{"id":12303,"date":"2021-08-23T19:03:47","date_gmt":"2021-08-23T16:03:47","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/?p=12303"},"modified":"2021-08-24T09:45:46","modified_gmt":"2021-08-24T06:45:46","slug":"%d8%af%d9%88%d8%b1-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b9%d8%a8%d9%8a%d8%af-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d8%b3%d9%84%d9%85%d9%8a%d9%86-%d9%81%d9%8a-%d8%a8%d9%86%d8%a7%d8%a1-%d8%a3%d9%85%d8%b1%d9%8a%d9%83%d8%a7-%d8%aa%d8%b1%d8%ac","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/?p=12303","title":{"rendered":"\u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u0627 – \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0631 \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0641\u062a\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647"},"content":{"rendered":"

Muslims of early America
\n(\u0628\u0642\u0644\u0645: \u0633\u0627\u0645 \u0647\u064a\u0633\u0644\u0628\u064a – <\/strong>Sam Haselby)<\/span><\/h2>\n

\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

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\"\"
\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629: pambazuka.org<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

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\u0648\u0634\u0647\u062f\u062a \u062a\u062c\u0631\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0628\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0648\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u0627 “\u0623\u0646\u062c\u0644\u0632\u0629” \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u062d\u0648\u0651\u0644\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0622\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0634\u064a\u0621 \u0645\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0641 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0646\u062c\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643 \u062c\u064a\u0645\u0633. “\u0645\u0648\u0633\u0649” \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d “\u0645\u0648\u0632\u0633” (Moses)\u060c \u0648”\u0625\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645” \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d “\u0623\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0627\u0645” (Abraham)\u060c \u0648”\u0623\u064a\u0648\u0628” \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d “\u062c\u0648\u0628” (Job)\u060c \u0648”\u062f\u0627\u0648\u0648\u062f” \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u062f\u064a\u0641\u064a\u062f (David) \u0648”\u0633\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0627\u0646” \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d “\u0633\u0648\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0646” (Solomon)\u060c \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0648\u0648\u0638\u0651\u064e\u0641\u062a \u062a\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0633\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0631\u0648\u0627\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0627 “\u0623\u063a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0633\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0648\u0646” (Song of Solomon)\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0651\u064e\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645 1977\u0645\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u062a\u0642 \u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u063a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0637\u064a\u0651\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u062f\u0644\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u062a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0637\u0644\u060c “\u0645\u064a\u0644\u0643\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u062f\u064a\u062f” (Milkman Dead)\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0633\u0631\u062a\u0647. \u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u063a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u0627\u0626\u0644\u0629: “\u0633\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0631\u064a\u0646\u0627\u060c \u0628\u0644\u0627\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0634\u0627\u0644\u0648\u062a\/ \u064a\u0627\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627\u060c \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u0651\u0650\u062a”\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b: \u0633\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0648\u0646: \u0633\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0644\u0627\u0644\u064a: \u0628\u0644\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0634\u0627\u0644\u0648\u062a: \u062c\u0627\u0644\u0648\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0645\u062d\u0645\u062a: \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f. \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u062c\u0627\u0621\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u064f\u0639\u0628\u062f\u0648\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0641\u064a\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062f\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0646\u062a\u0627\u0643\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0631\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0646\u064a\u062a\u064a\u0646 (\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629) \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0623\u0645\u0627\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u0627.<\/p>\n

\"\"
\u0645\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0622\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u062e\u0637 \u0623\u064a\u0648\u0628 \u0633\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u062f\u064a\u0627\u0644\u0648 (\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0634\u0631)<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

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\u0648\u0641\u064a \u0625\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0635\u062d\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0648\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0648\u062f \u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 1791\u0645 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0628\u062f\u064d \u0647\u0627\u0631\u0628: “\u062d\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0632\u0646\u062c\u064a \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u060c \u064a\u064f\u062f\u0639\u0649 \u062c\u0641\u0631\u064a \u2026 \u0623\u0648 \u0625\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645”\u060c \u064a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629.<\/p>\n

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“\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0622\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u0627 \u0648\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0651\u064e \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0644\u064a\u0633\u064e \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u0639\u0646\u0627 \u0642\u0648\u0644\u0647 \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a”.<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

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\u0644\u0643\u0646\u0651\u064e \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062c\u0639\u0644\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0648\u0631\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u063a\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0621 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0651\u064e\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0630\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u062a\u0627\u062d\u062a \u0644\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e. \u0644\u0642\u062f \u0643\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0627 \u0648\u0628\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0631\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0623\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635\u0648\u0635\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0627\u062a. \u0645\u0643\u0646\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u062f\u0651\u064a \u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0639 “\u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u062b\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a” (the problem of collective representation) \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b. \u0641\u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0628\u0632\u0648\u063a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0648\u0628 \u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0623\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0628. \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u062a\u0646\u062d\u062f\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0633\u0644\u0641 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0651\u0646: \u0625\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645 \u0623\u0648 \u0623\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0627\u0633\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0648\u0628 \u062a\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637 \u0628\u0628\u0639\u0636\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629 (\u0628\u064a\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0629). \u0644\u0643\u0646\u0651 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u062e\u0644\u0642 \u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629 (\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629) \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0636 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0634\u0639\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u064f\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0643\u0627\u060c \u064a\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643 \u0633\u0645\u0627\u062a \u062c\u0648\u0647\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0628\u0644 \u0645\u0648\u0631\u0648\u062b\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0646\u062d\u062f\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0633\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0650\u0644\u0643 \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0650\u0644\u0643\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0651\u064e\u0627\u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0634\u0631\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0631\u0628 \u0644\u062a\u0645\u062b\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0648\u0631\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0651. \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0648\u0631\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0643\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0634\u0639\u0628 \u0645\u064f\u062e\u062a\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0634\u0639\u0628 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628 \u0644\u0643\u0646\u0651\u0647 \u064a\u062a\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u0628. \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0635\u0647\u0631 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0633\u0643\u0651\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u063a\u0627\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0648\u062a\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0642\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0643\u064f\u0646 \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627 \u0628\u0623\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0644\u0627 \u0628\u062f \u0645\u0646\u0647.<\/p>\n

