{"id":10009,"date":"2021-04-07T06:29:35","date_gmt":"2021-04-07T03:29:35","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/?p=10009"},"modified":"2021-04-07T06:29:35","modified_gmt":"2021-04-07T03:29:35","slug":"%d8%a2%d8%ab%d8%a7%d8%b1-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%aa%d9%85%d8%af%d8%af-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ad%d8%b6%d8%b1%d9%8a-%d8%aa%d8%b1%d8%ac%d9%85%d8%a9-%d8%b9%d9%84%d9%8a-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ac%d8%b4%d9%8a","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/?p=10009","title":{"rendered":"\u0622\u062b\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0631\u064a &#8211; \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629* \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0634\u064a"},"content":{"rendered":"<h2 style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>Impacts OF Urbanisation<\/strong><br \/>\n<strong>\u0622\u062b\u0627\u0631 <\/strong><strong>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0645\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0631\u064a&#8230;<\/strong><br \/>\n<strong>\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629<\/strong><strong> \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 <\/strong><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"color: #800000;\"><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><strong>\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u064a\u064f\u0639\u0646\u0649 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0636\u0631 \u0647\u0646\u0627 \u0623\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0646:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>\u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0631\u064a\u0629.<\/li>\n<li>\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0633 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0646\u0633\u0628\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u060c \u0648\u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>\u062a\u0645 \u0648\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0636\u0631 \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0638\u0648\u0627\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u0642\u064a\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u062d\u064a\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0646. \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0636\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0633\u0628\u0648\u0642. \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0645 1800 \u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646 2\u066a \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0645\u0646 \u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646 \u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0622\u0646 \u0623\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 52\u066a. \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0636\u0631 \u0647\u0648 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a \u060c \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0643\u0644 1.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_10010\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-10010\" style=\"width: 696px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-10010\" src=\"https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/25-e1617626854284.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"696\" height=\"281\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/25-e1617626854284.png 1353w, https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/25-e1617626854284-300x121.png 300w, https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/25-e1617626854284-1024x414.png 1024w, https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/25-e1617626854284-150x61.png 150w, https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/25-e1617626854284-768x310.png 768w, https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/25-e1617626854284-110x44.png 110w, https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/25-e1617626854284-310x125.png 310w, https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/25-e1617626854284-660x267.png 660w, https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/25-e1617626854284-1050x425.png 1050w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 696px) 100vw, 696px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-10010\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">\u0634\u0643\u0644 1\u061b \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0626\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0631\u064a\u0629 ( sites.google.com )<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>\u0643\u0644 \u0623\u0633\u0628\u0648\u0639 \u060c \u064a\u064f\u0636\u0627\u0641 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u0631\u0628 \u0645\u0646 1.5 \u0645\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0634\u062e\u0635 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u060c \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0645\u0632\u064a\u062c \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0647\u062c\u0631\u0629. \u0633\u062a\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0622\u062b\u0627\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0636\u0631 \u060c \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u062f \u0633\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u060c \u0641\u064a \u0625\u062d\u062f\u0627\u062b \u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a \u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u062f\u062e\u0644\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0647\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u0634\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u062e\u0648\u0644 \u060c \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0639 \u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0636\u0631.<\/p>\n<p>\u0633\u064a\u0634\u0647\u062f \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a \u0638\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u0631\u0628 \u0645\u0646 40 \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u064a\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0646 10 \u0645\u0644\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0646\u0633\u0645\u0629 \u060c \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0643\u0644 2. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0633\u064a\u0635\u0627\u062d\u0628 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a \u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u0648\u062c\u062f \u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u060c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0631\u064a\u064a\u0646.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_10015\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-10015\" style=\"width: 704px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-10015\" src=\"https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/maxresdefault-1.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"704\" height=\"396\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/maxresdefault-1.jpg 1280w, https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/maxresdefault-1-300x169.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/maxresdefault-1-1024x576.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/maxresdefault-1-150x84.jpg 150w, https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/maxresdefault-1-768x432.