{"id":11142,"date":"2021-06-16T12:07:08","date_gmt":"2021-06-16T09:07:08","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/?p=11142"},"modified":"2021-06-16T12:07:08","modified_gmt":"2021-06-16T09:07:08","slug":"%d9%83%d9%8a%d9%81-%d8%aa%d8%b9%d9%84%d9%85-%d8%a5%d9%86%d8%b3%d8%a7%d9%86-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%86%d9%8a%d8%a7%d9%86%d8%af%d8%b1%d8%aa%d8%a7%d9%84-%d9%88%d8%ba%d9%8a%d8%b1%d9%87-%d9%85%d9%86-%d8%a7%d9%84","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/?p=11142","title":{"rendered":"\u0643\u064a\u0641 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0631\u062a\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u061f – \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u062f\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062c\u064a"},"content":{"rendered":"

How did Neanderthals and other ancient humans learn to count?
\n(Colin Barras, a science journalist in Ann Arbor, Michigan – \u0628\u0642\u0644\u0645: \u0643\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u0633 \u060c \u0635\u062d\u0641\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0622\u0646 \u0623\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0631 \u060c \u0645\u064a\u0634\u064a\u063a\u0627\u0646)<\/span><\/h3>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

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\u0641\u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062b\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0628\u0647\u0629 \u0644\u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0645\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d\u0629 \u062a\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0647\u0645 \u0639\u0646 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0621. \u0641\u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d \u0623\u0646 \u0633\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0627\u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0637\u0627\u0639\u062a \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0642\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0642\u0644 \u064a\u0633\u0645\u0649 \u062b\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629\u060c (Bipedalism)\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0648\u0642\u0648\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0643\u0646 \u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0627 \u0628\u0644 \u064a\u0639\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0625\u0646\u062d\u0646\u0627\u0621. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629\u060c \u00a0\u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0623\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0643\u0646 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0641\u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0623\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f\u0647 \u0643\u0627\u0644\u0637\u064a\u0648\u0631 \u0648\u062d\u064a\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u063a\u0627\u0631\u0648 \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627. \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0648\u0644\u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627 \u0648\u0641\u0642 \u0634\u0631\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u060c \u062d\u062f\u062b \u0627\u0646\u0639\u0643\u0627\u0633 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0646\u062d\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u062c\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0633\u0641\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0646\u062a\u062c \u0639\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0644 \u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0644\u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0648\u0641. \u0648\u064a\u0631\u062c\u062d \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0623\u0646 \u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0633\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0634\u0647\u062f\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0633\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0645\u0648\u0625\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0643\u062a\u0633 (Homo Erectus) \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0638\u0647\u0631\u062a \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0633\u0646\u0629. \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u062e\u0627\u0635\u064a\u0629 \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0648\u0627\u0635 \u062a\u0645\u064a\u0632 \u0633\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a (Homo) \u0639\u0646 \u063a\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631.<\/p>\n

\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0641\u064a\u062f\u0646\u0627 \u0628\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0639\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649 (\u0635\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0642\u0644) \u0644\u0645 \u062a\u0623\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u062c\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062f\u0641\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0634\u0643\u0644\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u063a\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062b\u0647\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u062a\u0633\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u062d\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u062a\u0643\u064a\u0641\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0639 \u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0626\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0635\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u064a\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0621\u0645 \u0645\u0639 \u0634\u0631\u0648\u0637 \u0628\u064a\u0626\u062a\u0647.<\/p>\n

\u0646\u0639\u0648\u062f \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645 \u0623\u062f\u0646\u0627\u0647 \u0648\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0621\u0644 \u0639\u0646 \u0625\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u0627\u0646\u062f\u064a\u0631\u062a\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0644 \u0623\u0646 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f \u062d\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u062c\u0630\u0648\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0623\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f \u064a\u0646\u062a\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0629.<\/p>\n

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\u0628\u0644 \u0648\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0642\u0627\u062f\u062a\u0646\u064a \u0644\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u0647\u062c\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0648\u062a\u0648\u0623\u0648\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0644\u0648\u064a\u062f\u0632 (Proto-australoids) \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0637\u0631\u062d \u0646\u0632\u0648\u062d \u0637\u0644\u0627\u0626\u0639\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0625\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f 70 \u0623\u0644\u0641 \u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0623\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a \u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628 \u0622\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0628\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0621\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0644\u0642 \u0647\u062c\u0631\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0636\u064a\u0642 \u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062f\u0628 \u0648\u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0623\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0623\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0644\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0632\u064a. \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0639\u0628\u0648\u0631\u0647\u0645 \u0644\u0623\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0634\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u064a\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0643\u062a\u0633\u0628\u0648\u0627 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0643 \u0648\u062d\u0645\u0644\u0648\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0639\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u062a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0627 \u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628 \u0622\u0633\u064a\u0627.<\/p>\n

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( \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645 )<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u062a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0643\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062b\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0633 \u0637\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0627 \u0623\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0639\u0634\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u064a\u0646. \u064a\u0633\u062a\u0643\u0634\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0635\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

\"\"
\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628 (\u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f) \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u0627 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u061f \u0642\u062f \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0632\u0648\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u062d\u062f\u062b\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0631\u062a\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0628\u0639 \u0642\u062f \u0633\u062c\u0644\u062a \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u0629. \u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629: \u062f\u0625\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0643\u0648.<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

