u063a\u0648\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0647\u0627\u0631\u0641\u0627\u0631\u062f. \u0642\u0627\u0645\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u062d\u0643\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633 \u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u0643 \u0623\u0648\u0628\u0627\u0645\u0627\u060c \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0641\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u062b\u0627\u0644\u0631 \u0648\u0633\u0627\u0646\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0643\u0632\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0642\u062f \u064a\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0631 \u0634\u062e\u0635 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u063a\u0630\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0635\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0648 \u0648\u0636\u0639\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0633\u0628 (\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0634\u064a\u0631). \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u060c \u0642\u062f \u064a\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u063a\u0630\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0635\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0639\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0648 \u0648\u0636\u0639\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0627\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0646\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0643\u0631. \u0647\u0643\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0640 &#8220;\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 choice architecture&#8221; (\u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631 16)\u00a0 \u0644\u062f\u0641\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0633 \u0628\u0644\u0637\u0641 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u062a\u0641\u0636\u064a\u0644 \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062e\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0637\u0644\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0628 &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0643\u0632\u0627\u062a&#8221;.<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-12392 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/woman-shopping.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"339\" height=\"190\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/woman-shopping.png 1380w, https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/woman-shopping-300x169.png 300w, https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/woman-shopping-1024x576.png 1024w, https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/woman-shopping-150x84.png 150w, https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/woman-shopping-768x432.png 768w, https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/woman-shopping-110x62.png 110w, https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/woman-shopping-293x165.png 293w, https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/woman-shopping-310x174.png 310w, https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/woman-shopping-587x330.png 587w, https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/woman-shopping-934x525.png 934w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 339px) 100vw, 339px\" \/>\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u060c \u064a\u0639\u062f \u062a\u0633\u062c\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0638\u0641\u064a\u0646 \u062a\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062e\u0637\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f 401k (\u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631 2 ) &#8211; \u0648\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u062e\u064a\u0627\u0631 &#8216;\u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643&#8217; \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0629 \u0628\u062f\u0644 \u0648\u0636\u0639 \u062e\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 &#8211; \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0643\u0632\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0634\u062c\u064a\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062f\u062e\u0627\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0648\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0642\u064b\u0627. \u0648\u0643\u0632\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0644\u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0631\u0639 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0645\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0641\u0629 \u060c \u0628\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0631\u062e\u0635 \u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0627 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0631\u0639 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u0645 \u0644\u0627.<\/p>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0647 \u062b\u0627\u0644\u0631 \u0633\u0627\u0646\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0648\u0635\u0641 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0635\u0645\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u064f\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0643\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0631\u0631\u064a\u0629&#8221; (\u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631 17) &#8211; \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0631\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u062d\u0627\u0641\u0638 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u064a\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0648 \u0623\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u062d\u062b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u062f \u062a\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u062b\u0627\u0644\u0631: &#8220;\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0623\u0631\u062f\u062a \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0641\u0639\u0644\u00a0 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0633 \u0634\u064a\u0626\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0627\u060c \u0627\u062c\u0639\u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0633\u0647\u0644&#8221;.<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u062f\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643\u064a<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u062f\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0631\u0634\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0631 (5) \u064a\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0633 \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0647\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0630\u0643\u0631\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a (\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a) \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u060c \u0639\u0646\u062f \u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629. \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u060c \u0642\u062f \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0633 \u0623\u0646 \u0647\u062c\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0633\u0645\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0634 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0628\u0628\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0634\u0627\u0626\u0639 \u0644\u0644\u0648\u0641\u0627\u0629 \u0644\u0648 \u0642\u0631\u0623\u0648\u0627 \u0639\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0643\u0630\u0627 \u0647\u062c\u0645\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0647\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u062d\u0648\u0627\u062f\u062b \u0646\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u064b\u0627.