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\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631:<\/strong><\/p>\n

(1) \u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u0648 \u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0643\u0631\u0629: \u062c\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u0627 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0648\u0628\u0623\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629. \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u062a\u0645 \u0646\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u0647\u0645\u061f<\/p>\n

Muslims of early America: Muslims came to America more than a century before Protestants, and in great numbers. How was their history forgotten? https:\/\/aeon.co\/essays\/muslims-lived-in-america-before-protestantism-even-existed<\/a><\/p>\n

\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0634:<\/strong><\/p>\n

(2) \u0623\u0634\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0630 \u0633\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u062d \u0634\u0643\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0641\u064a\u0647 \u062d\u0642\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0646\u064a \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0625\u0646 \u0628\u0642\u064a \u062e\u0637\u0623 \u0641\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u064a\u062a\u064a \u0648\u062d\u062f\u064a (\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645).<\/p>\n

(3) \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u0621 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0647\u0648 \u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u0636\u0641\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u062a\u0635\u0631\u0641 \u0644\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0622\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0623\u0633\u064a\u0633 \u0623\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f (\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645).<\/p>\n

(4) \u0643\u0631\u064a\u0648\u0644 (Creole)\u060c \u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u0643\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 “\u0633\u064a \u0622\u064a\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0632” \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0651\u064e\u0631\u0642\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0631\u0643\u064a. \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0648\u0644 \u0647\u064a \u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0644\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0628\u0640 “\u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u062c\u064a\u0646\u0629 (Pidgin)” \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u062d\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0643 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u0636\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0645\u0627. (\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645)<\/p>\n

(5) \u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629\u00a0\u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u062a\u0623\u0633\u0633\u062a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1816\u0645 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u00a0\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u064a\u062f \u0631\u0648\u0628\u0631\u062a \u0641\u064a\u0646\u0644\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u064a\u0648\u062c\u0631\u0633\u064a \u0644\u062a\u0634\u062c\u064a\u0639 \u0648\u062f\u0639\u0645 \u0647\u062c\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0631\u064a\u0646\u00a0\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627. \u0628\u062f\u0623\u062a \u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0645\u0624\u0633\u0633\u0629 \u0631\u0628\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0631\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0645\u0646\u062d\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u062a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062d\u0644 \u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0637\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0639. \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0632\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u062a\u0645\u0631\u062f \u0641\u064a \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0639\u0634\u0631\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u062e\u0644\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0624\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u064a\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0642\u062f \u062e\u062f\u0639\u0648\u0627 \u0648\u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0633\u0627\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0627\u0638 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0648\u062f\u064a\u0629\u00a0\u0628\u062f\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0635 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 (\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645).<\/p>\n

(6) \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0647\u064a\u0633\u0644\u0628\u064a: \u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u062a\u0637\u0648\u0651\u0631\u060c \u062c\u0632\u0626\u064a\u0651\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0628\u062d\u064a\u062b “\u0639\u0631\u0651\u064e\u0634 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627\u0626\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0622\u0633\u064a\u0627” (\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645).<\/p>\n

(7) \u0628\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0626\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0646\u0633\u0628\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0646\u062c\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0648\u0631\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0651\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u062a\u0630\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0651\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0629. \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u062e\u0633\u0631\u062a \u0646\u064a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u062c\u0644\u0646\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062d\u064a \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0628\u0632\u0648\u063a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0628\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u062f\u0648\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0632 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0628\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0632\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0637\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0638\u0645\u0649 \u0623\u0648 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0651\u0629 \u0643\u0644\u0647\u0627.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Muslims of early America (\u0628\u0642\u0644\u0645: \u0633\u0627\u0645 \u0647\u064a\u0633\u0644\u0628\u064a – Sam Haselby) \u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 (aoen) \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0633\u0627\u0645 \u0647\u064a\u0633\u0644\u0628\u064a (Sam Haselby)(1): \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u063a\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0642\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0642\u062f \u062d\u064f\u0631\u0650\u0645\u0648\u0627 \u062d\u0631\u064a\u064e\u0651\u062a\u0647\u0645\u060c \u0648\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0651\u064e\u0629 \u0645\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0633\u0629 \u0634\u0639\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0647\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0646\u064f\u0635\u0650\u0651\u0631\u0648\u0627 \u0642\u0633\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u062d\u0631\u0645\u0648\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0644\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0645 (\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645) \u0623\u0648 \u062c\u0646\u0633\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0644\u063a\u062a\u0647\u0645 (\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629). \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0647\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 …<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":11220,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"single\/single-cat-Article.php","format":"standard","meta":{"_exactmetrics_skip_tracking":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_active":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_note":"","_exactmetrics_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[19],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-12303","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","","category-19"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/12303","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/4"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=12303"}],"version-history":[{"count":7,"href":"https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/12303\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":12318,"href":"https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/12303\/revisions\/12318"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/11220"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=12303"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=12303"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=12303"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}