\u0645\u0646\u0630 \u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a 60 \u0623\u0644\u0641 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0646 \u0628\u063a\u0631\u0628 \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0637 \u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0631\u062a\u0627\u0644 \u0642\u0637\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0641\u062e\u0630 \u0636\u0628\u0639 \u0648\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u062d\u062c\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627. \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0643\u062a\u0645\u0644\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u064a\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u062a\u0633\u0639\u0629 \u062d\u0632\u0648\u0632 \u0645\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0628\u0647\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0644\u0627\u0641\u062a \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0648\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0644\u0648 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0635\u0648\u062f \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0634\u064a\u0621 \u0645\u0627.<\/p>\n

\u0644\u062f\u0649 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0646\u0634\u064a\u0633\u0643\u0648 \u062f\u0627\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0643\u0648 (Francesco D\u2019Errico)\u060c \u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062b\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0628\u0648\u0631\u062f\u0648\u00a0 \u0641\u064a \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u0627\u060c \u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a (\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0632\u0648\u0632). \u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0641\u062d\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062b\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062d\u0648\u062a\u0629 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u062d\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0639\u062a\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0628\u0639 – \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0639\u064f\u062b\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0639\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639\u00a0 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0633 (Les Pradelles) \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u063a\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645 (Angoul\u00eame) (\u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631 1) – \u0628\u0631\u0632 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0639\u0638\u0645 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0627\u062f\u064a. \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062b\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062d\u0648\u062a\u0629 \u062a\u064f\u0641\u0633\u0631 \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0633 (Les Pradelles) \u064a\u0628\u062f\u0648 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u062f\u0627\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0643\u0648 (D\u2019Errico).<\/p>\n

\u064a\u062c\u0627\u062f\u0644 \u0641\u0631\u0627\u0646\u0634\u064a\u0633\u0643\u0648 \u062f\u0625\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0643\u0648 \u0628\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0642\u062f \u064a\u0631\u0645\u0651\u0632 (\u064a\u0643\u062a\u0646\u0632) \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u0629 (\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0639\u0628\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0623\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0628\u062d\u0633\u0628 2). \u0648\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0641\u0631\u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0648\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f\u064a\u0629 \/ \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0645: \u0631\u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0631\u062a\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 (3).<\/p>\n

\u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u0646\u0634\u0631 \u062f\u0625\u0631\u064a\u0643\u0648\u00a0 (D\u2019Errico) \u0623\u0641\u0643\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 2018\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u063a\u0627\u0645\u0631 \u0628\u062f\u062e\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0643\u062a\u0634\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u064a\u0646: \u062c\u0630\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0629. \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0631\u0627\u0633\u0644 \u063a\u0631\u0627\u064a (Russell Gray)\u060c \u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0639\u0647\u062f \u0645\u0627\u0643\u0633 \u0628\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0643 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0646\u062b\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0644\u0627\u064a\u0628\u0632\u064a\u063a \u0628\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627: “\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0634\u0627\u063a\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0646\u0633\u0628\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a”. \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0641\u0642\u0648\u0646 \u062d\u062a\u0649\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0646\u0634\u0631\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 2017 (\u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631 4) \u0639\u0631\u0641\u062a\u0651\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646\u0641\u0635\u0644\u0629 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0642\u064a\u0645 \u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 (\u0645\u0636\u0628\u0648\u0637\u0629 exact) \u062a\u064f\u0645\u062b\u064e\u0644 \u0628\u0631\u0645\u0648\u0632 \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0643\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062a (\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0628\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062a) \u0648\u0631\u0645\u0648\u0632 (\u0623\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0645).<\/p>\n

\u0623\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0645\u00a0 \u064a\u062c\u0630\u0628 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0627\u0647\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u062a\u0632\u0627\u064a\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c \u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u062e\u0635\u0635\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062a\u0646\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0623\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0648\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u064a\u062f\u0631\u0633 \u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u0648 \u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0643 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u062b\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u064a\u0641\u0647\u0645\u0648\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 (5) – \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u064f\u0639\u0631\u0651\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0648\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0644\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u062a\u0647\u0627. \u0623\u0645\u0644\u0647\u0645 \u0647\u0648 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u064e\u0646\u0632\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629 (4) \u0642\u062f \u062a\u0633\u0644\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0648\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0623\u0635\u0648\u0644\u0647\u0627. \u0641\u064a \u063a\u0636\u0648\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u0648 \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062b\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0639\u0646 \u0623\u062f\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0631\u0645\u0648\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \/ \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u0648 \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u062a\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u0643\u0634\u0641\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \/ \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062a. \u062f\u0641\u0639\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u064a\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u064a\u0627\u063a\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0635\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u0627 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e.<\/p>\n

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\u063a\u0631\u064a\u0632\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0645<\/strong><\/p>\n

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\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0648\u062d\u064a \u0628\u0647 \u0643\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0646\u064a\u062f\u0631 (Andreas Nieder)\u060c \u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0635\u0627\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u062a\u0648\u0628\u0646\u063a\u0646 \u0628\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0647\u0648 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631 \u0644\u062f\u064a\u0647\u0645 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u0637\u0631\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0645 \/ \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0646\u0634\u0623\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0644\u060c \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0634\u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0641\u0648\u0627\u0626\u062f \u062a\u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