<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #800080;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u0629 (<\/strong><strong>Bounded rationality)<\/strong><\/span><strong>\u00a0<\/strong>(\u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631 18) \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u00a0\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0633 \u0644\u062f\u064a\u0647\u0645 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u064a\u0629 \/ \u0627\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u060c \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u062e\u0630\u0648\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u064a\u0627\u0631 &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d&#8221; \u0645\u0646 \u0648\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a \u060c \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0644\u0648 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062a\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0634\u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0648\u062c\u0647\u0647\u0645 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631 \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646.<\/p>\n<p>\u0642\u062f \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u062a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0641 \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u061b \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u064a\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647\u0644\u0648\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u064a\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u062f\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627&#8221;\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0636\u064a \u0642\u062f\u0645\u064b\u0627&#8221; \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0645 \u062d\u062f\u0633\u0647\u0645 \u061b \u0623\u0648 \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0644\u062f\u064a\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0641\u064a \u0644\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0628\u062d\u062b \u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a. \u0635\u064a\u063a\u00a0 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1955 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u062e\u0631\u064a\u062c \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0634\u064a\u0643\u0627\u063a\u0648 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0626\u0632 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0627\u0626\u0632\u0629 \u0646\u0648\u0628\u0644 \u0647\u0644\u064a\u0628\u0631\u062a \u0633\u0627\u064a\u0645\u0648\u0646 (Herbert A. Simon).<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #800080;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0629 \/ \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0644\u062d\u0629 \u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0630\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u064a\u062f\u0629 (<\/strong><strong>Bounded self-interest)<\/strong><\/span> \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u00a0\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0633 \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0645 \u0644\u0648 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u064a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u0637\u064a\u0639\u0648\u0646 \u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0622\u062e\u0631\u064a\u0646. \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u0631\u0639 \u0644\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644\u0647 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0639\u064a. \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0634\u0637\u0629 \u0623\u0646\u0634\u0637\u0629 \u0634\u0627\u0626\u0639\u0629\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0623\u062e\u0630\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629 (3) \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062a\u0646\u0628\u0623 \u0628\u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0633 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0631\u063a\u0628\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0648\u0631\u063a\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0633\u0631\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0623\u0635\u062f\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0631\u063a\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0621.<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #800080;\"><strong>\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0631\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u0629 (<\/strong><strong>Bounded willpower)<\/strong><\/span><strong>\u00a0<\/strong>\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u060c \u0633\u064a\u0638\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0633 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u062a\u0641\u0636\u064a\u0644\u064a \u0623\u064a \u0634\u064a\u0621 \u064a\u062c\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0635\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0631\u064a\u062c\u064a \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u062f. \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u060c \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0644\u0648 \u0639\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u062f \u062a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0646\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0623\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0641\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 [\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644] \u060c \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0646\u0624\u062c\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u062c\u0644 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0633\u0645\u0649\u060c \u0648\u0646\u062f\u0639\u064a \u0625\u0646\u0646\u0627 &#8220;\u0633\u0646\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u063a\u062f\u064b\u0627&#8221;.<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-12394 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/\u0634\u06336.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"360\" height=\"219\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/\u0634\u06336.png 1400w, https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/\u0634\u06336-300x182.png 300w, https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/\u0634\u06336-1024x622.png 1024w, https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/\u0634\u06336-150x91.png 150w, https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/\u0634\u06336-768x466.png 768w, https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/\u0634\u06336-110x67.png 110w, https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/\u0634\u06336-272x165.png 272w, https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/\u0634\u06336-310x188.png 310w, https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/\u0634\u06336-544x330.png 544w, https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/\u0634\u06336-865x525.png 865w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 360px) 100vw, 360px\" \/><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #800080;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0633\u0627\u0631\u0629 (<\/strong><strong>Loss aversion)<\/strong><\/span><strong>\u00a0<\/strong>(\u0627\u0646\u0637\u0631 8) \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0633 \u064a\u0646\u0641\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0631\u0635\u0647\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0633\u0628. \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u060c \u0642\u062f \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u0642\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0644\u0648\u0631\u0642\u0629 \u0646\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644 100 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0624\u0644\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0647\u0645 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0647\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u0631\u0642\u0629 \u0646\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #800080;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 (<\/strong><strong>Prospect theory)<\/strong><\/span> (\u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631 6) \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0648\u0636\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u062a\u06a4\u064a\u0631\u0633\u0643\u064a (1979) \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0633\u0623\u0644\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0633 \u0639\u0646 \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0633\u062a\u062c\u064a\u0628\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0646\u0637\u0648\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0631\u0628\u0627\u062d \u0648\u062e\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0631\u060c \u0645\u062a\u064a\u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u0631\u0635\u0629 \u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a. \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0633\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #800080;\"><strong>\u0645\u063a\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0631\u0642\u0629 (<\/strong><strong>sunk-cost fallacy)<\/strong><\/span> (\u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631 12) \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0633 \u0633\u064a\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u062e\u0627\u0633\u0631 \u0644\u0645\u062c\u0631\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0627 \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0641\u0639\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u060c \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0644\u0648 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u064a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u0643\u0628\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0631.