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/maxresdefault-1-110x62.jpg 110w, https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/maxresdefault-1-293x165.jpg 293w, https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/maxresdefault-1-310x174.jpg 310w, https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/maxresdefault-1-587x330.jpg 587w, https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/maxresdefault-1-933x525.jpg 933w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 704px) 100vw, 704px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-10015\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0643\u0644 2\u061b \u0646\u0645\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649 &#8211; Urbanisation and the rise of the megacity | The Economist<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><span style=\"color: #800000;\"><strong>\u0623\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0636\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0631\u0639\u061f<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<p>\u064a\u0648\u0636\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0643\u0644 3 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u0649 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u060c \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u0648\u0636\u0648\u062d \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0622\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 \u0633\u062a\u0634\u0647\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u0633\u0631\u0639 \u0646\u0645\u0648. \u0644\u0645\u0627\u0630\u0627\u061f<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_10021\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-10021\" style=\"width: 689px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-10021\" src=\"https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/cities-with-a-projected-population-of-more-than-10-1410618355.8-4811623.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"689\" height=\"440\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/cities-with-a-projected-population-of-more-than-10-1410618355.8-4811623.png 1211w, https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/cities-with-a-projected-population-of-more-than-10-1410618355.8-4811623-300x191.png 300w, https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/cities-with-a-projected-population-of-more-than-10-1410618355.8-4811623-1024x653.png 1024w, https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/cities-with-a-projected-population-of-more-than-10-1410618355.8-4811623-150x96.png 150w, https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/cities-with-a-projected-population-of-more-than-10-1410618355.8-4811623-768x490.png 768w, https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/cities-with-a-projected-population-of-more-than-10-1410618355.8-4811623-110x70.png 110w, https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/cities-with-a-projected-population-of-more-than-10-1410618355.8-4811623-259x165.png 259w, https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/cities-with-a-projected-population-of-more-than-10-1410618355.8-4811623-310x198.png 310w, https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/cities-with-a-projected-population-of-more-than-10-1410618355.8-4811623-518x330.png 518w, https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/cities-with-a-projected-population-of-more-than-10-1410618355.8-4811623-824x525.png 824w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 689px) 100vw, 689px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-10021\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0643\u0644 3 \u061b \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0631 \u0645\u0646 2014 \u0625\u0644\u0649 2030<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0632\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0628\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0644\u062b\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0645 2050 \u060c \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u0631\u0628 \u0645\u0646 90\u066a \u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0631\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0622\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627. \u0628\u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0645 2050 \u060c \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0635\u0644 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0649 6.3 \u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u060c \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 3.9 \u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u064a 2014. \u0622\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u0644\u062f\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0636\u0631 \u060c \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0644\u062f\u064a\u0647\u0627 53 \u066a \u0645\u0646 \u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645. \u064a\u0648\u062c\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627 \u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u060c \u0628\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 14\u066a \u060c \u0645\u0639 \u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0628\u064a \u0628\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 13\u066a \u061b \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0643\u0644 4. \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u060c \u0633\u062a\u0634\u0647\u062f \u0622\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0623\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 \u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0631\u064a\u064a\u0646. \u0628\u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0645 2050 \u060c \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062c\u062d \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0639 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0622\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u0628\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 61\u066a \u0648\u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u0636\u0627\u0639\u0641 \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062a. \u0633\u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0631 \u0633\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0641\u0631\u064a\u0642\u064a\u0627 (21\u066a) \u0648\u0622\u0633\u064a\u0627 (52\u066a).<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_10022\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-10022\" style=\"width: 680px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-10022\" src=\"https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Screen-Shot-2015-03-24-at-03.37.03.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"680\" height=\"252\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Screen-Shot-2015-03-24-at-03.37.03.png 680w, https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Screen-Shot-2015-03-24-at-03.37.03-300x111.png 300w, https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Screen-Shot-2015-03-24-at-03.37.03-150x56.png 150w, https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Screen-Shot-2015-03-24-at-03.37.03-110x41.png 110w, https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Screen-Shot-2015-03-24-at-03.37.03-310x115.png 310w, https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Screen-Shot-2015-03-24-at-03.37.03-660x245.png 660w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 680px) 100vw, 680px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-10022\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0643\u0644 4 \u061b \u0633\u062a\u0638\u0644 \u0622\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u0645\u0648\u0637\u0646\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0646\u0635\u0641 \u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><strong>\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0636\u0631 \u0644\u064a\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0638\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u063a\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u061b \u0645\u0627 