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\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0623\u064a. \u064a\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0634 \u0646\u064a\u062f\u0631 (Nieder) \u0628\u0623\u0646 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u064f\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0623\u0648\u062c\u0647 \u062a\u0634\u0627\u0628\u0647 \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062a\u0645 \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0645\u064a\u0627\u062a \/ \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0631 \/ \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u062f\u0645\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u062f\u064a\u064a\u0627\u062a \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0645\u0627\u063a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0645 \/ \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f. \u0648\u064a\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0646 \u0631\u0633\u0645 \u062e\u0637 \u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643\u064a\u0646 \u0634\u064a\u0621 \u0645\u0636\u0644\u0644 (9) \u060c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0648\u0627\u0641\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0645 \/ \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f ( \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0645\u062b\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f\u064a \u0641\u064a 10) \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0628\u0623\u064a \u062d\u064a\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0622\u062e\u0631. \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0644: “\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0648\u062c\u062f \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u062d\u064a\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u062f\u064a\u064a\u0627\u062a [\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0629] \u0642\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0645\u062b\u064a\u0644 \u0631\u0645\u0648\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0645 \/ \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f”.<\/p>\n

\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u062f\u0627\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0643\u0648 (D\u2019Errico) \u0644\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0633 (Les Pradelles) \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0624\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u062a\u0634\u0643\u0644\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f (4). \u062f\u0631\u0633 \u062f\u0627\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0643\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0632\u0648\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0639\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0648\u0626\u064a \u060c \u0648\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0625\u0646 \u0623\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0642\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0645\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0628\u0647\u0629 \u0644\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0628\u062f\u0648 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0635\u0646\u0639\u062a \u0643\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0633\u0648\u0643\u0629 \u0628\u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629. \u064a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0643\u0644 \u0634\u064a\u0621 \u062a\u0645 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0634\u062e\u0635 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0644\u0633\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0631\u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u062a \u0628\u0636\u0639 \u062f\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0623\u0648 \u0633\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a. (\u0641\u064a \u0648\u0642\u062a \u0622\u062e\u0631\u060c \u062a\u0645 \u0646\u062d\u062a \u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u0632\u0648\u0632 \u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0639\u0645\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627).<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0642\u062f \u062f\u0627\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0643\u0648 \u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062d\u0648\u062a\u0627\u062a \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u064a\u0646\u0648\u064a \u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0646\u0645\u0637 \u0632\u062e\u0631\u0641\u064a \u0644\u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0648\u0634 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u062a\u0638\u0645\u0629. \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629\u060c \u0642\u0627\u0645 \u062f\u0627\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0643\u0648 \u0628\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0632\u0648\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0638\u0645 \u063a\u0631\u0627\u0628 \u0639\u0645\u0631\u0647 40 \u0623\u0644\u0641 \u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0646\u064a\u0627\u0646\u062f\u0631\u062a\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0634\u0628\u0647 \u062c\u0632\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0645. \u064a\u064f\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062d\u0635\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0632\u0648\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0645\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0647\u062f \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u064f\u0639\u0637\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0639\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0648\u0646 \u0642\u0637\u0639\u0629 \u0639\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0645\u0627\u062b\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u064a\u064f\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \/ \u062d\u0632\u0648\u0632 \u0645\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0648\u064d \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 (11). \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u064a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0632\u0648\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0633 (Les Pradelles) \u062a\u0641\u062a\u0642\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0638\u0627\u0645. \u00a0\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638\u0629 (12) – \u0648\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0632\u0648\u0632 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u062a \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0644\u0633\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629 – \u062f\u0641\u0639\u062a \u062f\u0627\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0643\u0648 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0631\u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0648\u0638\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u062d\u0633\u0628\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0633\u062c\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u062a\u062f\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0642\u064a\u062f<\/strong><\/p>\n

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\u064a\u0642\u0631 \u062f\u0627\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0643\u0648 \u0628\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u062b\u063a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0648. \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d \u0645\u0627 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0631\u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0634\u062c\u0639\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0648\u0636\u0639 \u062d\u0632\u0648\u0632 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0646\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u064a\u062f\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0642\u0635\u0648\u062f\u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0644\u062a\u0633\u062e\u064a\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0644\u062a\u0633\u062c\u064a\u0644 \/ \u062d\u0641\u0638 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u0629. \u0633\u064a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639\u00a0 (QUANTA) \u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u062b\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062b\u0627\u0631 \u0644\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u062f\u0627\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0643\u0648 (D\u2019Errico) \u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639.<\/p>\n

\u0642\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b \u0646\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0632 (N\u00fa\u00f1ez) \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639\u00a0 (QUANTA)\u060c \u062c\u0646\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0646\u0628 \u0645\u0639 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0648\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 \u060c \u064a\u062d\u0630\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062b\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0627\u064a\u062f\u0644\u064a\u0633 (Les Pradelles) \u064a\u0635\u0639\u0628 \u062a\u0641\u0633\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627. \u0643\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0646\u0644\u064a \u0623\u0648\u06a4\u0631\u0645\u0627\u0646 (Karenleigh Overmann)\u060c \u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062b\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u064a \u0628\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0643\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062f\u0648 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0643\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062f\u0648 \u0633\u0628\u0631\u064a\u0646\u063a\u0632\u060c \u0633\u0644\u0637\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0648\u0621 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0639\u0648\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0647\u0627\u062f \u0628\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0635\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646. \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u064a\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u0637\u062d\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0637\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0633\u0637\u0648\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0634\u0628\u060c \u0645\u0632\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u062d\u0632\u0648\u0632 \u0642\u062f \u062a\u0628\u062f\u0648 \u0648\u0643\u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0631\u0645\u0632 \/ \u062a\u0634\u0641\u0631 (\u062a\u0643\u062a\u0646\u0632) \u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u0629 – \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0628\u062f\u0648 \u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643.<\/p>\n