<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"color: #800080;\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0629 (<\/strong><strong>Mental accounting)<\/strong><\/span> (\u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631 15)\u00a0\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0633 \u064a\u0641\u0643\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641. \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u060c \u0644\u0648 \u0627\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636 \u0633\u0639\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u060c \u0641\u0642\u062f \u064a\u0628\u062f\u0623\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u063a\u0627\u0632\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0645\u062a\u0627\u0632 \u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0628\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0646\u0641\u0627\u0642 \u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0644\u063a\u060c \u0628\u062f\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u0635\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0633\u0639\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636.<\/p>\n<h5><strong>\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0648\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635:<\/strong><br \/>\n1- <a href=\"https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%AA%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%AA%D9%82%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%85%D8%AD%D8%AF%D8%AB%D8%A9\">https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a_\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0629_\u0645\u062d\u062f\u062b\u0629<\/a><br \/>\n2- &#8220;K401 \u0647\u064a \u062e\u0637\u0629 \u064a\u0636\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0635\u0627\u062d\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u062a\u0645\u0643\u0651\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0638\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0647\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0647\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u0628\u0644\u063a \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0631\u0627\u062a\u0628\u0647 \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0628\u0647 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u062e\u0635\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u064a\u0628\u0629. \u0648\u064a\u062c\u0648\u0632 \u0644\u0623\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u062e\u0637\u0629 401 (\u0643) \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0648\u0627 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0647\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0637\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0629 \u0646\u064a\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0638\u0641\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0647\u0644\u064a\u0646. \u0648\u064a\u062c\u0648\u0632 \u0644\u0647\u0645 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629 \u062a\u0642\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0628\u0627\u062d \u0644\u0644\u062e\u0637\u0629. \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0628\u0627\u062d \u0641\u064a \u062e\u0637\u0629 401 (\u0643) \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u062c\u0644\u0629&#8221; \u060c \u0645\u0642\u062a\u0628\u0633 \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0635 \u0648\u0631\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.meemapps.com\/term\/plan-401-k\">https:\/\/www.meemapps.com\/term\/plan-401-k<\/a><br \/>\n3- <a href=\"https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D9%86%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B0%D8%AC_%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%AA%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%8A\">https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c_\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a<\/a><br \/>\n4- \u0627\u0644\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0641\u064a\u0629 (Invisible hand) \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0628\u062a\u0643\u0631\u0647\u0627 <a href=\"https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%AA%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%AF\">\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a<\/a>\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D8%A2%D8%AF%D9%85_%D8%B3%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%AB\">\u0622\u062f\u0645 \u0633\u0645\u064a\u062b<\/a>. \u0648\u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0634\u0631\u062d \u0645\u0628\u062f\u0623\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0647\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D8%AB%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%85%D9%85\">\u062b\u0631\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0645<\/a>\u00a0\u0648\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0644\u060c \u0628\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0647\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0645\u0635\u0644\u062d\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0629 \u064a\u0633\u0627\u0647\u0645 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0635\u0644\u062d\u0629\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D9%85%D8%AC%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%B9\">\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u0647<\/a> \u0643\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0628\u062f\u0623 &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0641\u064a\u0629&#8221;. \u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u0634\u0631\u062d \u0628\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0626\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639 \u0639\u0648\u0627\u0626\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f. \u0641\u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0626\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a \u0644\u0641\u0631\u062f \u0645\u0627\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u0633\u0627\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0626\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639. .\u00a0 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0622\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d \u0644\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0631 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u0627\u064b&#8221;\u060c \u0645\u0642\u062a\u0628\u0633 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0635 \u0648\u0631\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646: <a href=\"https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AE%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%A9\">https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/\u0627\u0644\u064a\u062f_\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0641\u064a\u0629<\/a>.