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062d\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0636\u0631\u061f<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>(1- \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a\u0629)<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u064a\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u062f \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0639 \u0628\u064a\u0626\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u060c \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0641 (\u062a\u0648\u0631\u064a \u060c 2004). \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u062a\u0644\u0648\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u060c \u0648\u062a\u0644\u0648\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u060c \u0648\u062a\u062f\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629 (\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0636\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a\u0629: \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u0627\u062a \u060c 2007). \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a \u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0646\u0632\u0627\u0641 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u064a\u062a\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0622\u062b\u0627\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0635\u062d\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0634\u0629 \u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0631. \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0645 \u060c \u0643\u0644\u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0631 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0643\u062b\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0643\u0644\u0645\u0627 \u0632\u0627\u062f\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629. \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0648\u0649 \u062a\u0642\u064a\u0633 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062b\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u0625\u0631\u0634\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0635\u0627\u0631\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0642 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0648\u062b \u060c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u060c \u062a\u0639\u0627\u0644\u062c \u0633\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0631\u0628\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u062a\u062d\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a \u0645\u0639 \u062c\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0625\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0648\u062b\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0628\u0639\u062b\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u064a (Kossoy et al. 2012) \u060c \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0643\u0644 5 \u060c \u0648\u0627\u062a\u062e\u0627\u0630 \u062a\u062f\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0636\u062f \u062a\u062f\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u062c\u0631\u064a \u0631\u0635\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u060c \u0648\u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u0627\u062a\u0627\u062a.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_10024\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-10024\" style=\"width: 537px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-10024\" src=\"https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/EPA-coal-regulations-537x331-1.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"537\" height=\"331\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/EPA-coal-regulations-537x331-1.jpg 537w, https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/EPA-coal-regulations-537x331-1-300x185.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/EPA-coal-regulations-537x331-1-150x92.jpg 150w, https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/EPA-coal-regulations-537x331-1-110x68.jpg 110w, https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/EPA-coal-regulations-537x331-1-268x165.jpg 268w, https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/EPA-coal-regulations-537x331-1-310x191.jpg 310w, https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/EPA-coal-regulations-537x331-1-535x330.jpg 535w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 537px) 100vw, 537px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-10024\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">\u0634\u0643\u0644 5\u061b \u062a\u0644\u0648\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u062d\u0637\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0641\u062d\u0645<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>(\u0627\u0644\u0622\u062b\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0629)<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>\u062a\u0644\u0648\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0621<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u0625\u0646 \u062a\u0648\u0627\u062c\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646 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\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u064a\u0626\u0627\u062a \u062a\u0636\u0631 \u0628\u0635\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631 \u0648\u062a\u062a\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0641\u0633\u064a \u0648\u062a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0642\u0645 \u0623\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0644\u0628 (\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u060c 2010). \u0623\u0638\u0647\u0631\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0648\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0632\u0627\u064a\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0641\u0633\u064a \u060c \u0648\u0648\u062c\u062f\u062a \u0646\u062a\u0627\u0626\u062c \u0645\u0646 7 \u0645\u062f\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0639\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u062a\u0644\u0648\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0645\u0633\u0624\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0646 24000 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0641\u0627\u0629 \u0645\u0628\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u060c \u0648\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0639 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 37000 \u0628\u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u062a\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0639\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a (\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629) \u060c\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0631\u0646\u0627\u0645\u062c 2002.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_10026\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-10026\" style=\"width: 454px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-10026\" src=\"https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Screen-Shot-2015-03-26-at-00.47.03.