\u064a\u062a\u0641\u0642 \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0633 \u0643\u064a\u0644\u064a\u060c \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u062b\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0646\u064a\u0648 \u0625\u0646\u063a\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0631\u0645\u064a\u062f\u0627\u0644 \u0628\u0623\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0623\u062c\u0631\u0649 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u0639\u0635\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 (16)\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u0648\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0623\u0648\u06a4\u0631\u0645\u0627\u0646. \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0646 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0639\u0635\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0641\u0648\u0631\u0629 \/ \u0645\u0646\u0642\u0648\u0634\u0629 \u0628\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0634\u0628\u0647 \u0639\u0635\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e (tally stick) [\u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0648\u0633\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0630\u0643\u0631 \u062a\u064f\u0633\u062c\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u062d\u062c\u0648\u0645 \u0648\u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0631\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644, \u0628\u062d\u0633\u0628 17] \u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0643\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0630\u0627\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u064a\u064f\u0631\u0633\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0630\u0643\u0631 \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0633\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0623\u0635\u062d\u0627\u0628\u0647\u0627. \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0643\u064a\u0644\u064a: “\u064a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0648\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u062a\u0630\u0643\u0631 \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0633\u0631\u062f \u0642\u0635\u0629 \u0644\u0627 \u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628 \u0643\u0645\u064a\u0629 \/ \u062d\u062c\u0645”.<\/p>\n

\u064a\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0648\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0646\u063a\u0631 (Wunyungar)\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0623\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0639\u0636\u0648 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u063a\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0646\u062c \u063a\u0648\u0631\u0646\u062c (Gooreng Gooreng) \u0648 \u0648\u0627\u0643\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0643\u0627 (Wakka Wakka)\u060c \u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u064a \u0642\u062f \u062a\u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u064a \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629. \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0644: “\u0628\u0639\u0636\u0647\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629 – \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u063a\u0630\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0644\u062d\u0629”. “\u0639\u0635\u064a \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0642\u062f \u062a\u062d\u0645\u0644 \u0631\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0628”.<\/p>\n

\"\"
\u064a\u0639\u062a\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0633 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u0648\u0627 \u062d\u0632\u0648\u0632\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0642\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0628\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a 40 \u0623\u0644\u0641 \u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0643\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0628\u0643\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f.<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

\u0637\u0648\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0648\u06a4\u0631\u0645\u0627\u0646 (Overmann) \u0641\u0631\u0636\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0644\u0634\u0631\u062d \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f (4) \u0642\u062f \u0638\u0647\u0631\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u0627 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e – \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0647\u0645\u0629 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d\u062a \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0633\u0647\u0648\u0644\u0629\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0646\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u0642\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0623\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645. \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0623\u0641\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0643\u0644\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0648\u0631\u0646 (Claire Bowern) \u0648\u062c\u064a\u0633\u0648\u0646 \u0632\u064a\u0646\u062a\u0632 (Jason Zentz) \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u064a\u064a\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0646\u064a\u0648 \u0647\u0627\u06a4\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0648\u0646\u064a\u062a\u064a\u0643\u062a\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0639 \u0639\u0627\u0645 2012 \u0623\u0646 139 \u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0623\u0633\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0644\u063a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u062d\u062f \u0639\u062f \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646 “\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629” \u0623\u0648 “\u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639\u0629” \u0644\u0623\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0629. \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644 “\u0639\u062f\u0629 several” \u0648 “\u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f many” \u0644\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u064a\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0627 (18). \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u062c\u0645\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0634\u0639\u0628 \u0627\u0644 \u0628\u064a\u0631\u0627\u0647\u0627 (Pirah\u00e3) \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0627\u0632\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0632\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u064a\u064f\u0632\u0639\u0645 \u0623\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0646\u064b\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0637\u0644\u0642\u064b\u0627 (19).<\/p>\n

\u062a\u0624\u0643\u062f \u0623\u0648\u06a4\u0631\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u0648\u0646 \u0622\u062e\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0648\u062c\u062f \u0634\u064a\u0621 \u0646\u0627\u0642\u0635 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0629 \u0646\u0633\u0628\u064a\u064b\u0627. \u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0633\u0627\u0621\u0644\u062a \u0639\u0645\u0627 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0642\u062f \u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062f\u0641\u0639 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u062f \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062a\u0641\u0635\u064a\u0644\u0627\u064b.<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u062a\u0644\u0643\u0627\u062a<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0641\u064a \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0623\u062c\u0631\u064a\u062a \u0639\u0627\u0645 2013 (\u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631 20)\u060c \u062d\u0644\u0644\u062a \u0623\u0648\u06a4\u0631\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u062b\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0640 33 \u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0646\u00a0 – \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0635\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0623\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645. \u0627\u0643\u062a\u0634\u0641\u062a \u0623\u0646 \u0623\u0648\u0644\u0626\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u062f\u064a\u0647\u0645 \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u062f \u0628\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0629 (\u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0639\u0646 “\u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639\u0629”) \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0644\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u062a\u0644\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0644\u062d\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0648\u0647\u0631\u0627\u062a. \u0623\u0648\u0644\u0626\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u062f\u064a\u0647\u0645 \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0641\u064a\u0636\u0629 (\u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 “\u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639\u0629”) \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u062f\u064a\u0647\u0645 \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u063a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u062a\u0644\u0643\u0627\u062a. \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0644\u0629 \u0623\u0648\u062d\u062a \u0644 \u0623\u0648\u06a4\u0631\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0642\u062f \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0646\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u062a\u0644\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0623\u0631\u0627\u062f\u062a \u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f \u0647\u0630\u0647.<\/p>\n