<br \/>\n5- &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0631\u0634\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0631 \u0623\u0648 \u0639\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0628\u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0645\u062c\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0648\u0631\u060c \u0647\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0628 \u0644\u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d (Availability heuristic) \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0644\u064a\u062f\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u00a0 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0633 \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0631 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0644\u064a \u0645\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062a\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0647\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0644\u062d\u0638\u0629 \u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645\u0647\u0645 \u0644\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639 \u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0648 \u0644\u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0648 \u0644\u0625\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0630 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0627. \u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0639\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0629 &#8220;\u0628\u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641&#8221; \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0646\u0641\u0633\u064a \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0630\u0643\u0631 \u0623\u0645\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0647\u0645\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0645\u00a0 \u062a\u0630\u0643\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0633\u0647\u0648\u0644\u0629. \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0629 &#8220;\u0628\u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641&#8221;\u060c \u064a\u0642\u064a\u0645 \u0623\u062d\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0647 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b\u0629. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0644\u0623\u062e\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0645 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0648\u0644\u0648 \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0643\u0646 \u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d\u0629. \u0645\u0642\u062a\u0628\u0633 \u0645\u0639 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0631\u0641 \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0635 \u0648\u0631\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646: <a href=\"https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D8%B9%D9%82%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A8%D8%AD%D8%B3%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B8%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%81_(%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85_%D9%86%D9%81%D8%B3)\">https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/\u0639\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0629_\u0628\u062d\u0633\u0628_\u0627\u0644\u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641_(\u0639\u0644\u0645_\u0646\u0641\u0633)<\/a>.<br \/>\n6-&#8220;\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 (Prospect theory) \u0647\u064a \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 <a href=\"https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%AA%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%AF_(%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85)\">\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629<\/a>\u00a0\u0637\u0648\u0631\u0647\u0627\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%84_%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86\">\u062f\u0627\u0646\u064a\u064a\u0644 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0645\u0627\u0646<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B3_%D8%AA%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%83%D9%8A\">\u0648\u0622\u0645\u0648\u0633 \u062a\u0641\u064a\u0631\u0633\u0643\u064a<\/a>\u00a0\u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1979. \u0648\u062a\u0637\u0639\u0646 \u0641\u064a\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%B6%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%86%D9%81%D8%B9%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%82%D8%B9%D8%A9\">\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0639\u0629<\/a>\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0637\u0648\u0631\u0647\u0627\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%86_%D9%81%D9%88%D9%86_%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86\">\u062c\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u0648\u0646 \u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645\u0627\u0646<\/a>\u00a0\u0648\u0623\u0648\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0648\u0631\u062c\u0646\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1944\u060c 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\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0631 \u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0631. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0633\u0628&#8221; \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0645\u0647\u0645\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u0627&#8221;\u060c\u00a0 \u0645\u0642\u062a\u0628\u0633 \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0635 \u0648\u0631\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646: <a href=\"https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D9%86%D8%B8%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D8%AD%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9\">https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629_\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/a><br \/>\n7- &#8221; \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0637\u064a\u0631 \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627<a href=\"https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B2_%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%B1%D9%81%D9%8A\">\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u064a<\/a>\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0633 \u0645\u0639 \u062e\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u064a\u0627\u0631\u061b 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\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0641\u0626\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0646 \u0643\u0633\u0628\u0627 \u0645\u0624\u0643\u062f\u0627 (<a href=\"https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A7:Certainty_effect&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1\">\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0646<\/a>\u0648\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/w\/index.php?title=%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A7:Pseudocertainty_effect&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1\">\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0627\u0626\u0641<\/a>) \u064a\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0648 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0633\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0641\u0636\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0633\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0643\u062f\u0629 . \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062e\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0637\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0633 \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0632\u0648\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u062e\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0645\u0646 \u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0646&#8221;\u060c\u00a0 \u0645\u0642\u062a\u0628\u0633 \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0635 \u0648\u0631\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646:<br \/>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D8%AA%D8%A3%D8%AB%D9%8A%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%A3%D8%B7%D9%8A%D8%B1_(%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85_%D9%86%D9%81%D8%B3)\">https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631_\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0637\u064a\u0631_(\u0639\u0644\u0645_\u0646\u0641\u0633)<\/a><br \/>\n8- \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0633\u0627\u0631\u0629: \u0641\u064a <a