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"454\" height=\"302\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Screen-Shot-2015-03-26-at-00.47.03.png 400w, https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Screen-Shot-2015-03-26-at-00.47.03-300x200.png 300w, https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Screen-Shot-2015-03-26-at-00.47.03-150x100.png 150w, https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Screen-Shot-2015-03-26-at-00.47.03-110x73.png 110w, https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Screen-Shot-2015-03-26-at-00.47.03-248x165.png 248w, https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Screen-Shot-2015-03-26-at-00.47.03-308x205.png 308w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 454px) 100vw, 454px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-10026\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0643\u0644 6 \u061b \u0623\u0637\u0641\u0627\u0644 \u064a\u062d\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u062c\u0648\u0647\u0647\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u062e\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0644\u0647\u064a (\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f)<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>\u062a\u0634\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0640 18 \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u0627 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\u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u060c \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0643\u0644 7 \u060c \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0641 \u0644\u0644\u0641\u062d\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062c\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 (\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u060c 2005) \u060c \u0633\u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0625\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062b\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u064a.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_10027\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-10027\" style=\"width: 560px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\" wp-image-10027\" src=\"https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Screen-Shot-2014-07-22-at-8.57.31-AM.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"560\" height=\"349\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Screen-Shot-2014-07-22-at-8.57.31-AM.png 660w, https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Screen-Shot-2014-07-22-at-8.57.31-AM-300x187.png 300w, https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Screen-Shot-2014-07-22-at-8.57.31-AM-150x93.png 150w, https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Screen-Shot-2014-07-22-at-8.57.31-AM-110x69.png 110w, https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Screen-Shot-2014-07-22-at-8.57.31-AM-265x165.png 265w, https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Screen-Shot-2014-07-22-at-8.57.31-AM-310x193.png 310w, https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Screen-Shot-2014-07-22-at-8.57.31-AM-530x330.png 530w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 560px) 100vw, 560px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-10027\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0643\u0644 7 \u061b \u0646\u0645\u0648 \u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><strong>\u062a\u0644\u0648\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u064a\u0648\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0636\u0631 \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0649 \u062a\u062f\u0645\u064a\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0644\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0648\u0623\u0645\u0627\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u062c\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 (\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0644\u064a \u060c 2008). \u0625\u0646 \u062a\u0639\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u060c \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u062f\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0637\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u0627\u062a\u064a \u0628\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0642 \u0645\u0627\u0646\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0633\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0631\u0641 \u0643\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u060c \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a \u064a\u0642\u0644\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0643\u0645\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062a\u0633\u0631\u0628 \u0648\u062a\u0632\u0648\u062f \u0645\u062e\u0632\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u062d\u062f\u0648\u062b \u0641\u064a\u0636\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0634\u062f\u0629. \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d\u064a \u064a\u062e\u0644\u0642 \u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u060c \u0627\u0644\u0627 \u0648\u0647\u064a \u062a\u0644\u0648\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647. \u0639\u0646\u062f\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u062f\u0641\u0642 \u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0637\u062d \u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0648\u062b\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0645\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0628\u064a\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0645\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0643\u062a\u064a\u0631\u064a\u0627 (\u0645\u0646 \u0641\u0636\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0648\u0627\u0646) \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0644 (\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0633\u0631\u0628\u0629) \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0627\u0633\u0628. \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u0636\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u0627\u062a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631 (\u0647\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u060c 2014).<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_10028\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-10028\" style=\"width: 468px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-10028\" src=\"https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/cit-3.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"468\" height=\"319\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/cit-3.jpg 468w, https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/cit-3-300x204.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/cit-3-150x102.jpg 150w, https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/cit-3-110x75.jpg 110w, https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/cit-3-242x165.jpg 242w, https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/cit-3-301x205.jpg 301w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 468px) 100vw, 468px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-10028\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0643\u0644 8 \u061b \u0646\u0647\u0631 \u0633\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0631\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0627<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0636\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u062a\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0644\u0648\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u0647\u0648 \u0646\u0647\u0631 \u0633\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0631\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0646\u062f\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f 30 \u0645\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0646\u0633\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0632\u0644\u064a. \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u060c \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0636\u064a \u060c \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0646\u0645\u0648 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u0646\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639 \u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0623\u062f\u062a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0634\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u060c \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0643\u0644 8. \u064a\u064f\u0632\u0639\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0646\u0647\u0631 \u0633\u064a\u062a\u0627\u0631\u0648\u0645 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062a\u0644\u0648\u062b\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 (\u064a\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0628 \u060c 2014).