\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0644\u062f\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u062f \u0645\u0639\u0642\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u064a\u0641 \u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629. \u0648\u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0638\u060c \u0623\u0634\u0627\u0631\u062a \u0623\u0648\u06a4\u0631\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0626\u0639 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u062f \u062e\u0645\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 (\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633 5) (\u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631 21)\u00a0 \u0623\u0648 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0639\u062f \u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a \u0623\u0648 \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0639\u062f \u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646\u064a (\u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 20) (\u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631 22). \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0623\u0648\u062d\u0649 \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f \u0628\u062f\u0623\u062a \u0628\u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u062f \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0627\u0628\u0639.<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0641\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0644 \u0623\u0648\u06a4\u0631\u0645\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0647\u0627\u0645\u0629. \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0639\u0627\u0629 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 (MET) (\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0648\u0641\u0649 \u0639\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a 23) \u060c \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0625\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0628\u062a\u0643\u0631\u0647 \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0639\u0642\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062b\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u064a \u0644\u0627\u0645\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0633 \u0645\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0633 (Lambros Malafouris) \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u0633\u0641\u0648\u0631\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0644\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 (24). \u062a\u0648\u0643\u062f \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 (MET) \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0644 \u064a\u0645\u062a\u062f (\u064a\u0633\u062a\u0637\u064a\u0644) \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0627 \u0648\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0645\u0627\u063a \u0648\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0634\u064a\u0627\u0621 \/ \u0623\u062c\u0633\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0648 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0623\u0635\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635. \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0627\u062f (\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0629) \u064a\u0633\u0645\u062d \u0628\u0625\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0627\u062f\u064a\u064b\u0627\u061b \u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0641\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u060c \u062a\u0642\u062a\u0631\u062d \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 (MET) \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0627\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0645 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0627\u0628\u0639. \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0633\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0648\u064a\u0633\u0647\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0645\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0648 \u0637\u0631\u062d\u0647\u0627.<\/p>\n

\u062c\u0627\u062f\u0644 \u0623\u0648\u06a4\u0631\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0632\u062a \u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0641\u0639\u0644\u062a \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0637\u0648\u0631\u062a \u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0648\u0636\u0648\u062d\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0645. \u0648\u0631\u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0648\u0636\u0648\u062d\u064b\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0644\u062f\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u062a\u0644\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062f\u064a\u0647 \u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u062f (\u0648\u0644\u0639\u062f \u0623\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0645 “\u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639\u0629”) \u0644\u062a\u062a\u0628\u0639 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u064a\u0627\u0621.<\/p>\n

\u062a\u0639\u062a\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0648\u06a4\u0631\u0645\u0627\u0646 (Overmann) \u0623\u0646 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 (MET) \u062a\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0645\u062a\u0644\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f. \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0629 \u064a\u062f\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0639\u0635\u0627\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e (tally) \u062a\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0627\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0627\u062f\u064b\u0627 (\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0629\u064b) \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0632\u0648\u0632 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0629 (tally) \u064a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062b\u0628\u064a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u062a\u0631\u0633\u064a\u062e\u0647\u0627 \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f. \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u062d\u0627\u0633\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0623\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \/ \u0623\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 (25).<\/p>\n

\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0623\u0648\u06a4\u0631\u0645\u0627\u0646\u060c \u062a\u062d\u0631\u0643\u062a \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u062f \u0639\u0635\u064a \u0627\u0644 (tally) \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0629. \u062d\u062f\u062b \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0648\u0642\u062a \u0642\u0631\u064a\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u0638\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u062e\u0644\u0642 \u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0644\u062a\u062a\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0633. \u062a\u0641\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062b\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0642\u0628\u0644 5500 \u0639\u0627\u0645 \u060c \u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0648\u0632 (token) \u0627\u0644\u0637\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0643\u0648\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u062f (26).<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0641\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0640 \u0623\u0648\u06a4\u0631\u0645\u0627\u0646\u060c \u062a\u0648\u062d\u064a \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 (MET) \u0623\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0648\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0627\u0645\u062a\u062f\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a (\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a) \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0644 \u060c \u0648\u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0632\u0632\u062a \u0638\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0639\u062f\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629. \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u062c\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0635\u0648\u0635 \u060c \u062c\u0627\u0621\u062a \u0623\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0648\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0642\u064a\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629: 10 \u0631\u0645\u0648\u0632 \u0637\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062e\u0631\u0648\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629\u00a0 \u062a\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644 \u0631\u0645\u0648\u0632 \u0637\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0631\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0648 6 \u0631\u0645\u0648\u0632 \u0637\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0631\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u062a\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644 \u0631\u0645\u0648\u0632 \u0637\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062e\u0631\u0648\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629. \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0631\u0645\u0648\u0632 \u0637\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062e\u0631\u0648\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644 60 \u0631\u0645\u0632\u064b\u0627 \u0637\u064a\u0646\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u062e\u0631\u0648\u0637\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0633\u0645\u062d\u062a \u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f \u0645\u0627 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0646\u0633\u0628\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0645\u0648\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u062a\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u062f\u0631\u064a\u0627 \u0628\u0646\u062f\u0631 (Andrea Bender)\u060c \u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0631\u063a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0631\u0648\u064a\u062c \u0648\u0642\u0627\u0626\u062f\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 (QUANTA) \u060c \u0625\u0646 \u0623\u0639\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u064a\u062e\u0637\u0637\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0643\u0645\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645. \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0634\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0633\u0645\u062d \u0644\u0647\u0645 \u0628\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u0631\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648\u06a4\u0631\u0645\u0627\u0646 (Overmann) \u0628\u0623\u0646 \u0623\u0639\u0636\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0633\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0646\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u064a\u062f\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0631\u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u062f \u062a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u0648\u0642\u0647\u0627. \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0628\u0646\u062f\u0631 \u062a\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0632\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0624\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0641\u062a\u0631\u0636\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u0628\u0642\u064b\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0623\u0641\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0623\u0648\u06a4\u0631\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064a\u0629 (MET) \u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062e\u0631 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062d\u0645\u0627\u0633\u064b\u0627. \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0643\u0631\u064a\u0645 \u0632\u0627\u0647\u062f\u064a (Karim Zahidi)\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641 \u0628\u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0623\u0646\u062a\u0648\u064a\u0631\u0628 (Antwerp) \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0643\u0627\u060c \u0625\u0646\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0633\u064a\u0646\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0648 \u0623\u0648\u06a4\u0631\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0645\u0644 \u060c \u0625\u0644\u0651\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u062a\u0645\u062a\u0639 \u0628\u0625\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0634\u0631\u062d \u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0642\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645.<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a\u0629<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u062a\u0642\u0631 \u0623\u0648\u06a4\u0631\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0623\u0646 \u0641\u0631\u0636\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0633\u0643\u062a\u062a \u062d\u064a\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629: \u0645\u062a\u0649 \u0628\u062f\u0623\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u0627 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f. \u0642\u062f \u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0647\u0646\u0627. \u064a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0644\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \/ \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062a [\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645: \u064a\u064f\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f \u0628\u062f\u0644 1] \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u064a\u0645\u062a\u062f \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0627 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u0644 \u0639\u0646 \u0639\u0634\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u064a\u0646.<\/p>\n