href=\"https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D9%81%D8%B3_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%B1%D9%81%D9%8A\">\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u064a<\/a>\u060c\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D9%86%D8%B8%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B1\">\u0648\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631<\/a>\u060c\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%AA%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%AF_%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%88%D9%83%D9%8A\">\u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643\u064a<\/a>\u060c \u064a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0633\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0633\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u062c\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0633\u0627\u0631\u0629 (Loss aversion) \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0633 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0641\u0636\u064a\u0644 \u062a\u062c\u0646\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0643\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u0645\u0645\u0627\u062b\u0644\u0629&#8221;\u060c \u0645\u0642\u062a\u0628\u0633 \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0635 \u0648\u0631\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646: <a href=\"https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D8%AA%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AE%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A9\">https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/\u062a\u062c\u0646\u0628_\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0633\u0627\u0631\u0629<\/a><br \/>\n9- &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062d\u0635\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0647\u0648 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0643\u0645\u064a \u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062b \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0625\u062d\u0635\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629&#8221;\u060c \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0635 \u0648\u0631\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646: <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Statistical_risk\">https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Statistical_risk<\/a><br \/>\n10- &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0639\u0629: \u062a\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0647\u0644\u0643 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0635\u0644 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u0636\u0639 \u062a\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646 , \u0627\u0630 \u062a\u0624\u0643\u062f \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0643\u0644 \u0633\u0644\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629 , \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0641\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0647\u0644\u0643 \u064a\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0647\u0627 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u063a\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f \u062f\u062e\u0644\u0647 \u0648\u0627\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0647. \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0634\u0639\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0648 \u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0647\u0644\u0643 \u0644\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0634\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0634\u0639\u0631 \u0628\u0647 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0647\u0644\u0627\u0643\u0647 \u0644\u0643\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0639\u0629. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u064a\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0626\u0639 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0629. \u0648\u062a\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0636 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0647\u0644\u0643 \u064a\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639 \u062f\u062e\u0644\u0647 \u0628\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0642\u062f\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0634\u0628\u0627\u0639 , \u0623\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0638\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0641\u0639\u0629&#8221; \u060c \u0645\u0642\u062a\u0628\u0633 \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0635 \u0648\u0631\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646: <a href=\"https:\/\/fac.ksu.edu.sa\/sites\/default\/files\/slwklms.doc\">https:\/\/fac.ksu.edu.sa\/sites\/default\/files\/slwklms.doc<\/a><br \/>\n11- <a href=\"https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%B2%D8%A9_%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%84_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%88%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%AA%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A9\">https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/\u062c\u0627\u0626\u0632\u0629_\u0646\u0648\u0628\u0644_\u0641\u064a_\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645_\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629<\/a><br \/>\n12- &#8221; \u064a\u064f\u0637\u0644\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u0645\u063a\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0631\u0642\u0629 \u062d\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u062a\u0634\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u062f \u0628\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u0627\u0634\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0644\u0639\u062f\u0645 \u062e\u0633\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062f\u064f\u0641\u0639\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0627\u062f\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0644\u0627\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0641 \u0648\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0646\u062c\u0627\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644\u0627\u064b. \u0641\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0642\u062f \u062a\u0634\u062a\u0631\u064a \u062a\u0630\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u062b\u0645 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0634\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0630\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u0643\u062a\u0634\u0641 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0644\u0645 \u0644\u0627\u064a\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0642 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u0636\u0631\u0647 \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646\u0643 \u062a\u0635\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0636\u0648\u0631\u0647 \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0643 \u0642\u062f \u062f\u0641\u0639\u062a \u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u062a\u0630\u0643\u0631\u062a\u0647&#8221;\u060c \u0645\u0642\u062a\u0628\u0633 \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0635 \u0648\u0631\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646: <a href=\"https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D8%AA%D9%83%D9%84%D9%81%D8%A9_%D8%BA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%82%D8%A9\">https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0641\u0629_\u063a\u0627\u0631\u0642\u0629<\/a><br \/>\n13- \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0643\u0632\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0641\u0639\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u064a\u062a\u0645\u062d\u0648\u0631 \u062d\u0648\u0644 <a href=\"https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%88%D9%85_%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%88%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A9\">\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643\u064a\u0629<\/a>\u00a0\u0648<a href=\"https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%81%D8%A9_%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A9\">\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629<\/a>\u00a0\u0648<a