<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u0623\u0641\u0627\u062f\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u0646 2.5 \u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0634\u062e\u0635 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0644\u0645 \u064a\u062a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0633\u0646\u0629. \u0628\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0627\u0645 2008 \u0645\u0639 \u062a\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0627\u0645 2000 \u060c \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0645\u0624\u0634\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062f\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u062a\u063a\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0631\u064a\u0629. \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u060c \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u062c\u0627\u0645 \u060c \u0632\u0627\u062f \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u062d\u0635\u0644\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0628\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0627\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0632\u0644\u0647\u0645 \u0628\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0631 114 \u0645\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0634\u062e\u0635 \u060c \u0641\u064a \u062d\u064a\u0646 \u0632\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0627\u0631 114 \u0645\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646\u064b\u0627 (\u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0643\u0644 9). \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0626\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646 \u0648\u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0644\u062f\u064a\u0647\u0645 \u0625\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u064a 20% (UN Water \u060c 2014).<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_10029\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-10029\" style=\"width: 399px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-10029\" src=\"https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/sanitation1.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"399\" height=\"267\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/sanitation1.jpg 399w, https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/sanitation1-300x201.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/sanitation1-150x100.jpg 150w, https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/sanitation1-110x75.jpg 110w, https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/sanitation1-247x165.jpg 247w, https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/sanitation1-306x205.jpg 306w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 399px) 100vw, 399px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-10029\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0643\u0644 9 \u061b \u0646\u0642\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>\u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0639\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u0642\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0636\u0631 \u0648\u062a\u062f\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a (Paucharda \u0648\u0622\u062e\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u060c 2006). \u064a\u0639\u062f \u062a\u0632\u0627\u064a\u062f \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0628\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0641\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0634\u0627\u0628 \u060c \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0643\u0644 10.<\/p>\n<p>\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u062d\u062a\u0645\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062f\u0645\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0644. \u064a\u0648\u062c\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0644\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0643\u062b\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0632\u0627\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u060c \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0648\u062c\u062f \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u064a\u0637\u0629 \u060c \u0627\u0646\u0642\u0631\u0636 35\u066a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u0627\u062a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0643\u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0631\u064a\u0629 (\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u064a\u0643 \u0648\u0622\u062e\u0631\u0648\u0646 2000).<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_10030\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-10030\" style=\"width: 468px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-10030\" src=\"https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/deforestatoin.jpeg\" alt=\"\" width=\"468\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/deforestatoin.jpeg 468w, https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/deforestatoin-300x192.jpeg 300w, https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/deforestatoin-150x96.jpeg 150w, https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/deforestatoin-110x71.jpeg 110w, https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/deforestatoin-257x165.jpeg 257w, https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/deforestatoin-310x199.jpeg 310w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 468px) 100vw, 468px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-10030\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0643\u0644 10 \u061b \u062a\u0635\u062d\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u060c \u0643\u0646\u062f\u0627<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>(\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629)<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0631\u064a\u0629<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0643\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0642\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0626\u0639 \u060c \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0636\u0631 \u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u060c \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0636\u0631 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d. \u062a\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0636\u0631 \u060c \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0631\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u064a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0648\u0641\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0645. \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u060c \u062a\u0628\u0644\u063a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0633\u064a\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0631\u064a\u0629 5.5 \u0623\u0636\u0639\u0627\u0641 \u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 (\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0646\u062a\u064a \u060c 2014). \u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u060c \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0646\u0641\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062a\u062c \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0631\u062f \u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0631\u064a\u0629. \u062a\u0633\u062a\u0641\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062a \u060c \u0648\u062a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u062a\u0631\u0643\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0646\u0633\u0628\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0642\u0644 \u062a\u0644\u0648\u062b\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639 \u061b \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0625\u064a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629. \u0648\u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a \u060c \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0642\u0644\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0636\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0635\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0629 (\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u060c 2012).