\u0623\u0645\u0636\u0649 \u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0627\u0631\u0643 \u0628\u0627\u063a\u0644 (Mark Pagel) \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0631\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0646\u063a (Reading) \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0644\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0632\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0624\u0647 \u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0643\u0634\u0627\u0641 \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0626\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0628\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0637\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 (evolution) \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a. \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a \u060c \u0639\u0648\u0645\u0644\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0643\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0638\u0644 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0629 \/ \u062b\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u064a\u062a\u064f\u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0633\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u062a\u064f\u0633\u062a\u0628\u062f\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u062a\u0646\u0648\u0639\u0647\u0627. \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u060c \u0643\u0644\u0645\u0629 “water” \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0648 \u0643\u0644\u0645\u0629 “wasser” \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0637\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u0639\u0644\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0644\u0645\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0643\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0641\u0638\u064a\u064b\u0627\u00a0 \u0645\u0634\u062a\u0642\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0629 – \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \/ \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a. \u0644\u0643\u0646 “hand” \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0639\u0646 “mano” \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 – \u062f\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0648\u0642\u062a \u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0636\u064a. \u0628\u062a\u0642\u064a\u064a\u0645 \u0645\u062f\u0649 \u062a\u0643\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062b \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0623\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u062f\u064a\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0641\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0632\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062a.<\/p>\n

\u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0628\u0629\u060c \u0623\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u063a\u0644 (Pagel) \u0648\u0623\u0646\u062f\u0631\u0648 \u0645\u064a\u062f (Andrew Meade) \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0631\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0646\u063a \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629 (\u0645\u0646 “\u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f” \u0625\u0644\u0649 “\u062e\u0645\u0633\u0629”) \u0647\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0627\u062a \u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0648\u0642\u0629 (27). \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u060c \u0625\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0646\u0627\u062f\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0639\u0627\u0626\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u062a (28) – \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0626\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0648 \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0636\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629 \u0648\u0644\u063a\u0627\u062a \u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628 \u0622\u0633\u064a\u0627 – \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0628\u062f\u0648 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0629 \/ \u062b\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0629 \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u064a\u0646 10 \u0622\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0648 100 \u0623\u0644\u0641 \u0633\u0646\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062b\u0628\u062a \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0646 “\u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f” \u0625\u0644\u0649 “\u062e\u0645\u0633\u0629” \u0645\u0634\u062a\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0634\u0627\u0628\u0647\u0629 \u0644\u0641\u0638\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0639\u0634\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u063a\u0644 \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0646\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0644 “\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0642\u0648\u0644” \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b \u064a\u0641\u0647\u0645\u00a0 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0628\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0643\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u064b\u0627.<\/p>\n

\u062d\u0638\u064a \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u063a\u0644 \u0628\u0645\u0639\u062c\u0628\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0645 \u063a\u0631\u0627\u064a (Gray)\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0642\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0639 (QUANTA) \u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u062f\u0639\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0647\u0630\u0647. \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0631\u064a\u0646\u063a (Don Ringe)\u060c\u00a0 \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0644\u063a\u0648\u064a \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0628\u0646\u0633\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0641\u064a\u0644\u0627\u062f\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d \u0623\u0646 \u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062a \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0639\u0648\u062f \u0628\u0639\u064a\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u0627 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u060c \u0628\u0645\u0639\u0632\u0644 \u0639\u0646 \u0645\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062a\u0628\u062f\u0648 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u0643\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0636\u064a\u0641 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0626\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u062a\u0648\u062d\u0629 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u062a\u0649 \u0648\u0643\u064a\u0641 \u0628\u062f\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0623\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0631\u0629. \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0626\u0644\u0629\u060c \u064a\u062a\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639 \u064a\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0647\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645. “\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0627 \u0646\u0641\u0639\u0644\u0647”\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u063a\u0631\u0627\u064a. “\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0639\u0628 \u062a\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0645”.<\/p>\n