href=\"https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%AA%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%AF_%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%88%D9%83%D9%8A\">\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643\u064a<\/a>\u061b \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0642\u062a\u0631\u062d\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D8%AA%D8%B9%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%B2_(%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D9%81%D8%B3)\">\u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632\u0627\u062a<\/a>\u00a0\u0627\u064a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0627\u062a \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0643\u0637\u0631\u0642\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D8%AA%D8%A3%D8%AB%D9%8A%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%8A\">\u0644\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631<\/a>\u00a0\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643 \u0648<a href=\"https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B0_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B1\">\u0627\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631<\/a>\u00a0\u0644\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f. \u0641\u064a \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0643\u0632\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0636 \u0645\u0639 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D8%AA%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%85\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645<\/a>\u060c \u0623\u0648\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D9%86%D8%B8%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%A3%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%8A\">\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0639<\/a>\u060c \u0623\u0648\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D8%AA%D8%B7%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%82\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642<\/a>.\u00a0 \u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0646\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u064a\u0646 <a href=\"https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A9_%D8%B4%D9%8A%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%BA%D9%88\">\u0628\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0634\u064a\u0643\u0627\u063a\u0648<\/a> \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D8%AB%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1\">\u0631\u064a\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u062f \u062b\u0627\u0644\u0631<\/a> \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0633 \u0633\u0627\u0646\u0633\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0643\u0632\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0639\u0627\u0645 2008 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0643\u0632\u0629: \u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0631\u0648\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629. \u0648\u062d\u0627\u0632 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0647\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u064a\u0646. \u0648\u062a\u062a\u0648\u0627\u062c\u062f \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0643\u0632\u0629 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0645\u062b\u0644 (\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0644\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0628\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649) \u0628\u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 (<a href=\"https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%86%D9%83_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A\">\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a<\/a>\u00a0\u0648<a href=\"https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%85%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%AF%D8%A9\">\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629<\/a>\u0648<a href=\"https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%81%D9%88%D8%B6%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A9\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0648\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629<\/a>. \u0641\u064a \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0644\u0643 \u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b \u0645\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0644 \u0628\u0634\u0623\u0646 \u0645\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0627 &#8220;\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0643\u0632\u0629&#8221; \u0647\u064a \u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f \u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643 \u0623\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u062f \u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0644\u0623\u062d\u062f \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643&#8221;\u00a0 \u060c \u0645\u0642\u062a\u0628\u0633 \u0628\u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0631\u0641 \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0635 \u0648\u0631\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646: <a href=\"https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D9%88%D9%83%D8%B2%D8%A9\">https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/\u0648\u0643\u0632\u0629<\/a><br \/>\n14- <a href=\"https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D9%81%D8%B3\">https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/\u0639\u0644\u0645_\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0633<\/a><br \/>\n15- &#8221; \u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0629 (mental accounting) <a href=\"http:\/\/citeseerx.ist.psu.edu\/viewdoc\/download?doi=10.1.1.174.2961&amp;rep=rep1&amp;type=pdf\">\u0633\u064f\u0645\u0651\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d \u0628\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0650\u0628\u0644 \u0631\u064a\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u062f \u062a\u0627\u0644\u0631 (Richard Thaler)<\/a>\u060c \u0623\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643\u064a \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0634\u064a\u0643\u0627\u063a\u0648. \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0647\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0622\u062e\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u064a\u0633\u0645\u0648\u0646\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u064a\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0648\u0635\u0641 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0643\u064a\u0631 \u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0633 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0641 \u0648\u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0644\u062f\u064a\u0647\u0645. \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u064a\u062a\u0635\u0631\u0641 \u0648\u064a\u0642\u0631\u0631 \u062f\u0645\u0627\u063a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644.\u00a0 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0633 \u062a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628 \u0628\u062f\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629. \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0633\u064a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0631\u0628\u062d \u0628\u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 15 \u0631\u064a\u0627\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0631\u0628\u062d \u0642\u064a\u0645\u062a\u0647 10 \u0631\u064a\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0625\u064a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062c\u0627\u0630\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0631\u0628\u062d \u0628\u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 150 \u0631\u064a\u0627\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0631\u0628\u062d \u0642\u062f\u0631\u0647 140 \u0631\u064a\u0627\u0644\u064b\u0627. \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0627 \u0634\u0639\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0628\u062a\u0623\u0637\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0628\u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u064a\u0637\u0629 \u0628\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0639\u0637\u0627\u0626\u0647\u0627 \u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641. \u0641\u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0632\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0643\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0648\u062f\u060c \u062a\u0642\u0644 \u0642\u064a\u0645\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0629&#8221;\u060c \u0645\u0642\u062a\u0628\u0633 \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0635 \u0648\u0631\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646: <a href=\"https:\/\/thmanyah.com\/416\">https:\/\/thmanyah.com\/416<\/a><br \/>\n16- &#8220;\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u062a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0647\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u0646\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0647\u0644\u0643 \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0635 \u0648\u0631\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646: <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Choice_architecture\">https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Choice_architecture<\/a><br \/>\n17- &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0631\u0631\u064a\u0629 (\u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u0628\u0631\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629)\u060c \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0647\u0648\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a <a href=\"https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%88%D9%83\">\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643<\/a>\u00a0\u0645\u0639 \u0625\u0628\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0645\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AE%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B1\">\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631<\/a>\u060c \u0635\u0627\u063a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643\u064a \u0631\u064a\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u062f \u062b\u0627\u0644\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0633 \u0633\u0646\u0634\u062a\u0627\u064a\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d \u0641\u064a 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\u0633\u064a\u0645\u0648\u0646<\/a>\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0643\u0628\u062f\u064a\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B0_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B1\">\u0628\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631<\/a>\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0641\u064a\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%AA%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%AF_(%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85)\">\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f<\/a>,\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%88%D9%85_%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A9\">\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629<\/a> 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\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062a\u062e\u0630 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0635 \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u062d\u062f\u0649 \u0634\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0641\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u064a\u0637\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0648\u0636\u062d\u0627\u064b \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0644 \u0644\u064a\u0639\u0648\u0636 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u063a\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0648\u0644\u0647&#8221;\u060c \u0645\u0642\u062a\u0628\u0633 \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0635 \u0648\u0631\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646: <a href=\"https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D8%B9%D9%82%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%85%D8%AD%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%AF%D8%A9\">https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/\u0639\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629_\u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u0629<\/a><\/h5>\n<p><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633:<\/strong><br \/>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/news.uchicago.edu\/explainer\/what-is-behavioral-economics?utm_source=uc_newsletter&amp;utm_medium=email&amp;utm_campaign=UChicago_News_M08_12_2021\">https:\/\/news.uchicago.edu\/explainer\/what-is-behavioral-economics?utm_source=uc_newsletter&amp;utm_medium=email&amp;utm_campaign=UChicago_News_M08_12_2021<\/a><\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_7442\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-7442\" style=\"width: 166px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-7442\" src=\"https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/adnan-pic.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"166\" height=\"177\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/adnan-pic.jpg 309w, https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/adnan-pic-281x300.jpg 281w, https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/adnan-pic-140x150.jpg 140w, https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/adnan-pic-70x75.jpg 70w, https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/adnan-pic-155x165.jpg 155w, https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/adnan-pic-192x205.jpg 192w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 166px) 100vw, 166px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-7442\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0630 \u0639\u062f\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062c\u064a<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Behavioral economics, explained (\u0625\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f: \u0622\u0646 \u064a\u0648\u0646 &#8211; Ann Yun) &#8220;\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0634\u064a\u0643\u0627\u063a\u0648&#8221; \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643\u064a \u064a\u062f\u0645\u062c \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0633\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0633 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u064a\u064f\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u0648\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0635\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0633 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u062a\u0635\u0631\u0641\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a (\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639). \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u064a\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0643\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062f\u062b (neoclassical) (\u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631 1) \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0636 \u0623\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0633 \u0644\u062f\u064a\u0647\u0645 \u062a\u0641\u0636\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u062c\u064a\u062f\u064b\u0627 &hellip;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":12393,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_exactmetrics_skip_tracking":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_active":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_note":"","_exactmetrics_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[19],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-12389","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","","category-19"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/12389","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/4"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=12389"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/12389\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":12399,"href":"https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/12389\/revisions\/12399"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/12393"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=12389"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=12389"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=12389"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}