<\/p>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0633\u0627\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0633 \u062a\u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0648\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0642\u0635\u0631 \u0628\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u0644\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0648\u062b \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u064a. \u062a\u0634\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u064a \u0648\u0631\u0643\u0648\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0627\u062a \u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645 \u060c \u0643\u0628\u062f\u064a\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u0633\u0647\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0627\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 (\u0645\u062d\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u0627\u0631\u0643\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633) \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0623\u0642\u0635\u0631. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0648\u062c\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062f\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u064a \u0648\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0628 \u0648\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0648\u0628\u0623\u0633\u0639\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u0639\u0642\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u062d\u0636\u0631\u064a\u0629 (\u0628\u0631\u0627\u0643\u062a\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0643\u0634\u0646 \u060c 2014).<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0629<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u064a\u0634\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0636\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0637\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0636\u0631\u0627\u0621 (\u0635\u0646\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0642 \u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0648\u064a\u0631)\u00a0 \u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0636\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0633\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0650\u0651\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0644 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062f\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629. \u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u060c \u062a\u062a\u0645\u062a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0634\u064a \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u060c \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0633 \u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u0637\u0639\u0627\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u0645\u0633\u0643\u0646\u064b\u0627 \u0648\u0631\u0639\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0635\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644. \u0633\u064a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0625\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062b\u0645\u0627\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0647\u062f\u0641 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0632\u062f\u062d\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u060c \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0643\u0644 11 (\u0648\u0627\u0646 \u060c 2012).<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_10031\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-10031\" style=\"width: 610px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-10031\" src=\"https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/green_railway5.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"610\" height=\"354\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/green_railway5.jpg 610w, https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/green_railway5-300x174.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/green_railway5-150x87.jpg 150w, https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/green_railway5-110x64.jpg 110w, https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/green_railway5-284x165.jpg 284w, https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/green_railway5-310x180.jpg 310w, https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/green_railway5-569x330.jpg 569w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 610px) 100vw, 610px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-10031\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0643\u0644 11 \u061b \u064a\u0632\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u064a\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642 \u0648\u064a\u0642\u0644\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0646\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062b\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062d\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0632\u062f\u062d\u0627\u0645<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><strong>2- \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062b\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u064a\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0636\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0644\u0627 \u0645\u0641\u0631 \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u060c \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062b\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0633\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0625\u064a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u064a\u0629. \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629\u064b \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0646\u0637\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0627\u0636\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0636\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0643\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u060c \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062d\u0636\u0631\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0629 (\u0625\u064a\u0631\u0648\u064a\u0646 \u060c 2004). \u0644\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a. \u064a\u062c\u0630\u0628 \u062e\u0644\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0638\u0627\u0626\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0632\u062f\u0647\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0633 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646 \u060c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u0637\u0648\u0643\u064a\u0648 \u060c \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0643\u0644 12 \u060c \u0644\u062f\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 \u0646\u0627\u062a\u062c \u0645\u062d\u0644\u064a \u0625\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0623\u064a \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0648\u062c\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u0636 \u0628\u0645\u0628\u0644\u063a 1.520 \u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u062f\u0648\u0644\u0627\u0631 (\u0633\u0639\u064a\u062f \u060c 2013) \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u062e\u0644\u0642 \u0641\u0631\u0635\u064b\u0627 \u0627\u062c\u062a\u0630\u0628\u062a \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 13 \u0645\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0634\u062e\u0635 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0641\u064a \u0642\u0644\u0628 \u0637\u0648\u0643\u064a\u0648 \u060c \u0648\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 26 \u0645\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0634\u062e\u0635 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0648\u0627\u062d\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u064a\u0637\u0629 (\u0643\u0648\u0643\u0633 \u060c 2012).