\u0631\u0628\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0643\u062a\u0633\u0628\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0642 \u0639\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u0627 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e. \u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u0628\u0648\u0646 (baboon) \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0632\u0632 \u0645\u0646 \u0643\u0647\u0641 \u0628\u0648\u0631\u062f\u0631 (Border) \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0646\u0648\u0628 \u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 \u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0641\u062a \u062d\u0632\u0648\u0632\u0647 \u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0642\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0648\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629. \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u062f\u0627\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0643\u0648: “\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0648\u0633\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0647\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0623\u0646\u062a\u062c\u0647”.<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0628\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0627\u064a\u062f\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0633\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0641\u062a\u0642\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0644\u0633. \u0644\u0648 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0644\u0627 \u0632\u0627\u0644 \u064a\u062d\u062a\u0641\u0638 \u0628\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0631\u0642\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0628\u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646. \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u063a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0643\u0648\u00a0 (D’Errico) \u0648\u0632\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0621\u0647 \u0642\u062f \u0623\u0645\u0636\u0648\u0627 \u0633\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u0627\u064b\u00a0<\/em>\u0641\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u060c \u0625\u0644\u0627 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0646\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0644 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0642\u0637\u0639 \u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0641\u062e\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0628\u0639 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a 60 \u0623\u0644\u0641 \u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0647 \u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0642\u0635\u064a\u0631 \u062c\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0631\u0645\u064a\u0647 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628\u064b\u0627.<\/p>\n

*\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0644\u0647 \u0648\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u0647 \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0648\u064a\u060c \u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0645.<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n