<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_10032\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-10032\" style=\"width: 510px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-10032\" src=\"https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Tokyo-Main-Image.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"510\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Tokyo-Main-Image.jpg 510w, https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Tokyo-Main-Image-300x176.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Tokyo-Main-Image-150x88.jpg 150w, https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Tokyo-Main-Image-110x65.jpg 110w, https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Tokyo-Main-Image-281x165.jpg 281w, https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/Tokyo-Main-Image-310x182.jpg 310w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 510px) 100vw, 510px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-10032\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">\u0634\u0643\u0644 12\u061b \u0637\u0648\u0643\u064a\u0648 \u0623\u063a\u0646\u0649 \u0645\u062f\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0639 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0628\u0648\u0642 \u0644\u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646 \u0642\u062f \u062a\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0622\u062b\u0627\u0631 \u0633\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0648\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0648\u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0648\u0627\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629 (National Geographic \u060c 2015).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>(\u0627\u0644\u0622\u062b\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0629)<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>\u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0648\u0627\u0629<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u062a\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0631\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0645\u0648 \u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0633\u0628\u0648\u0642 \u060c \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648 \u062a\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0648\u062a \u0647\u0627\u0626\u0644. \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646 \u060c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644 \u060c \u0644\u062f\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0648\u062a\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0636\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u060c \u0627\u0646\u0638\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0643\u0644 13.<\/p>\n<p>\u0648\u0647\u064a \u0646\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u060c \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0623\u062f\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648 \u0641\u064a \u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0626\u0642\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0641\u0622\u062a \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f \u062a\u0646\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0631\u0623\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062e\u0644\u0642 \u0639\u062f\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u0648\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0638\u0627\u0626\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u062f (\u062a\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0646 \u060c 2011 ). \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u062a \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647 \u060c \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0627\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0627\u0636 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0644\u0648\u0643\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u062f\u0649 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0633\u0631\u064a\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u060c \u0623\u062f\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0629. \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0644 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u064a\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0643\u0644 \u062e\u0637\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0631\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f \u060c \u0641\u0642\u062f \u0623\u062f\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0634\u0643\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_10033\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-10033\" style=\"width: 570px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-10033\" src=\"https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/china-inequality.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"570\" height=\"355\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/china-inequality.jpg 570w, https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/china-inequality-300x187.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/china-inequality-150x93.jpg 150w, https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/china-inequality-110x69.jpg 110w, https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/china-inequality-265x165.jpg 265w, https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/china-inequality-310x193.jpg 310w, https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/china-inequality-530x330.jpg 530w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 570px) 100vw, 570px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-10033\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0643\u0644 13 \u061b \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0648\u0627\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0631\u0648\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>\u064a\u062a\u0632\u0627\u064a\u062f \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0648\u0627\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u060c \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f \u0644\u062f\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0633\u0648\u0623 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0648\u0627\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0634 \u062b\u064f\u0645\u0646 \u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0623\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u0642\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u060c \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u0631\u0628 \u0645\u0646 9 \u0645\u0644\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0633\u0631\u0629 \u060c \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0646\u0645\u0648 2 \u0645\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646 \u0633\u0646\u0648\u064a\u064b\u0627 (National Sample Survey Organization\u060c 2013). \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0623\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u062c\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062d\u0636\u0631\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u060c \u0623\u062f\u0649 \u0646\u0642\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0638\u0627\u0626\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0627\u0646\u0628 \u0646\u0642\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0627\u0643\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 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height=\"293\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/india_slum_dharavi_2012_01_03.jpg 399w, https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/india_slum_dharavi_2012_01_03-300x202.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/india_slum_dharavi_2012_01_03-150x101.jpg 150w, https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/india_slum_dharavi_2012_01_03-110x75.jpg 110w, https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/india_slum_dharavi_2012_01_03-246x165.jpg 246w, https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/india_slum_dharavi_2012_01_03-305x205.jpg 305w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 436px) 100vw, 436px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-10034\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0643\u0644 14 \u061b \u062d\u064a \u062f\u0627\u0641\u0627\u0631\u064a 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wp-image-10037\" src=\"https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/india-urban.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"679\" height=\"350\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/india-urban.png 1011w, https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/india-urban-300x155.png 300w, https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/india-urban-150x77.png 150w, https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/india-urban-768x396.png 768w, https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/india-urban-110x57.png 110w, https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/india-urban-310x160.png 310w, https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/india-urban-640x330.png 640w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 679px) 100vw, 679px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-10037\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0643\u0644 16 \u061b \u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f \u0648\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0635\u0648\u0628\u0629<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p><strong>\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u064a\u0645\u0629<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u0644\u0627 \u064a\u0648\u062c\u062f \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0627\u0637 \u0646\u0647\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0636\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0641 \u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u0644\u0627 \u062a\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0648\u0649 \u062c\u0645\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0641 \u060c \u0623\u0648 \u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d\u064b\u0627 \u062f\u0627\u0626\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0639\u0646\u0641\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u064a\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u060c \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0627 \u0634\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u062a\u0628\u062f\u0648 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0639\u0646\u0641\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0639\u0631\u0636\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0641 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0642\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631\u0629 (\u0628\u0631\u0646\u062f\u0631 \u060c 2015). \u062a\u0643\u0634\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062f\u064a\u0645\u0648\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0631\u064a\u0629: \u0645\u0632\u064a\u062c \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u060c \u0648\u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0634\u0641 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0642\u0644 \u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0641\u0631\u0627\u062f \u0630\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645. \u0643\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0647\u0628\u0629 \u062a\u0648\u0644\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0631\u0627\u0645 (Sanidad-Leones\u060c 2006). \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u062f\u062f \u0633\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0627\u0637\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0636\u0639 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\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062e\u0641\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0641 (\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0627\u0647) \u060c 2015.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_10038\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-10038\" style=\"width: 399px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-10038\" src=\"https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/crime.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"399\" height=\"275\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/crime.png 399w, https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/crime-300x207.png 300w, https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/crime-150x103.png 150w, https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/crime-110x75.png 110w, https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/crime-239x165.png 239w, https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/crime-297x205.png 297w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 399px) 100vw, 399px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-10038\" class=\"wp-caption-text\"><span style=\"color: #0000ff;\">\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0643\u0644 17 \u061b \u062c\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0641 \u0644\u0643\u0644 100.000 \u0633\u0627\u0643\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631 100 \u0645\u0646\u0637\u0642\u0629 \u062d\u0636\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062d\u062f\u0629<\/span><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><strong>(\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a 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&hellip;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":4855,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_exactmetrics_skip_tracking":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_active":false,"_exactmetrics_sitenote_note":"","_exactmetrics_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[19],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-10009","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","","category-19"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/10009","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/4"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=10009"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/10009\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":10040,"href":"https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/10009\/revisions\/10040"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/4855"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=10009"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=10009"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.qatifscience.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=10009"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}