*\u062a\u0648\u0636\u064a\u062d \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639: \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644 \u0639\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0648\u064a*<\/span><\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0646\u0642\u0637\u0629 \u0623\u062a\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0634\u064a\u0621 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0636\u064a\u062d \u0648\u062e\u0635\u0648\u0635\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0637\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0639 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631. \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0637\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0628\u0645\u062f\u0644\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d (AMH) (Anatomically modern humans). \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d \u064a\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0648\u0636\u0639 \u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0641 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0644\u0642\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062c\u0633\u062f.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0642\u062f \u064a\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0621\u0644 \u0623\u062d\u062f\u0647\u0645\u060c \u0644\u0645\u0627\u0630\u0627 \u0644\u0627 \u0646\u0643\u062a\u0641\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0647\u0648\u0645\u0648\u0633\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0646\u0632 \u0641\u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u061f<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0647\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0639\u0631\u064a\u0641\u0647 \u0628\u0647\u0648\u0645\u0648\u0633\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0632 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u064a\u0639\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u062e\u0635\u0648\u0635\u0627 \u0645\u0639 \u0638\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0628\u0642\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0628\u0634\u0631 \u062a\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0647\u0627 \u0635\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062a\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u0647\u0644 \u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0644\u064a. \u0641\u0647\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a \u0635\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0648\u0645\u0648\u0633\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0646\u0632 \u0648\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u064a\u0627\u0646\u062f\u064a\u0631\u062a\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0648\u0645\u0648\u0647\u0627\u064a\u062f\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0631\u063a\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0633 \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0633\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649. \u0648\u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0632\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u062c\u0648\u0621 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u062d \u0644\u0644\u0625\u062d\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0645 \u0644\u0647.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0641\u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d (AMH) \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u062d\u064a\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0641\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0643\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d \u0645\u0639\u0646\u064a \u0628\u062a\u0639\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b \u0628\u0635\u0641\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0648\u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0638\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u0644\u0627\u0645\u062d \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0648\u0636\u0648\u062d \u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u062c\u0628\u0647\u0629 \u0648\u0639\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0642\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0643\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0636\u0645\u0648\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u062c\u0646\u062a\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062c\u0628.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0648\u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0635\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0630\u0643\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0644\u0627\u0645\u062d \u062a\u0634\u0631\u064a\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u064a\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0636\u062d\u0627 \u0644\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0645\u0644\u0627\u0645\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0641\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0634\u0641\u0629 \u0644\u0643\u064a \u064a\u0635\u062d \u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0641\u0647\u0627 \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0633\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0627\u0628\u062a\u0643\u0631 \u0644\u0647 \u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631\u0627 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0627 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062a\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0635\u0627 \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0647\u0648\u0645\u0648\u0633\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0646\u0632 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0646\u0632 \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0639\u0646\u064a \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u0639\u0628\u0631\u0648\u0627 \u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0643 (cognitive revolution) \u0648\u0647\u0645 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0648\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0645\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0630\u0643\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0647. \u0648\u062a\u0643\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0643\u0644\u0645\u0629 \u0633\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0646\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0646\u064a (\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0642\u0644) \u0647\u0646\u0627 \u0647\u064a \u0625\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u062d\u0627\u0633\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u062a\u0623\u0643\u064a\u062f \u062e\u0648\u0627\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0642\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0633\u0628\u0629.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0648\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0635:<\/strong>
\n1- https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/\u0623\u0646\u063a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0645<\/a>
\n2- https:\/\/www.formpl.us\/blog\/numerical-data<\/a>
\n3- https:\/\/royalsocietypublishing.org\/doi\/10.1098\/rstb.2016.0518<\/a>
\n4- https:\/\/www.cell.com\/trends\/cognitive-sciences\/fulltext\/S1364-6613(17)30048-7?_returnURL=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS1364661317300487%3Fshowall%3Dtrue<\/a>
\n5- “\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f (Numeral system) \u0647\u0648 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0628\u0631\u0633\u0648\u0645 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0639\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0646 \u0642\u064a\u0645\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0643\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u00a0\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629<\/a>\u00a0\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647\u0627. \u0648\u062a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u062f \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0644\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f. \u0641\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f\u064a\u0646\u00a016<\/sub>(2A) \u0648\u00a08<\/sub>(52) \u064a\u0639\u0646\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629\u00a010<\/sub>(42) \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0628\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629. \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0647\u0648 \u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0641\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0629 cheval (\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0629) \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0629 equus (\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629) \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0629 horse (\u0643\u0644\u0645\u0629 \u0625\u0646\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0629) \u0644\u0647\u0645 \u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0645\u0639\u0646\u0649 “\u062d\u0635\u0627\u0646”. \u0645\u0642\u062a\u0628\u0633 \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0635 \u0648\u0631\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646 : https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645_\u0639\u062f<\/a>
\n6- https:\/\/royalsocietypublishing.org\/doi\/10.1098\/rstb.2016.0509<\/a>
\n7- https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/\u062b\u0642\u0627\u0641\u0629<\/a>
\n8- ” \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0645\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u064a\u0637\u0628\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0643\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0645\u062b\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0648\u0627\u0647\u0631 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0645\u0627\u063a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a\u00a0\u0648\u0627\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631<\/a>\u00a0\u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0638<\/a>\u00a0\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0647\u0645<\/a>\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0643\u0645<\/a>\u00a0\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0631\u0627<\/a>” \u060c \u0645\u0642\u062a\u0628\u0633 \u0645\u0646 \u0646\u0635 \u0648\u0631\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0646:
\nhttps:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/\u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0643_\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0645\u064a<\/a>
\n9- https:\/\/www.cell.com\/trends\/cognitive-sciences\/fulltext\/S1364-6613(17)30057-8?_returnURL=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS1364661317300578%3Fshowall%3Dtrue<\/a>
\n10- https:\/\/www.shl.com\/shldirect\/ar\/example-questions\/numerical<\/a>
\n11- https:\/\/journals.plos.org\/plosone\/article?id=10.1371\/journal.pone.0173435<\/a>
\n12- https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/d41586-018-02357-8<\/a>
\n13- https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/nature13962<\/a>
\n14- https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/\u062a\u0643\u064a\u0641_\u0645\u0633\u0628\u0642<\/a>
\n15- https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s13752-018-0306-x<\/a>
\n16- https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/1359183519858375<\/a>
\n17-https:\/\/en.m.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tally_stick<\/a>
\n18- https:\/\/muse.jhu.edu\/article\/503978<\/a>
\n19- https:\/\/www.journals.uchicago.edu\/doi\/10.1086\/431525<\/a>
\n20- https:\/\/www.cambridge.org\/core\/journals\/cambridge-archaeological-journal\/article\/abs\/material-scaffolds-in-numbers-and-time\/25EB14BF7B51E89A5839784DCF15CEE2<\/a>
\n21- https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645_\u0639\u062f_\u062e\u0645\u0627\u0633\u064a<\/a>
\n22- https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645_\u0639\u062f_\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646\u064a<\/a>
\n23- https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11097-018-9596-5<\/a>
\n24- https:\/\/mitpress.mit.edu\/books\/how-things-shape-mind<\/a>
\n25- https:\/\/brill.com\/view\/journals\/jocc\/17\/3-4\/article-p354_354.xml<\/a>
\n26- https:\/\/sites.utexas.edu\/dsb\/tokens\/tokens\/<\/a>
\n27- https:\/\/royalsocietypublishing.org\/doi\/10.1098\/rstb.2016.0517<\/a>
\n28- https:\/\/ar.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/\u0623\u0633\u0631\u0629_\u0644\u063a\u0627\u062a<\/a><\/h5>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631:<\/strong>
\nhttps:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/d41586-021-01429-6<\/a><\/p>\n

\"\"
\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0630 \u0639\u062f\u0646\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062c\u064a<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n

 <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

How did Neanderthals and other ancient humans learn to count? (Colin Barras, a science journalist in Ann Arbor, Michigan – \u0628\u0642\u0644\u0645: \u0643\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0631\u0627\u0633 \u060c \u0635\u062d\u0641\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0622\u0646 \u0623\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0631 \u060c \u0645\u064a\u0634\u064a\u063a\u0627\u0646) \u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0648\u064a*\u00a0\u00a0 \u0637\u0648\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639\u062a\u064a \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645 \u0623\u062f\u0646\u0627\u0647 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0630\u0647\u0646\u064a \u0645\u0634\u063a\u0648\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u062b\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0643. \u0641\u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0628\u062f\u0623\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0621\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u064a\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u062e\u0648\u0627\u0635\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0635\u0631\u0641\u0629. …<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":11165,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_exactmetrics_skip_tracking":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_active":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_note":"","_exactmetrics_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[19],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-11142","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","","category-19"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/11142","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/4"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=11142"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/11142\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":11166,"href":"https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/11142\/revisions\/11166"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/11165"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=11142"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=11142"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=11142"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}